Congressus internationales Smyrnenses by Maurizio Buora
LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn und des LVR-Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland sowie des Vereins vo... more LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn und des LVR-Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland sowie des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande BAND 214 2014 Diese PDF-Datei ist nur zum persönlichen Versand durch den Autor bestimmt. Sie darf bis Januar 2019 nicht in das Internet, zum Beispiel auf die Homepage des Verfassers, gestellt werden. This PDF is good for private dissemination by the author only. Its publication on the world wide web, for example on the writer's homepage, is restricted until January 2019. Ce fichier pdf est destiné seulement à la distribution personnelle de l'auteur. Jusqu'au janvier 2019 il ne doit pas être mis en ligne sur l'internet, par exemple sur la page d'accueil du nomographe. Questo file pdf e destinato esclusivamente all'uso personale dell'autore. Non né è permessa la pubblicazione in Internet, per esempio sulla pagina Internet dell'autore, prima del Gennaio 2019. VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN • DARMSTADT Gedruckt mit Mitteln des Ministeriums für Bauen, Wohnen, Stadtentwicklung und Verkehr des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland (LVR) und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande. VIII und Seiten mit Abbildungen, davon farbig, sowie Tafeln und Tabellen. Es gelten die Regeln nach www.av-rheinland.de/BonnerJb.htm. Zu beachten sind insbesondere die dort eingestellten Grundsätze nach den ›Berichten der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission‹ Band , , und zwar im Sinne der geisteswissenschaftlichen Zitierweise mit Titelschlagwort. Ferner finden Anwendung die ebenfalls eingebundenen Abkürzungen für Periodika nach derselben Zeitschrift Band , , sowie die desgleichen erschlossenen Kürzel der antiken Quellen nach ›Der Neue Pauly‹. Weitere Abkürzungen am Schluss dieses Bandes. Aufsätze für die Bonner Jahrbücher werden in einem Peer-Review-Verfahren begutachtet. Redaktion: Olaf Dräger ISSN - ISBN ---- Copyright LVR-Landesmuseum Bonn, LVR-Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland und Verein von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande sowie Verlag Philipp von Zabern. Satz und Druck: Beltz Bad Langensalza GmbH. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit neutralem pH-Wert.
Il castello di Attimis tra natura e cultura
Nicomedian and Italic crowns in the Late Roma period The recent publication of the reliefs found ... more Nicomedian and Italic crowns in the Late Roma period The recent publication of the reliefs found in the early 2000s in Nicomedia, in the context of the probable imperial palace, allows us to have four (or perhaps five) new representations of agonistic crowns (fig. 1), carved in the panels of the frieze belonging to the Diarchy.
Memorie storiche forogiuliesi, 68, 63-80, , 1988
«Non si può dimostrare che qualcosa è giusto. Si può solo provare che è sbagliato.
Karl Popper
pagina 10 Maurizio Buora 73. Individuato un tratto della da Concordia al Norico?, "Aquileia nostr... more pagina 10 Maurizio Buora 73. Individuato un tratto della da Concordia al Norico?, "Aquileia nostra", 58, cc. 277-284. 74. a) Un bollo su tegola della gens concordiese Turannia; b) Ritrovata CIL, V, 137*, "Aquileia nostra", 58, cc. 319-322. 75. a) Udine-Scavi sul colle del castello; b) Il cimitero della chiesa di S. Maria; c) Udine. Scavi presso la chiesa di S. Francesco, "Aquileia nostra", 58, cc. 335-342.
Antihità Altoadriatiche, 40, 1993
MaNri z io Buora LEOPOLDO ZUCCOLO Leopoldo Zuccolo era fino a un quarto di secolo fa pressoché ig... more MaNri z io Buora LEOPOLDO ZUCCOLO Leopoldo Zuccolo era fino a un quarto di secolo fa pressoché ignoto, salvo a pochissimi specialisti di cose aquileiesi. Nel reperto rio edito a cura di Giuseppe Marchetti (1), in cui sono elencati e in un certo modo classificati tutti i padri della cultura friulana non vi è nemmeno una riga dedicata a questo personaggio. Negli ultimi anni sono stati pubblicati articoli specifici e alcuni cenni in saggi e opere generali più propriamente dedicate alla storia dell'arte. I bellissimi contributi di Lelia Sereni, di Laura Zuccolo, di Antonietta e Giusep pe Bergamini (2) esimono dal ripetere quello che è ormai acquisito. Si è fatta una fine analisi dei manoscritti conservati nella Biblioteca Civica cli Udine e si sono studiati i suoi metodi di approccio alla real tà aquileiese. Cosi ora è largamente noto il rapporto tra lo Zuccolo e l'ideologia del neoclassicismo, prima veneto e poi napoleonico, non ché la sua azione a favore della promozione di Aquileia, per vero ere de di una attenzione prestata dal governo austriaco già nel Settecen to. Non tratteremo quindi di lui in senso squisitamente tecnico o sol tanto erudito, ma si cercherà di allargare lo sguardo al significato che la pratica archeologica assunse nell'attività complessiva dello Zucco lo-definito «\Xliener Malern dal Maionica (3)-e più in generale del suo tempo, in Friuli. Ora dunque possiamo tentare di valutarne l'incidenza non solo nella storia degli scavi di Aquileia, ma più in ge nerale del rapporto tra l'antico e il moderno, ovviamente con riferi mento al piccolo mondo friulano.
