The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocke... more The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocked with three different fish species at the rate of 800/Acre in the semi intensive polyculture system by supplementing inorganic and organic fertilizers in the ponds. Fish were stocked at the ratio of 35:40:25 in both the ponds designated as group 1 and group 2. Group 1 pond was stocked with Catla catla (C. catla) a surface feeder, Labeo Rohita (L. rohita) a column feeder and Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) bottom feeder, respectively, while, in group 2 only (C. catla) was replaced with (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) H. molitrix as a surface feeder keeping other species the same as in group 1. At the end of experiment H. molitrix showed considerably high weight gain (P< 0.05) in group 2 as compare to column and bottom feeder fish species, conversely in group 1 higher weight gain was comparatively prominent in column and bottom while, C. catla showed low weight gain. Mean values of water quality parameters were conducive however temperature fluctuated between 26°C-29°C. Significantly higher values of (P<0.05) crude protein, fats, carbohydrates, Mg (%) and K (%) was recorded in the H. molitrix than C. catla. The results of the study showed that H. molitrix probably consumed all the phytoplankton density by filtering the water continuously resulting in the reduction of growth in other fish species in the polyculture system.
Due to inconsistency in demand and supply of fishmeal there is immense need of alternate protein ... more Due to inconsistency in demand and supply of fishmeal there is immense need of alternate protein sources. Present project was therefore designed to replace costly fishmeal (FM) with low-priced fermented fish silage (FFS) in fish feed. Fermented fish silage was prepared by fermentation process using Lacto bacillus bacteria and its fatty acid profile and effect on digestive system of Labeo rohita was investigated. Lipid contents were isolated by Soxhlet apparatus and recorded as 6.23 ± 1.23 g/100g of fermented fish silage (FFS). Fatty acid profile of extracted Lipids was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), sufficient amount of unsaturated fatty acids were found with pattern mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) > saturated fatty acids (SFA) >poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Three treatment diets containing 100% silage (T 1), 75% silage (T 2) and 50% silage (T 3) were prepared by mixing it with soybean meal (SBM) and rice bran as co-ingredients while fermented fish silage was replaced by fishmeal in control diet (T 0). The experiment was conducted in glass aquaria in triplicate. Fish growth parameters were recorded fortnightly while physicochemical parameters of water were recorded on daily basis. After completion of feeding trial, three fish were randomly dissected to excise out their intestines and determine activity for protease, amylase and lipase enzymes. Non-significant differences (P<0.05) were recorded in growth parameters and enzymatic activity among all diets except lipase enzyme. Deceptively, it can be concluded that FFS has reasonable concentration of nutrients and unsaturated fatty acids so it can successfully replace fishmeal in fish diets.
The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocke... more The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocked with three different fish species at the rate of 800/Acre in the semi intensive polyculture system by supplementing inorganic and organic fertilizers in the ponds. Fish were stocked at the ratio of 35:40:25 in both the ponds designated as group 1 and group 2. Group 1 pond was stocked with Catla catla (C. catla) a surface feeder, Labeo Rohita (L. rohita) a column feeder and Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) bottom feeder, respectively, while, in group 2 only (C. catla) was replaced with (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) H. molitrix as a surface feeder keeping other species the same as in group 1. At the end of experiment H. molitrix showed considerably high weight gain (P< 0.05) in group 2 as compare to column and bottom feeder fish species, conversely in group 1 higher weight gain was comparatively prominent in column and bottom while, C. catla showed low weight gain. Mean values of water quality parameters were conducive however temperature fluctuated between 26°C-29°C. Significantly higher values of (P<0.05) crude protein, fats, carbohydrates, Mg (%) and K (%) was recorded in the H. molitrix than C. catla. The results of the study showed that H. molitrix probably consumed all the phytoplankton density by filtering the water continuously resulting in the reduction of growth in other fish species in the polyculture system.
