Papers by Barbara McClanahan
Preventive Medicine, 2004
Background. Valid and reliable physical activity checklists are needed to assess effectiveness of... more Background. Valid and reliable physical activity checklists are needed to assess effectiveness of interventions. This study tested the validity and reliability of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) Activity Questionnaire. Methods. Two-hundred and ten African-American girls completed the GEMS Activity Questionnaire (GAQ), a checklist of 28 physical and 7 sedentary activities, including TV viewing, inquiring whether performed on the previous day (''yesterday''), and whether usually performed (''usual''). The girls wore an accelerometer (used as the criterion for validity) for three consecutive days at baseline and after a 12-week pilot intervention. Data from 172 girls at baseline and follow-up were usable for this report. Results. Girls were (mean F SD) 8.8 F 0.8 years old with a BMI of 22.3 F 5.9 kg/m 2. The intraclass correlation (ICC) examining reliability for the accelerometer across 3 days at baseline for the combined group was fair (ICC = 0.33, P < 0.21). The test-retest reliability coefficient for the 18-item MET-weighted GAQ yesterday scores for the comparison group of girls was 0.57 (P < 0.001). At baseline and follow-up, nonsignificant correlations were observed between 3-day accelerometer counts/minute and GAQ 18-item usual score for both comparison and intervention groups. A significant correlation was found between change in accelerometer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA) between 12 noon and 6 PM and change in GAQ physical activities in the comparison girls (R = 0.35, P < 0.01). The TV-usual score was correlated with 3-day accelerometer counts/minute (R = À0.19, P = 0.02) at baseline for the total sample. Conclusions. Correlations between the GAQ and accelerometer were low, indicating low validity. Although the GAQ may be helpful in describing types of physical activities performed, it needs further development to improve its psychometric properties.
Ethnicity & disease, 2003
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of 2 versions of a culturally re... more OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of 2 versions of a culturally relevant, family-based intervention to prevent excess weight gain in pre-adolescent African-American girls. DESIGN Three-arm, 12-week parallel group randomized controlled pilot trial. SETTING Community centers in Memphis, Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS Sixty African-American girls, aged 8 to 10 years, with a body mass index (BMI) > or = 25th percentile of the CDC growth charts, along with their parents/caregivers. INTERVENTIONS The active interventions involved highly interactive weekly group sessions with either girls (child-targeted program) or parents/caregivers (parent-targeted program). Content focused on knowledge and behavior change skills to promote healthy eating and increased physical activity. The comparison intervention focused on global self-esteem. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Given the lack of power and the limited time frame of the pilot study, outcomes were evaluated on the basis of ...
Contemporary clinical trials communications, 2018
Despite advances in behavioral and pharmacological treatment for tobacco use and dependence, quit... more Despite advances in behavioral and pharmacological treatment for tobacco use and dependence, quit rates remain suboptimal. Increasing physical activity has shown some promise as a strategy for improving cessation outcomes. However, initial efficacy studies focused on intensive, highly structured exercise programs that may not be applicable to the general population of smokers. We describe the rationale and study design and report baseline participant characteristics from the Lifestyle Enhancement Program (LEAP), a two-group, randomized controlled trial. Adult smokers who engaged in low levels of leisure time physical activity were randomly assigned to treatment conditions consisting of an individualized physical activity intervention delivered by health fitness instructors in community-based exercise facilities or an equal contact wellness control. All participants received standard cognitive behavioral smoking cessation counseling combined with nicotine replacement therapy. The pri...
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, Jan 11, 2017
To examine differences in bone mass between children and adolescents swimming competitively at no... more To examine differences in bone mass between children and adolescents swimming competitively at nonelite levels (locally and regionally) and nonathletes and to assess changes in bone mass in these 2 groups over 24 months after taking into consideration several known confounders of bone mass. Observational prospective study. White nonelite swimmers (n = 128) and nonathletes (n = 106) 8 to 18 years of age from Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Participants underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to assess total body and hip bone mineral content (BMC) at baseline and 12 and 24 months later. At baseline, swimmers had 4.2% and 6.1% higher adjusted BMC for the total body and hip, respectively, compared with nonathletes (P values < 0.027). Averaging across assessment points, swimmers had 73.5 and 2.2 g higher BMC for the total body and hip, respectively, than nonathletes. Although there was a significant annual increase in total body and hip BMC in both groups (33.5 and 0.7 g, respectively), t...
Typescript (photocopy). Thesis (Ed. D.)--Memphis State University, 1990. Includes bibliographic r... more Typescript (photocopy). Thesis (Ed. D.)--Memphis State University, 1990. Includes bibliographic reference.