Atti dell'accademia di san Marco, 2004
Maurizio Buora «zum sehen geboren, zum schauen gestellt» J.W. v. Goethe Alcuni anni fa l'Accademi... more Maurizio Buora «zum sehen geboren, zum schauen gestellt» J.W. v. Goethe Alcuni anni fa l'Accademia di San Marco di Pordenone e Pier Giorgio Sclippa hanno fatto opera meritoria portando alla pubblicazione le Memorie del viaggio effettuato nel 1779 e nel 1780 dal sanvitese Rinaldo de Renaldis in compagnia di suo cognato Bonifacio Bertoli 1. Non è certo l'unico resoconto di viaggio di un'epoca, in cui anche in Friuli numerosi personaggi, per lo più ecclesiastici, ma anche nobili, viaggiavano non solo per i doveri del loro ufficio, ma anche per cultura personale in Italia e all'estero, spesso con il taccuino, per disegni e per annotazioni, a portata di mano 2. L'opera del de Renaldis, come dimostra la sua bella grafia, dovette essere compilata per essere letta, non solo da lui, ma probabilmente all'interno della sua famiglia 3 , secondo una tradizione che affonda le sue radici
“Antichità altoadriatiche”, 35, pp. 151-178., 1989
Nel corso degli ultimi anni due fenomeni, in parte correlati, hanno permesso di conoscere meglio ... more Nel corso degli ultimi anni due fenomeni, in parte correlati, hanno permesso di conoscere meglio la circolazione monetaria in Friuli nel periodo repubblicano. Il primo è la maggior attenzione dedicata dagli studiosi (e qui occorre ricordare in primo luogo i numerosi e puntuali lavori del Gorini, accanto a quelli di altri pochi autori) (1) all'argomento, il secondo è l'ampliata possibilità di registrazione dei rinvenimenti casuali, per merito • dell'accre sciuto interesse verso la materia e grazie all'opera di numerosi ri cercatori, tra i quali si segnala specialmente A. Candussio (2). Come ha osservato di recente il Gorini (3) una grande varie tà di zecche e di monete caratterizza il mercato dell'area aquileie se all'arrivo dei Romani. Attende tuttavia ancora un'analisi spe cifica per l'area aquileiese la diffusione delle monete greche e greco-illiriche. LE MONETE GRECHE A quanto si sa finora monete greche e greco-illiriche sono attestate lungo l'itinerario che parte da Aquileia e sale verso i va lichi alpini, con particolare addensamento nella pianura centrale nei dintorni di Udine. Ricordo di aver visto, molti anni fa, presso un privato di Aquileia una moneta rinvenuta vicino alla sponda orientale della Natissa, a sud dell'attuale complesso di Marina di Aquileia, che il (1) Tra gli interventi più recenti per l'area della VeneJia orientale particolarmen
Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, 2005
Tra le fibule della seconda metà del I sec. a.C. spiccano per numero e ampiezza dell’area di diff... more Tra le fibule della seconda metà del I sec. a.C. spiccano per numero e ampiezza dell’area di diffusione quelle del così detto tipo Alesia, denominazione che comprende più sottotipi, distinti per forma e decorazione. L’articolo analizza la diffusionedialcunitipididecorazionesull’arcoealcunevarianticheappaiono ben attestate, in special modo nell’arco alpino orientale (nel territorio di Aquileia in primis) e lungo la costa dalmata, a Narona e a Salona.
La Pannonia e l'impero romano, 1995
Antichità altoadriatiche, 1984
il sarcofago che Firmina volle farsi fare da viva. Esso è l'unico dei sarcofagi antichi conservat... more il sarcofago che Firmina volle farsi fare da viva. Esso è l'unico dei sarcofagi antichi conservato integro in museo('). Del tipo «a cassapanca», è scandito negli spigoli da una faccia piana, seguita da una bordatura a gola rovescia. Al centro del lato principale si trova una tabula molto ampia, senza anse, che occupa quasi i due terzi dello spazio disponibile; nei margini superiore e inferiore essa ha in comune il largo listello della profilatura della cassa, cui segue un classico «kyma» a gola diritta e rovescia. Al centro l'iscrizione risulta ben spaziata e perfettamente assializzata. Nei due riquadri marginali, di larghezza irregolare (quello a destra misura m 0,25 e quello a sinistra m 0,30), sono collocati i due eroti fanciulli che, in modo perfettamente speculare, sostengono la tabella. Essi sono collocati di tre quarti e non di prospetto e seguono uno schema assai diffuso. Da notare la forma allungata delle ali, comune nei prodotti delle botteghe aquileiesi (2), con quattro remiganti, la più lunga delle quali arriva all'altezza del ginocchio dell'erote. Le decorazioni sui fianchi presentano interpretazioni diverse (1) Esso, in calcare, misura m 1,92 di lunghezza e 0,95 di altezza; la cassa è alta m 0,60 e profonda m 0,685. La doppia cornice, regolare solo nel lato superiore e verso la facciata, è larga cm 8. La presenza di un più ampio margine inferiore e posteriore si spiega con la minor visibilità e con il fatto che il sarcofago era destinato a essere esposto all'a pe rto nell'area sepolcrale e quindi il terreno, con l'andar del tempo, poteva avere qualche cedimento a causa del peso. Tenendo presenti queste variazioni, si può ritenere che lo scal pe llino abbia voluto stabilire un rapporto tra lunghezza (= 1), altezza (= 1/2) e profondità (= 1/3). Il testo dell'iscrizione è edito in ClL, V, 8696. (2) Si veda ad es. V. SANTA MARIA SCRINARI, Museo ar&heologico di Aquileia.