The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response i... more The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response in aquaculture. In the current study, effects of commercially available probiotic (Magic Plus) was investigated on survival, growth and immune response of Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) in a polyculture system. The experiment was conducted for 90 days on 1200 fingerlings in two groups i.e. control and probiotic supplemented groups each having 600 fingerlings. Control group was fed with 35% protein basal diet without any supplements and the other group was supplemented with commercially available probiotic at the rate of (10 12 CFU kg −1 diet). After 90 days, probiotic supplemented group was characterized with significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth parameters like, total weight, total length, %weight gain, specific growth rate and survival growth rate. Immunological indices like, lysozyme activity, white blood cells, total plasma protein level and immunoglobulin (IgM) of supplemented group were also significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced. Moreover, digestive enzymes i.e. cellulase, protease and amylase were also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) hyper-active in probiotic supplemented groups. Haematological parameters like, RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCH and MCHC were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Thus, the current study strongly suggests that a commercially available probiotic Magic plus may serve as a healthy and immunostimulating feed additive in C. mrigala culture.
Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of fo... more Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of four dietary protein levels (30, 35, 40 and 45% crude protein (CP) in feed on ammonia concentration and growth performance of the fish, stocked at 15 fish per tank. Fish were monitored for a period of 90 days. Fish that were fed on 40% CP diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, growth, and low feed conversion ratio (FCR). Ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in tanks where the 45% CP diet was administered, and where also poor growth and survival rate was observed. Poor growth performance of the fish at inadequate (below 30% CP) and oversupply (above 40% CP) protein diet is evidence of the importance of taking precautions on the levels of protein inclusion in diet in tank culture. Higher dietary protein diet precipitates ammonia accumulation, thus compromising growth performance. Based on findings in this study, optimal protein level of 40% CP is recommended for tank culture.
The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus c... more The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length, breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C. idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2 (T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus
c... more The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length, breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C. idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2 (T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocke... more The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocked with three different fish species at the rate of 800/Acre in the semi intensive polyculture system by supplementing inorganic and organic fertilizers in the ponds. Fish were stocked at the ratio of 35:40:25 in both the ponds designated as group 1 and group 2. Group 1 pond was stocked with Catla catla (C. catla) a surface feeder, Labeo Rohita (L. rohita) a column feeder and Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) bottom feeder, respectively, while, in group 2 only (C. catla) was replaced with (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) H. molitrix as a surface feeder keeping other species the same as in group 1. At the end of experiment H. molitrix showed considerably high weight gain (P< 0.05) in group 2 as compare to column and bottom feeder fish species, conversely in group 1 higher weight gain was comparatively prominent in column and bottom while, C. catla showed low weight gain. Mean values of water quality parameters were conducive however temperature fluctuated between 26°C-29°C. Significantly higher values of (P<0.05) crude protein, fats, carbohydrates, Mg (%) and K (%) was recorded in the H. molitrix than C. catla. The results of the study showed that H. molitrix probably consumed all the phytoplankton density by filtering the water continuously resulting in the reduction of growth in other fish species in the polyculture system.
Due to inconsistency in demand and supply of fishmeal there is immense need of alternate protein ... more Due to inconsistency in demand and supply of fishmeal there is immense need of alternate protein sources. Present project was therefore designed to replace costly fishmeal (FM) with low-priced fermented fish silage (FFS) in fish feed. Fermented fish silage was prepared by fermentation process using Lacto bacillus bacteria and its fatty acid profile and effect on digestive system of Labeo rohita was investigated. Lipid contents were isolated by Soxhlet apparatus and recorded as 6.23 ± 1.23 g/100g of fermented fish silage (FFS). Fatty acid profile of extracted Lipids was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), sufficient amount of unsaturated fatty acids were found with pattern mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) > saturated fatty acids (SFA) >poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Three treatment diets containing 100% silage (T 1), 75% silage (T 2) and 50% silage (T 3) were prepared by mixing it with soybean meal (SBM) and rice bran as co-ingredients while fermented fish silage was replaced by fishmeal in control diet (T 0). The experiment was conducted in glass aquaria in triplicate. Fish growth parameters were recorded fortnightly while physicochemical parameters of water were recorded on daily basis. After completion of feeding trial, three fish were randomly dissected to excise out their intestines and determine activity for protease, amylase and lipase enzymes. Non-significant differences (P<0.05) were recorded in growth parameters and enzymatic activity among all diets except lipase enzyme. Deceptively, it can be concluded that FFS has reasonable concentration of nutrients and unsaturated fatty acids so it can successfully replace fishmeal in fish diets.