Health, 2012
Swimming is a very popular sport among adolescents in the US. Little is known about the diet of c... more Swimming is a very popular sport among adolescents in the US. Little is known about the diet of competitive adolescent swimmers in the US but data from other countries indicate several inadequacies, including excessive intake of fat and lower than recommended intake of carbohydrate and several micronutrients that may affect athletic performance and bone accrual. We assessed usual diet, using a food frequency questionnaire and calcium checklist, among 191 adolescent males and females [91 swimmers (mean 13.7, s = 2.5 years) and 100 non-athletes (mean 14.4, s = 2.8 years)]. For both males and females, swimmers and non-athletes generally had similar average intakes of macro-and micro-nutrients, including higher than recommended amounts of total fat (36%) and saturated fat (12%), and inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and daily servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. This first study of nutritional intake among adolescent swimmers in the US suggests that dietary habits of adolescents who swim competitively may jeopardize optimal athletic performance and place them at risk for future chronic diseases, including osteoporosis.
International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2009
The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition outcomes of foot-to-foot (FF) bioelect... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition outcomes of foot-to-foot (FF) bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray (DEXA) in 8 to 10-year-old African-American girls and, if different, to develop and cross-validate specific BIA prediction equations for this at-risk group. DEXA and FF-BIA body composition outcomes were analyzed in 183, 8-10-year-old African-American girls from the Memphis site of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS). Mean body composition outcomes by FF-BIA and DEXA were significantly different (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001); therefore, population-specific equations were developed and cross-validated using split-sample, cross-validation methods. When equations were used, BIA and DEXA outcomes were significantly correlated (percent body fat [r=0.931], fat mass [r=0.985], and fat-free mass [r=0.944]). Mean predicted BIA measurements for body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were essentially equal to their counterpart DEXA measurements (t[182]=- 0.013, p = 0.897, t[182]=- 0.06, p=0.956, and t[182]=- 0.26, p=0.792, respectively). The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a significant slope for percent fat (p=0.009) and slopes approaching significance for fat mass (p=0.07) and fat-free mass (p=0.06). Although FF-BIA and DEXA are not directly interchangeable in young African-American girls, these equations accurately estimated average percent fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass of the cross-validation sample of African-American girls. However, the application of this equation may result in potential underestimation or overestimation of fat with respect to DEXA measures in some populations.
Preventive Medicine, 2004
Background. This paper presents reliability and validity analyses of physical activity-related ps... more Background. This paper presents reliability and validity analyses of physical activity-related psychosocial questionnaires completed by 8to 10-year-old African-American girls at baseline and follow-up assessments of pilot intervention studies in the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS). Methods. Two hundred ten girls participated in the GEMS 12-week pilot studies and had their height and weight measured, wore an accelerometer for 3 days and completed a measure of their usual physical activity (PA) at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Subgroups of girls also completed physical activity-related psychosocial measures at these two time points including: (a) self-concept; (b) self-efficacy; (c) outcome expectancies; and d) preferences. Principal components analysis was conducted on the psychosocial measures obtained at baseline. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability were computed. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the baseline psychosocial measures with baseline physical activity measures and body mass index (BMI). Results. The following sub-scales were derived: Activity Preference, Positive Expectancies and Negative Expectancies for physical activity. Physical Performance Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy for physical activity were kept as single dimensional scales. Sub-scales, derived from principal components analyses, were Activity Preference, Positive Expectancies, and Negative Expectancies for physical activity. Internal consistency estimates for the various scales were substantial to excellent (0.67-0.85), while test-retest reliability estimates were fair to moderate (0.22-0.56). Correlations between the PA psychosocial sub-scales and measured levels of activity measures showed evidence of convergent validity for the Activity Preference sub-scale, although social desirability may have influenced the significant associations observed. Conclusions. The Activity Preference was a fairly reliable and valid measure. Further studies are needed to examine the utility of activityrelated psychosocial measures in interventions to increase physical activity among preadolescent African-American girls.