La Venetia nell'area padano-danubiana. Le vie di comunicazione, 1990
Antichità altoadriatiche, LXV, 2008
Nel territorio dell'attuale Friuli Venezia Giulia, corrispondente agli agri di Aquileia, Iulia Co... more Nel territorio dell'attuale Friuli Venezia Giulia, corrispondente agli agri di Aquileia, Iulia Concordia, Forum Iulii e Tergeste, le fonti per la storia della lavorazione del ferro sono di varia natura. Per il periodo preromano oltre ai rinvenimenti sporadici vanno ricordati in primo luogo i ripostigli, tra cui spiccano quello di Gorizia e quello di Porpetto. Accanto ad essi si possono citare rinvenimenti isolati, specialmente di armi e attrezzi. La lavorazione del ferro sembra essere stata relativamente diffusa nel Friuli protostorico, come dimostrano i casi di Montereale Valcellina e di Castelraimondo. In quest'ultima località sono stati individuati dei bassi forni, di forma piuttosto primitiva, datati nel periodo precedente la fase della romanizzazione dell'insediamento 1 (fig. 1a). Per l'epoca romana disponiamo di fonti di carattere epigrafico, che si riconducono per il periodo tardorepubblicano o all'età augustea alla lapide in cui si menziona un probabile gladiarius 2 , all'ara ossario databile nel I secolo d.C. in cui si ricorda un faber aciarius 3 e alla famosa raffigurazione della bottega del fabbro, dalla Beligna 4. Si tratta di documenti notissimi su cui non è il caso di insistere ancora una volta. A differenza del mondo tedesco in cui le tombe dei fabbri sono un fenomeno ben noto, in Friuli se ne conosce una di epoca romana, la tomba n. 8, purtroppo non ben conservata e pertanto di difficile datazione, rinvenuta nello Spilimberghese 5. Possiamo supporre che fosse propria di un fabbro o comunque di un artigiano specializzato nella lavorazione di prodotti di un certo pregio, che adoperava strumenti
In the opinion of Aristide Calderini, Italian scholar of the twentieth century, during the period... more In the opinion of Aristide Calderini, Italian scholar of the twentieth century, during the period from Attila to the Byzantines, Aquileia lost "primacy and prosperity". The idea, extended to the whole of Italy, is shared by many Italian historians until well into the Second World War, when the studies of some German scholars became common knowledge, especially there carried out by Volker Bierbrauer, and after major exhibitions, based on archaeological investigations, have revealed a very different situation. Although in Italy the Goths could not enjoy of a political background, contrary to the Lombards that are recently seen by political trends as anti-Roman, they have become better known over time. The interest for this period and the Goths in particular has been greatly enhanced by the Anglo-Saxon scholars, always attentive to the phenomena of melting pot. In recent decades, new excavations were carried out in archaeological sites inhabited by the Goths: the site of Monte Barro near Lecco, Lombardylived about 480 to 540is particularly important and offers a standard of comparison for many classes of material. New necropolis (Dravlje in Slovenia, Globasnitz in Austria) provide some evidence to recognize the customs of the Goths and their mixing with the local population. It is now thought that the city of Aquileia remained inhabited within the ancient walls until at least the fifth century, before being cut in half by the mid-sixth century Byzantine zigzag new walls. We also know many aspects of its continuity in the 5 th , 6 th and 7 th centuries. At the time of the Goths, although not always to this population, generally are attributed certain elements of ornament; they nevertheless, according to a well-known definition of M. Kazanski, may belong to the so-called "mode danubienne". They were often found in small towns and rural villas. Much attention recently has had other phenomena. The first is the coinage and the coins circulation of the Goths, on which, nevertheless there are strong suspicions of counterfeit, with regard to some old discoveries. The second is the artificial deformation of skulls, which became evident through the systematic excavations of the necropolis in most areas of Europe: in Italy it is now documented in Collegno, Chiusi and perhaps at Padua. However, many problems remain open. One of the most evident is the chronology of some fibulae: that in Italy tends currently to diverge from the Crimea, one based on excavations of Aibabin and developed by Kazanski and others.
Relations Abroad Brooches and other elements of dress as sources for reconstructing interregional movement and group boundaries from the Punic Wars to the decline of the Western Roman Empire Proceedings of the International Conference from 27th−29th April 2011 in Innsbruck, 2013
P. LOPREATO, Presenze archeologiche romane nell'area nordoccidentale del territorio di Aquileia, ... more P. LOPREATO, Presenze archeologiche romane nell'area nordoccidentale del territorio di Aquileia, in Il territorio di Aquileia cit., pp. 291-323; E. BUCHI, Impianti produttivi del territorio aquileiese in età romana, in II territorio dì Aquileia, cit., pp. 460-514;
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Congressus internationales Smyrnenses by Maurizio Buora
the tomb of the Canziani saints
Among the inscriptions in the mosaic of the second phase of San Canzian d’Isonzo is that of the tonsor
Vigilantius. We have no information to say whether this character, certainly well connected to the group
of those who venerated the memory of the Canziani saints, was also used by them to regulate the tonsure
or beard.
It seems clear that the monasterium, to which the medieval documentation refers, was built around
the middle of the sixth century, i.e. at the time in which the mosaic was created, by will of the deacon
Honorius. In this way it would be part of that vast activity of a fortification, urban planning and embellishment
of sacred buildings promoted by the Byzantines in Aquileia and Grado after the conclusion of
the Gothic wars and before the arrival of the Lombards.
The location of the tomb in which the remains of the saints were recognized is decentralized and not
adequately indicated either in the floor or by a specific architectural structure. It therefore seems probable
that it was placed here at a later time.
A large number of figurines, both intact and fragments, coming from the excavations at Antioch-on-the-Orontes and Tarsus were published in the volumes dedicated to the archaeological investigations on these sites (e.g. Goldman 1943) and were then published as a whole (Goldman 1950). At the same years terracottas in large numbers were published from Cyprus, such as e.g. from Kourion (Young, Young 1955). Since these publications, the coroplastic production of Tarsus is well known and the recent Italian investigations in Elaiussa Sebaste in eastern Rough Cilicia have confirmed the great abundance of models and the commercialization capacity of the Tarsian workshops during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. In addition to the mixture of oriental themes, personalities and features typical of Tarsian coroplastic production are some characteristic iconographic motifs and certain compositional or typological details, including the high base.