The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocke... more The experiment was conducted in the earthen ponds as two experimental groups were set each stocked with three different fish species at the rate of 800/Acre in the semi intensive polyculture system by supplementing inorganic and organic fertilizers in the ponds. Fish were stocked at the ratio of 35:40:25 in both the ponds designated as group 1 and group 2. Group 1 pond was stocked with Catla catla (C. catla) a surface feeder, Labeo Rohita (L. rohita) a column feeder and Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) bottom feeder, respectively, while, in group 2 only (C. catla) was replaced with (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) H. molitrix as a surface feeder keeping other species the same as in group 1. At the end of experiment H. molitrix showed considerably high weight gain (P< 0.05) in group 2 as compare to column and bottom feeder fish species, conversely in group 1 higher weight gain was comparatively prominent in column and bottom while, C. catla showed low weight gain. Mean values of water quality parameters were conducive however temperature fluctuated between 26°C-29°C. Significantly higher values of (P<0.05) crude protein, fats, carbohydrates, Mg (%) and K (%) was recorded in the H. molitrix than C. catla. The results of the study showed that H. molitrix probably consumed all the phytoplankton density by filtering the water continuously resulting in the reduction of growth in other fish species in the polyculture system.
The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response i... more The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response in aquaculture. In the current study, effects of commercially available probiotic (Magic Plus) was investigated on survival, growth and immune response of Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) in a polyculture system. The experiment was conducted for 90 days on 1200 fingerlings in two groups i.e. control and probiotic supplemented groups each having 600 fingerlings. Control group was fed with 35% protein basal diet without any supplements and the other group was supplemented with commercially available probiotic at the rate of (10 12 CFU kg −1 diet). After 90 days, probiotic supplemented group was characterized with significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth parameters like, total weight, total length, %weight gain, specific growth rate and survival growth rate. Immunological indices like, lysozyme activity, white blood cells, total plasma protein level and immunoglobulin (IgM) of supplemented group were also significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced. Moreover, digestive enzymes i.e. cellulase, protease and amylase were also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) hyper-active in probiotic supplemented groups. Haematological parameters like, RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCH and MCHC were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Thus, the current study strongly suggests that a commercially available probiotic Magic plus may serve as a healthy and immunostimulating feed additive in C. mrigala culture.
Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of fo... more Tilapia rendalli juveniles (±9.5 g) were cultured in concrete tanks to determine the effect of four dietary protein levels (30, 35, 40 and 45% crude protein (CP) in feed on ammonia concentration and growth performance of the fish, stocked at 15 fish per tank. Fish were monitored for a period of 90 days. Fish that were fed on 40% CP diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, growth, and low feed conversion ratio (FCR). Ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in tanks where the 45% CP diet was administered, and where also poor growth and survival rate was observed. Poor growth performance of the fish at inadequate (below 30% CP) and oversupply (above 40% CP) protein diet is evidence of the importance of taking precautions on the levels of protein inclusion in diet in tank culture. Higher dietary protein diet precipitates ammonia accumulation, thus compromising growth performance. Based on findings in this study, optimal protein level of 40% CP is recommended for tank culture.
The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus c... more The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length, breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C. idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2 (T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus
c... more The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length, breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C. idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2 (T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
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Papers by Muhammad Ahmad
carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla,
Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus
carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length,
breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C.
idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2
(T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively
while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All
the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed
maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth
was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed
higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking
density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. A total of 900 fishes belonging to six species viz. Catla catla,
Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus
carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 × 198 × 7 feet length,
breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C.
idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2
(T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively
while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All
the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein at 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed
maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth
was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed
higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking
density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.