Obesity, 2004
related Biochemical Cardiovascular Risk Factors in African-American Girls. Obes Res. 2004;12:73S-... more related Biochemical Cardiovascular Risk Factors in African-American Girls. Obes Res. 2004;12:73S-83S. Objective: Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance is a risk factor for future type 2 diabetes. Fasting insulin and blood lipids serve as direct indicators of subsequent risk and as biochemical markers of metabolically significant adiposity. We examined the feasibility of obtaining fasting blood samples and report correlates of these biochemical markers in an understudied population sample. Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting samples were requested from African-American girls, 8.00 to 10.99 years of age, for insulin, glucose, and lipid concentrations. Indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion were calculated and correlated with anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, and body composition data. Results: Samples were obtained from 119 of 210 (57%) girls, varying from 5% to 86% across the four field centers. Glucose ranged from 71 to 104 mg/dL. Eleven percent had insulin concentrations Ͼ20 mU/liter. One girl had a triglyceride concentration Ͼ130 mg/dL. Thirteen percent had total cholesterol Ͼ200 mg/dL, whereas all subjects had highdensity lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol of Ն35 mg/dL. Fourteen percent had low-density lipoprotein levels Ͼ130 mg/ dL. Insulin concentrations showed consistently strong associations with measures of body weight (r s ϭ 0.54 to 0.67); glucose, HDL, and LDL showed weaker correlations (r s ϭ Ϫ0.11 to 0.22). Insulin concentration was highly correlated with indices of both insulin secretion and resistance (r s ϭ 0.99). Discussion: Fasting blood samples in young African-American girls were obtained with reasonable cooperation in three of the four field centers involved in this communitybased study. Fasting insulin, glucose, LDL, and HDL concentrations may help evaluate future diabetes and cardiovascular risk in children of this age.
Obesity, 2004
, body composition, and obesity in African-American girls. Obes Res. 2004;12:64S-72S. Objective: ... more , body composition, and obesity in African-American girls. Obes Res. 2004;12:64S-72S. Objective: To describe associations between sexual maturation and body composition in a sample of African-American girls who were participants in phase 1 pilot interventions of the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies. Research Methods and Procedures: Stature, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Pubic hair and breast development were assessed, and body composition was measured by DXA for 147 African-American girls who were 8 to 10 years of age from three field centers. Participants had BMI Ն25th percentile for age (one site) or BMI Ն50th percentile for age. Results: Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies girls had greater BMI, fat mass, and percentage body fat than national norms and relatively earlier initiation of breast development and pubic hair. Increasing stages of breast development, but not stages of pubic hair, were related to increased stature, waist circumference, BMI, lean mass, fat mass, and percentage of body fat. Pubescent girls (breast stage Ն 2) were greater than six times as likely to be classified as at risk of overweight (BMI Ն 85th percentile) and greater than eight times as likely to be classified as overweight (BMI Ն 95th percentile) as prepubescent counterparts. Adjusted odds ratios for advanced breast development [breast stage Ն 2 (8 years) or Ն 3 (9 and 10 years)] were 3.6 for risk of overweight and for overweight compared to girls with average or less than average breast development. Discussion: Sexual maturation is important to consider in understanding the classification of overweight and the development of obesity during adolescence. Breast development and pubic hair development should be considered separately for their associations with growth and body composition.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2002
This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of participation in various sports on side-to... more This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of participation in various sports on side-to-side (contralateral) differences in bone mineral density (BMD) of the upper and lower limbs. The BMD of the arms and legs was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The subjects were 184 collegiate athletes, both men and women, who participated in NCAA Division I-A baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennis, cross-country, indoor/outdoor track, and volleyball. Results revealed greater BMD of the right arms compared with the left arms for all teams, with the most pronounced differences observed in men&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and women&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s tennis and men&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s baseball. Differences in the lower limbs were less common. No significant differences in lower limb BMD were found in the women. In men, differences in lower limb BMD were found in the football and tennis teams, with the nondominant leg having greater bone mass. Recognition of contralateral differences in bone density may be of particular interest to strength and conditioning professionals as they consider the need to include bilateral and unilateral training programs in an effort to maximize performance and minimize stress-related injuries.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2002
There is evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that high volumes of certain sports, incl... more There is evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that high volumes of certain sports, including running, swimming and cycling, may have a negative impact on bone mineral density. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the effects of high athletic training in individuals who engage in high volumes of all three of these activities (triathletes). Bone mineral density for the total body, arms and legs was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 21 competitive triathletes (9 men, 12 women) at the beginning of the training season and 24 weeks later. Age, body mass index, calcium intake and training volume were also recorded to examine potential mediators of bone mineral density change. Men had greater bone mineral density at all sites than women. No significant changes were observed over the 24 weeks for either total body or leg bone mineral density. Bone mineral density in both arms increased by approximately 2% in men (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.03), but no change was observed for women. Change in bone mineral density at all sites was unrelated to age, body mass index, calcium intake and training volume. The results suggest that adverse changes in bone mineral density do not occur over the course of 6 months of training in competitive triathletes.