The limited choice of about fifty figurines presented in this paper are collected from the Turkish local museums in ancient Cilicia, from west to east, Alanya, Anamur, Silifke, Mersin, Tarsus, Adana and Osmaniye, and consists of some formerly published examples as well as some unpublished specimens (pl. 1). More than half come from the Museum of Tarsus and a fifth of the total are curated at the Archaeological Museum of Mersin. The choice ranges from the seventh century BC to the late third century AD. Initially the Cypriot influences are clearly visible, which is even not lacking in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
Some Cypriot figurines certainly originated from Cyprus from the fifth century BC, in limestone or plaster, are votive objects and present in the Archaeological Museum of Adana. It seems strange that only a few of such examples have been discovered in archaeological contexts in Cilicia.
Some female figurines, often bearing offerings, or male figurines, exclusively representing warriors, on horseback or standing, have been found in the necropolis sites, especially at Nagidus in western Rough Cilicia. Pre-Hellenistic coroplastic finds from Rough Cilicia were studied in a doctoral dissertation at the Akdeniz University in Antalya. Recently Tarsian figurines kept in the Musée du Louvre and collected by Victor Langlois in the 1850s were studied by Isabelle Hasselin Rous.
Keywords: Tarsus, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Cilicia, Turkey, Cyprus, Hellenistic period, Roman period, Archaic period, Classical period.
Hermes, the Greek messenger god, with his Roman equivalent, Mercure, is identified by his short cloak and the remains of a herald’s staff that is visible along his left upper arm. Statues like this one, based on Classical Greek prototypes, served as attractive decorative objects in Roman villas as well as in Roman shops while also creating an atmosphere of cultural refinement. Hermes—messenger of the gods, the cattle rustler, the inventor of the lyre, the guider of souls across the River Styx, the manly god of boundaries—stands gracefully here rather than moving purposefully. He likely originally held his kerykeion (herald's staff) in his left hand. A pair of wings are strapped to his feet, and the small rectangular cuttings at the top of his head once held wings that sprang from his laurel-crown.
The lack of interest in the specific delineation of the anatomy and the listless elegance of the pose attest to the decorative quality of this highly refined bronze. In Asia Minor more than 20 type of Hermes bronzes are known. The most common one is the nude god but for a chlamys draped around neck and left arm, wings emerging from his wavy locks, with articulated eyes, holding money bag in right hand, wearing wings on his ankles, in which his association with merchants are expressed. Most of Hermes figurines are sophisticated works, executed in a mannered, classicizing style that sets the god apart from the mundane world of the statuette's human owner and invites contemplation of the divine. Such bronze copies or adaptations of Greek statues of the late fifth or fourth century B.C. (especially the Greek original by Lysippus) are very popular in Roman Asia Minor in the second and third centuries A.D. In this paper focus will be given to these bronze figurines in entire Asia Minor with the following questions:
1- Their production,
2- Distribution,
3- Modelling and rendering,
4- Function,
5- Context,
6- Chronology.
Our work material will mostly be Turkish local museums, as only a few of these Hermes figurines are excavated in archaeological contexts in Turkey.
Main references
E. Laflı/M. Feugère, Statues et statuettes en bronze de Cilicie avec deux annexes sur une main dolichénnienne de Commagène et les figurines en bronze du Musée de Hatay. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1584 (Oxford 2006).
E. Laflı (ed.), Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia and neighbouring regions, BAR International Series 3038 (Oxford: BAR Publishing, 2021).
In this paper we report on the Roman lead sealings discovered in western Turkey. So far there are very few publications on the lead seals of the Roman period found in Turkey where lead sealings were introduced during the Roman age and used to seal the contents of a parcel or package securely. They have generally been impressed with an intaglio, a design pressed or engraved into the material.
Prior to the invention of lead sealings, only wax or clay was used, but this material was fragile and could be broken easily. The Romans would use clay seals for sealing personal documents such as letters. These seals were made of small pieces of clay, moulded around a string and stamped with an impression. This kind of seal is called a “bulla”.
During the Roman period Signet rings were also used to make sealings in western Anatolia. The ring could either have a design etched or stamped directly onto it, called an intaglio, or carved in relief onto a semi-precious stone, called as cameo. The ring would then be used to stamp the impression.
This type of ring was used as a confirmation of identity and often pressed into wax on a document to literally make the wearer’s mark. Roman Emperors and other important figures would have worn and used these. Signet rings were instantly recognisable as symbols of power or importance.
Some lead seals were also attached to packed bales, not individual cloths, by the packing companies themselves.
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Keywords: lead sealings, museum studies, use, function, chronology, Asia, Izmir, western Turkey, Roman period.
Reference
M.C.W. Still, Roman lead sealings, vol. 1, doctoral thesis to the University College of London (London 1995) <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317870/1/294756_Vol_1.pdf>.
In our paper we report on the results of some observations within the territories of the ancient region of Lydia and the Upper Cayster Valley: on the archaeological materials found, but not published, in the Turkish provinces of Manisa and Uşak, and in the towns of Bayındır, Tire, Ödemiş and Kiraz in the Upper Cayster Valley in southeastern part of the province of Izmir. Especially in the area of the eastern Upper Cayster Valley and around the towns southeast of Izmir, that is, from east to west, Bayındır, Tire, Ödemiş, Kiraz and Beydağ, there are numerous archaeological sites and a strong heritage especially of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. In this area the period between the mid-sixth and early seventh centuries AD is the most representative period considering the archaeological material both on the surface of each sites and in the local museums.
1. Roman and Early Byzantine stone quarries
near Bayındır in the Upper Cayster Valley
In November 2019, illegal excavations and the resulting destruction were carried out using explosive materials on the Mermertepe (literally “Marble Hill”), located ca. 1 km west of Paşayeri, 5 km southwest of Buruncuk, 20 km southeast of Bayındır on the border of Tire and 100 km southeast of Izmir, registered on the 1 block, 54 plot of the land registry’s map. The area is a hilly and uneven land, and it is approximately 1.210 m southwest from the Izmir-Ödemiş Highway. In the area, which is still used as a quarry, marble cutting and carving processes were carried out during the Roman period, especially in the second and third centuries A.D. This situation is clearly evident from the traces of ancient chisel and stone cutting tools found throughout the whole area of Mermertepe. Semi-worked marble architectural elements were encountered in the area as well. The most prominent and significant find in this area is the lower part of a human figure with a height of 20 cm and a width of 7 cm. Formerly there were two more male portraits on the upper right side of this figure; however, this multifigured part of the quarry, together with the upper part of the figure I have documented, were heavily damaged and destroyed. Obviously these two male portraits belong to young men approaching maturity who are beardless and have short hair or are even bareheaded. The damaged figure on the left is incised only lightly on the surface and only some body parts were displayed in outline. He is standing to the left with both arms outstretched in an unknown gesture. There is an incised elongated object, perhaps a masonry tool, on top of his right arm identification of which would depend upon the context of the composition of which it was a part. The reliefs are unusual for a number of reasons: these faces have not sufficiently distinctive characteristics to be considered portraits; thus, they depict figure types rather than portraits. This figure and the two portraits presumably belong to the Roman period, to stonemasons, workers or employers working in the marble quarry at that time; no comparable example is known to the author from Asia Minor.
Just 100 m opposite Mermertepe there is a further stone quarry site on Karatepe (literally “Black Hill”), perhaps used rather in the Late Antique-Early Byzantine period. This is also a rugged hill site, called Bukolion in the Byzantine period, the modern Ali Paşa Çiftlik bordering on the town of Tire and registered on the parcel 316 of the land registry’s map. On the southern slopes of Karatepe, where a modern farm construction is located, quite a lot of terracotta roof tile and brick fragments and pottery sherds were observed in early 2022. The area in question must have been a farm house between the fourth and sixth centuries A.D. As is clearly evident from the traces of stone cutting on the rocks found throughout the area, stone cutting and carving processes were carried out in Karatepe as in nearby Mermertepe.
These quarries were perhaps used by the inhabitants of some urban centres, Hypaepa and Dios Hieron, in east of ancient Thyaira (modern Tire) where the Caystrian Plain began.
2. Architectural plastic elements and their spolia
in Byzantine, Late Medieval and Ottoman Lydia
In Lydia existing architectural stone elements of the Roman period are mainly related to tomb or temple architecture. The raw material for most of the marble elements used at Roman sites in Lydia was mined locally or in Phrygia. At the beginning of the Byzantine period, the use of architectural elements in marble became a major element of ecclesiastical architecture in the region, where the use of earlier architectural, sculptural and other remains as spolia, i.e. construction material in secondary-use contexts for later buildings and graves, is very common. Especially, the number of Byzantine marble ecclestiastical architectural elements and their re-use in later Ottoman buildings are very common in Lydia, even though Byzantine architectural plastic monuments are not studied in depth, and studies on the relationship of artistic developments to historical events of the Byzantine period are lacking in Lydia. But in any case there must had been at least one local workshop for architectural plastic in Lydia during the Byzantine period, given the wide range of production and carving quality of local finds, from quite mediocre to highly skilled. We should also add that the artistic quality of the monuments in this chapter is generally at the lower end.
Also the marble used for these elements is mostly of Phrygian or Lydian origin. Each Byzantine architectural plastic element that we were able to document in Lydia, presents a different variant of traditional elements, a unique combination of both geometric and floral decoration and the individual stylistic expression of the sculptor. There are no extant examples of a particular decoration being replicated exactly on a second monument. The uniqueness of each monument suggests that the decoration, even though it appears repetitive and adheres to a set of general norms, was an element of consideration by both the sculptor and the patron, in most cases local churches. Also most of these elements have not been found in datable archaeological contexts; therefore their dates are not secure and their chronology remains a difficult issue. We have tried to date each piece, when the condition and quality warrant, to a general stylistic milieu. The dates assigned here are conservative and should be considered as rough approximations.
Although the original purpose of these ecclestiastical plastic elements was to decorate churches and monastaries, one can only presume, if a need arose for precut stone in later Turkish-Islamic periods, that they were seen as having fulfilled their original function and would then be re-used. But the features of re-using an earlier Byzantine-Christian element in a Turkish-Islamic monument have not yet been studied in Lydia.
Keywords: Phrygian marble, Lydian marble, local marble sources, Lydia, Upper Cayster Valley, Manisa, Izmir, western Turkey.
This brief article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2024, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2024: elafli@yahoo.ca
This brief paper presents a tree trunk coffin from a local museum in southern Turkey. As wooden sarcophagi of the Roman period are rarely known in scholarly literature, this previously unknown example is of importance for the current research.
Keywords: Wooden sarcophagus, tree trunk, coffins, Roman period, Late Roman period, Asia Minor.
In Roman Asia Minor milestones (miliaria) may be regarded as records of the building of roads. They were made from marble, volcanic stones or whatever local stone, and were widely used by military road builders in Asia Minor. For Roman Anatolia they were an important part of any road network. Many Roman milestones only record the name of the reigning emperor without giving any placenames or distances. A specific feature for Roman Anatolia was that bilingual milestones in Latin and Greek were remarkably numerous.