Journal of School Health, 2004
Sedentary behaviors, like television viewing, are positively associated with overweight among you... more Sedentary behaviors, like television viewing, are positively associated with overweight among young people. To monitor national health objectives for sedentary behaviors in young adolescents, this project developed and assessed the reliability and validity of a brief questionnaire to measure weekly television viewing, usual television viewing, and computer use by middle school children. Reliability arid validity of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) question on weekday television viewing also were examined. A briej five-item television and computer use questionnaire was completed twice by 245 middle school children with one week apart. To concurrently assess validity, students also completed television and computer use logs for seven days. Among all students, Spearman rorrelations for test-retest reliability for television viewing and computer use ranged from 0.55 to 0.68. Spearman correlations between the first questionnaire and the seven-day log produced the following results: YRBS question for weekday television viewing (0.46). weekend television viewing (0.37), average television viewing over the week (0.47), and computer use (0.39). Methods compurison analysis showed a mean difference (hoursheek) between answers to questionnaire items and the log of-0.04 (1.70 standard deviation [SO]) hours for weekday television,-0.21 (2.54 SO) for weekend television,-0.09 (1.75 SD),for average television over the week, and 0.68 (1.26 SD) for computer use. The YRBS weekday television viewing question, and the newly developed questions to assess weekend television viewing, average television viewing. and computer use, produced adequate reliability and validity for surveillance of middle school students.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2009
Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among body mass index (BMI), se... more Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among body mass index (BMI), selfperceptions, and body image discrepancy in African American (AA) girls. Methods Baseline self-perception and BMI data were collected by trained staff from 303 preadolescent AA girls participating in the girls health enrichment multi-site studies. Correlations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify relationships of BMI with self-perception factors. Results Girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile were more likely to have greater body image discrepancy and participate in weight control behaviors than girls with a BMI below the 85th percentile. Body image discrepancy was not related to selfesteem, but was positively correlated with physical activity self-concept and self-efficacy, and diet selfefficacy. Conclusion Girls with higher BMI had greater body image discrepancy and were less confident in abilities to be active and eat healthy. Findings may inform the development of obesity interventions for preadolescents.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004
Objective: To develop, validate, and cross-validate a formula for predicting resting energy expen... more Objective: To develop, validate, and cross-validate a formula for predicting resting energy expenditure (REE) in African-American and European-American women. Design: A cross-sectional study of REE in women. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group served to develop and validate a new equation for predicting REE while the second was used to cross-validate the prediction equation. The accuracy of the equation was compared to several existing formulae.
International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2009
The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition outcomes of foot-to-foot (FF) bioelect... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition outcomes of foot-to-foot (FF) bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray (DEXA) in 8 to 10-year-old African-American girls and, if different, to develop and cross-validate specific BIA prediction equations for this at-risk group. DEXA and FF-BIA body composition outcomes were analyzed in 183, 8-10-year-old African-American girls from the Memphis site of the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS). Mean body composition outcomes by FF-BIA and DEXA were significantly different (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001); therefore, population-specific equations were developed and cross-validated using split-sample, cross-validation methods. When equations were used, BIA and DEXA outcomes were significantly correlated (percent body fat [r=0.931], fat mass [r=0.985], and fat-free mass [r=0.944]). Mean predicted BIA measurements for body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were essentially equal to their counterpart DEXA measurements (t[182]=- 0.013, p = 0.897, t[182]=- 0.06, p=0.956, and t[182]=- 0.26, p=0.792, respectively). The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a significant slope for percent fat (p=0.009) and slopes approaching significance for fat mass (p=0.07) and fat-free mass (p=0.06). Although FF-BIA and DEXA are not directly interchangeable in young African-American girls, these equations accurately estimated average percent fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass of the cross-validation sample of African-American girls. However, the application of this equation may result in potential underestimation or overestimation of fat with respect to DEXA measures in some populations.
This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of participation in various sports on side-to... more This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of participation in various sports on side-to-side (contralateral) differences in bone mineral density (BMD) of the upper and lower limbs. The BMD of the arms and legs was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The subjects were 184 collegiate athletes, both men and women, who participated in NCAA Division I-A baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennis, cross-country, indoor/outdoor track, and volleyball. Results revealed greater BMD of the right arms compared with the left arms for all teams, with the most pronounced differences observed in men&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and women&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s tennis and men&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s baseball. Differences in the lower limbs were less common. No significant differences in lower limb BMD were found in the women. In men, differences in lower limb BMD were found in the football and tennis teams, with the nondominant leg having greater bone mass. Recognition of contralateral differences in bone density may be of particular interest to strength and conditioning professionals as they consider the need to include bilateral and unilateral training programs in an effort to maximize performance and minimize stress-related injuries.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2016
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Papers by Barbara McClanahan