Several stones, including architectural elements or funerary inscriptions, were used secondarily as milestones in Roman Asia Minor. Reuse of milestones has a long history, from antiquity to recent times: some of such milestones were being reused later as building material or chopped up as fill. Information concerning original provenance of numerous milestones is lacking because most of them were reused as building material, such as an impost block, a door-pivot support, threshold or corner slab. The fact that some were reused several times explains their frequently deplorable state of preservation. Surface of such milestones looks, for example, as if it has been finished flat in their secondary use or face of stones has been chiseled away in their later reuse. Earlier plain columnar monuments such as columellae and kioniskoi were frequently reused as milestones. Stones reused as a milestone with a new inscription are especially numerous in the third century AD in entire Asia Minor. In this paper I will focus on some examples of secondary use of Roman milestones in Turkey.
Thematically papers were divided into 11 sessions, dealing with different aspects of Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae (cf. the program in the abstract booklet). Revised papers will be published in a peer-reviewed proceedings volume.
A fibula is a brooch or pin for fastening garments, typically at the right shoulder. The fibulae developed in a variety of shapes and are usually divided into families that are based upon historical periods, geography, and/or cultures. They are also divided into classes that are based upon their general forms. Fibulae were found in relatively large quantities in the Mediterranean and Black Sea area, where they were in use and produced frequently between the Bronze Age and Medieval periods. So far the study of these multifunctional objects has been overlooked in the Mediterranean whereas there is still a huge amount of unpublished material from excavations and museums in an area from Portugal down to Egypt.
Fibulae can be categorized based on different criteria, including genres of material, production, use and distribution. The purpose of this video conference was to create an analytical framework for understanding the fibulae in their social and material contexts. This conference considered in depth the role played by fibulas – whose uses ranged from clothes pins to status symbols to military badges of rank – in ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine societies. In recent decades, major excavation projects have produced vast quantities of material data that have reshaped our understanding of the fibulae, while also raising new questions about their use and production over the long term. We focused on a study of brooches in general and fibulas in particular. Along the way we looked at the intersection between material culture and ethnicity, dealing with the contentious issue of how much that a people’s material culture can tell us about their ethnicity – or not! In this online conference we only focused on Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae from the Mediterranean and Black Sea area between c. early sixth century B.C. and early seventh century A.D., and attempted to set out a comprehensive model for the study of fibulae, including their definition, typology, chronology, contexts, function, regional characteristics and distribution patterns in the whole Mediterranean and Black Sea geographies.
This conference on ancient material culture and instrumenta is dedicated to the 75th birthday of Dr Maurizio Buora, the former director of the Civici Musei Castello di Udine in Italy and an international authority on fibulae.
Such papers that engage the following themes and topics are invited:
- Fibulae from archaeological field projects (especially well-dated finds), museums and private collections,
- Identification of different kinds of fibulas,
- Ancient Greek and Latin textual sources on fibulae,
- Evolution of fibulae in the Mediterranean and Black Sea area during the Etruscan, Lydian, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods,
- The construction of fibula taxonomies,
- Similar instrumenta in the ancient Near East and their relations to ancient Graeco-Roman fibulae, - The nature of different types of surviving material culture,
- What ancient Greeks and Romans thought about afterlife? Fibulae in funerary and votive contexts,
- Comparative studies and issues related to the adoption of Greek and/or Roman fibula models in indigenous contexts: fibulae as major indicators of the relationship between these two communities (indigenous and Greek or Roman),
- Fibula as an indicator of rank and prestige in the ancient world,
- Domestic and commercial use of fibulae,
- Early Christian fibulae,
- Byzantine fibulae,
- Post-Byzantine or modern replicas of Classical fibulae,
- Eastern fibulae in the ancient western world,
- Major production centres of fibulae in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea area,
- Related instrumenta to fibulae in the regards of their function,
- Documentation and analysis of fibulae,
- The creation of a fully annotated and organized corpus,
- Publication of fibulae in the Mediterranean in possible corpara,
- Miscellanea.
Abstract: In this brief paper we will focus on six dams of the Roman period in Asia Minor, respectively Seleucia Pieria and Ancyra, which are presented here in some outlines. The aim of this article is to introduce these ancient engineering monuments all together.
Keywords: Dams, Asia Minor, Turkey, Aqua Sarvenae, Seleucia Pieria, Ancyra, Roman engineering, Roman architecture, Roman archaeology in the East.
The full form of this article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2023, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2023: elafli@yahoo.ca
In this short paper five formerly unpublished rayed lamps from southeastern Turkey are being presented which belong to a well-known type dated to the end of the sixth century A.D. and widespread especially in the eighth century A.D. While waiting for the many further lamps that are likely to be found in numerous museums to be published, this contribution helps to understand the variety of the several lamps and their area of diffusion, which stretch from northern Mesopotamia down to Palestine, including southeastern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel.
Key words: Terracotta oil lamps, rayed lamps, southeastern Turkey, northern Mesopotamia, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Near East, Byzantine period, early Islamic period, lychnological studies, pottery studies.
In this paper we focus on the Western rulers on the Greek island of Chios during the Late Medieval period.
The full form of this brief article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2023, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2023: elafli@yahoo.ca
This paper discusses a recently discovered funerary monument with a Latin inscription from Iconium in central Turkey. The text refers to the members of a local family that probably received Roman citizenship under Hadrian. On this inscription the first dedicant of the monument, Aelius Athenio, refers to his task as that of a procurator vicesimae libertatis, thus proving that he was probably a member of the equestrian class, and that Iconium may have been the seat of a provincial local o√ce for the collection of the tax.
Keywords · Second century A.D., Roman period, Latin epigraphy, vicesima libertatis, Iconium, Lycaonia, Asia Minor, Turkey.
The aim of this research, based on a series of unpublished lamps from three local museums in southern and southeastern Turkey and all the necessary parallels, is to propose a new hypothesis on the chronology and diffusion of the type of lamps Donald M. Bailey nicknamed "teapot-shaped", well attested in continental Turkey (Konya, Akşehir, Sagalassus), where their production is very well framed. In the coastal part of Asia Minor, on the contrary, this type seems to know at least three peaks of production: the Hellenistic period, the second to third century AD and, finally, the sixth century AD.
Keywords: Cilicia, Turkey, wheel-made lamps, teapot-shaped,
production.
In this short paper a formerly unpublished casting valve for a metal eulogy ampulla from a museum in southeastern Turkey will be presented. This casting mould by soapstone has an inscription as Eὐλογία [Κ]υρίου καί τοῦ Αγίου [θαυματουρ]γού (eulogia of the Lord and saintly thaumaturgist - a performer of miracles -). It also bears the depiction of St. Symeon Stylites the Younger from the sixth century A.D. and two knights riding mounts in a heraldic position on below. The mould at Gaziantep can be dated to the middle Byzantine period, more precisely to the period between A.D. 969 and 1074. For its size and the unusual scene of the two pilgrims (?) on horseback our matrix appears to be a unique one.
Keywords: Eulogy ampulla, casting valve, St. Symeon Stylites the Younger, middle Byzantine period, Mons admirabilis, Samandağ, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Syria.
This brief article is written in Italian language.
In this brief article we report a conspicuous series of coins minted in the Aquileia mint now kept in northern Turkey. The hoard evidences distribution of Aquileian coins also in the southern Black Sea littoral at the end of the second tetrarchy.
Key words: Asia Minor, hoard, Aquileian coins, early fourth century A.D.
Note that writing up the tombstones [for CSIR] from Deva {Chester], the legion Legio II Adiutrix was stationed late in the first century A.D. in this fortress in northwestern England.
Nos. 1–2 from the Museum of Yozgat were studied with an authorization by the museum of Yozgat of February 19, 2018, permission number 16080153-155.01-E.150714. The necessary documentation was assembled in October 2018 by Dr Gülseren Kan Şahin (Sinop) who also took all the photographs for this brief paper. We would like to thank the whole museum staff for their assistance during the study of this object as well as to G. Kan Şahin for various issues.
No. 3 from the Archaeological Museum of Izmir was studied with an authorization granted by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Directorate of the Monuments and Museums on April 13, 2010, permission number B.16.0.KVM.0.13.04.00-155.01.(TA10.B81)-77614. The necessary documentation was assembled in May 2017. We would like to thank Ms Necla Okan and Mrs Zuhal Küçükgüney (both from the Archaeological Museum of Izmir) for their assistance during the study of this object.
Nos. 4–5 from the Museum of Ödemiş were studied with two authorizations granted by the Museum of Ödemiş on September 22, 2011 and April 6, 2018, permission numbers B16.0.KVM.4.35.74.00-155.01/555 and 25920734-155.01-E.302122. The necessary documentation was assembled in December 2011 and August 2018. We would like to thank to Mrs Ayşen Gürsel (the Museum of Ödemiş) for her assistance during the study of these objects.
Key words: Lead sling bullets, lead weights, pre-Roman period, Roman period, Yozgat, Izmir, Ödemiş, Asia Minor, Turkey.
Makalede konu edilen iki eser, ilgili Müze'nin 15 Şubat 2017 tarih ve 84400790-155.02/158 sayılı yazılı izinleri ile çalışılmıştır (Kerim Özgür Özgen).
Please note that Anatolian Studies is retrievable in Jstor: https://www.jstor.org/journal/anatolianstudies
This paper presents and discusses four Latin tombstones relating to Italian residents of medieval Ephesus that have been recovered from properties on the terrace of Ayasuluk (Selçuk), near the Byzantine church of St John the Evangelist. Two of them, dating from the late fourteenth century, were originally published in 1937, while the other two, from the mid fifteenth century, came to light more recently in January 2017.
In this short paper we present thirteen metal rings from the museums of Izmir (nos. 3-4 and 9-10), Afyonkarahisar (no. 5), Bergama (nos. 6 and 8), Ödemiş (no. 7), Trabzon (no. 11), and Balıkesir (no. 13), dating mainly from the late antique and middle Byzantine periods. Two of these rings (nos. 2 and 12) belong to the private collection of Mr Koray Selçik and one (no. 1) belongs to the private collection of Ms Berna Oğuz, both of whom reside in Kemalpaşa near Izmir. Only no. 3 was previously published. Most of these rings bear Christian inscriptions, and belong to the late antique period; nos. 12 and 13 seem to date from the middle Byzantine age. Nos. 3, 6 and 7 contain an appeal to God for the salvation or cure. No. 9 is particularly interesting because it expresses one's devotion to Longinos, a popular late antique and Byzantine saint. Other rings, nos. 2, 4 (with a monogram), 5, and 8 (with a monogram), bear personal names of their owners. No. 1 may be a gift to a girl, called 'beautiful'.
the Museum of Fethiye in south-western Turkey. The aim of this article is to refer to the cultural interaction between Lycia and Phrygia during the Iron Age in general, as it was already indicated by some Classical authors.
Bu makalede konu edilen objeler ilgili müzenin 2007 tarih ve 75845132-154.01-E.529808 numaralı yazılı izin ile çalışılmıştır.
This brief paper deals with five bronze oil lamps with crescent moon-shaped handle from Anatolia. Two from the Archaeological Museums of Istanbul are published by Atasoy and a further one, now in Malibu, was studied by Bussière and Lindros Wohl, while two others are unpublished. Compared to other regions of the Roman Empire, the number of this type of bronze lamps in Anatolia is not small as around 150 examples are so far known.
Keywords: Roman bronze lamps, crescent moon-shaped handle, Early Roman period, Anatolia.
This article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2026, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than three years after the release of its book. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2026: elafli@yahoo.ca
Abstract: In this brief article we present a collection of 11 bronze bread stamps of the Early Byzantine period.
Keywords: bread stamps, instrumenta inscripta, Early Byzantine period, Byzantine epigraphy.
This brief article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2024, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2024: elafli@yahoo.ca
In this short paper, 16 formerly unpublished or less-known lead sling bullets from southeastern Turkey are presented. Publications on sling bullets are unique among the archaeological literature on Asia Minor. The article contributes to the corpus of sling bullets as it brings to the scholarship new examples. In this collection there are almost no extant examples of a particular bullet being replicated exactly on a second example. This paper increases thus the number of Hellenistic and Roman sling bullets known to date from southeastern Turkey and northwestern Syria.
Keywords: Sling bullets, southeastern Turkey, Asia Minor, northwestern Syria, Hellenistic period, Roman period, Greek epigraphy, instrumenta inscripta.
The full form of this article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2023, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2023: elafli@yahoo.ca
In this paper a marble slab fragment from western Turkey is presented. Originally it was published by C. Texier in 1884 and later deemed missing. We believe that it is an imperial sarcophagus and that it may have received the remains of the emperor of Nicaea Theodore II Lascaris.
Keywords. Imperial sarcophagus, Nymphaeum, western Asia Minor, Middle Byzantine period, Late Byzantine period, Byzantine sarcophagi, Byzantine relief sculpture, Byzantine epigraphy, Byzantine history, Theodore II Lascaris, John III Ducas Vatatzes, Nicaean Empire.
The full form of this brief article will be displayed in Academia beginning from January 1, 2023, as it can be filed on freely accessible online archives no earlier than one year after the release of its journal. Please e-mail me for obtaining this brief article before 2023: elafli@yahoo.ca
In this brief contribution two previously unpublished grave steles from Pontus are analysed, the first one of which is bilingual, i.e. Latin and Greek, and the other one is in Greek. The first bilingual text is very interesting that the content of each version is culturally quite distinct, surely aimed at the different audiences of the Latin and Greek texts in the bilingual and multicultural environment. Through these two new examples it is possible to gain new insights about the Roman eastern Pontus.
Keywords: Pontus, Roman period, epigraphy, Latin, Greek.
Pilgrims returning home during the early Byzantine period carried with them numerous objects with sacred inscriptions. In Jerusalem-and in Syria-terracotta oil lamps were made with a specific formula of blessing mentioning both the Blessed Virgin as Theotokos and a certain John whose identification either with a saint or the manufacturer of these lamps remains unclear. A museum in southeastern Turkey holds a lamp of this type, probably dating to the sixth century AD or shortly thereafter.
Keywords: Eulogistic oil lamps, blessing formula, Theotokos, early
Byzantine period, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, southeastern
Turkey.
This video conference took place on November 17, 2023. All the lectures and discussions in our e-conference were on Zoom and in English, and were recorded for later viewing on YouTube for participants who were unable to attend the live performance presentation. The symposium was first announced in May 2023. Between May and September 2023 there were more than 13 paper applications from eight countries, including – in alphabetical order – Belgium, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Spain and Turkey, 13 of which were accepted. All speakers held their lectures virtually. This book was arranged mainly in November 2023 where papers were placed in order by speakers’ turns at the conference. It was constantly being updated in its online version on our Academia account. It is also published by Ada Printing House in Buca, Izmir in December 2023.
The second symposium is dedicated to the memory of Professor Hasan Malay (Ege University; 1948-2022) and Mr Mehmet Emin Başaranbilek (Archaeological Museums of Istanbul; 1945-2022), two Turkish classical scholars from the Cayster Valley who passed away in 2022.
I would like to thank following colleagues for preparation of this book and for their assistance before, during and after our conference (in alphabetic order): Professor Engin Akdeniz (Izmir), Dr Maurizio Buora (Udine), Dr Stefano Magnani (Udine / Münster) and Dr Sami Patacı (Ardahan).
This video conference took place on November 18, 2022 in Izmir, Turkey with an archaeological excursion to the sites and museums within the city of Izmir on November 19. All the lectures and discussions in our e-conference were on Zoom and in English, and were recorded for later viewing on YouTube for participants who were unable to attend the live performance presentation. The symposium was first announced in May 2022. Between May and September 2022 there were more than ten paper applications from six countries, including – in alphabetical order – Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, Russia, Turkey and U.S.A., ten of which were accepted. Three speakers held their lectures both physically in Izmir and virtually on Zoom; the rest of the papers were presented on Zoom. Session 1 was organized in the Main Conference Hall of the Faculty of Letters in Tınaztepe Campus (in Block C), and Session 2 was organized in the office of Professor Laflı. This book was arranged mainly in November 2022 where papers were placed in order by speakers’ turns at the conference. It was constantly being updated in its online version on our Academia account. It is also published by the Press House of the Dokuz Eylül University in December 2022.
This first symposium on the archaeology of western Anatolia is dedicated to the 20th death anniversary of Professor Ekrem Akurgal, founder of modern Turkish archaeology, who passed away on November 1st, 2002.
ISBN for this book: 978-625-00-1043-3.
Records of the e-conference in YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1o__WLJLyM
Among Phrygian fibulae there are several examples of the type Caner 1983 A IV, 3 variant, which are most likely of local production in Bithynia. Two other examples appear to be unique due to their size and the shape of their bow.
For the Roman period, one Aucissa fibula and one Zwiebelknopffibel are present, with a pairing that is also found in other Anatolian sites.
At the end of the article in the appendix 1 we present a list, updated to the year 2024, of the all Zwiebelknopffibels known from Türkiye. In the appendix 2 we also present a list of all fibulae from the main archaeological fieldworks in Türkiye between 1983 and 2022 after the appearance of Ertuğrul Caner’s publication in 1983.
Keywords: Archaeological Museum of İznik, Nicaea, Bithynia, Türkiye, Phrygian fibulae, Urartian fibulae, Aucissa fibulae, Zwiebelknopffibels.