The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, ... more The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, especially in African countries. The outbreak of the virus in Africa has halted political, economic and social activities, including countering armed violence. Nigeria is one of the African countries that is faced with security challenges, ranging from Boko Haram insurgency, rural banditry, farmers-herders clash, kidnapping, robbery to piracy among others. However, much attention has concentrated on mitigating the spread of COVID 19 pandemic and the provisions of palliatives to cushion the effects of the abrupt stoppage of formal and informal economic activities. This study examines the intersections between the pandemic and armed banditry in Northwestern. It appears that armed bandits have intensified attacks on communities, against the background of government’s anti-COVID policy. Government has equally re-strategized in responding to the bandits’ attacks. The study gathered data from ...
Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious di... more Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious diseases. They have also achieved limited success in the fight against a variety of human cancers. Thus, innovative vaccine strategies are highly needed to overcome the global burden of these diseases. Advances in molecular biology and reverse genetics have completely restructured the concept of vaccinology, leading to the emergence of state-of-the-art technologies for vaccine design, development and delivery. Among these modern vaccine technologies are the recombinant viral vectored vaccines, which are known for their incredible specificity in antigen delivery as well as the induction of robust immune responses in the vaccinated hosts. Although a number of viruses have been used as vaccine vectors, genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possesses some useful attributes that make it a preferable candidate for vectoring vaccine antigens. Here, we review the molecular biology o...
Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses are associated with huge economic losses in the global pou... more Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses are associated with huge economic losses in the global poultry industry. Despite the intensive applications of vaccines, disease outbreaks caused by those viruses continue to occur frequently even among the vaccinated poultry farms. An important factor in the suboptimal protective efficacy of the current vaccines is the genetic mismatch between the prevalent strains and the vaccine strains. Therefore, in the present study, an effective and stable genotype-matched live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine was developed using reverse genetics, based on a recently isolated virulent naturally recombinant NDV IBS025/13 Malaysian strain. First of all, the sequence encoding the fusion protein (F) cleavage site of the virus was modified in silico from virulent polybasic (RRQKRF) to avirulent monobasic (GRQGRL) motif. The entire modified sequence was then chemically synthesized and inserted into pOLTV5 transcription vector for virus rescue. ...
Helminths infections are among the major ailments affecting humans and livestock in many tropical... more Helminths infections are among the major ailments affecting humans and livestock in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world which necessitates the current need for the use of traditional plants in the treatment of parasitic diseases.The aim of this study was to determine the pathological effects of Senna italica leaves extract on Hymenolepis diminuta infection. Plant leaf were collected and processed using cold maceration method. Phytochemical composition of the plant extract was determined. Rats were grouped into five groups of five rats each for the experiment. Albendazole was used for treatment at 7.5 mg/kg as positive control, while different concentrations of 75, 150, 300 and 0.0 mg/kg of the plant extracts were used for treatment of rats in the other groups. Daily worm-egg counts from all the rats for all the groups were recorded for up to 7 days post infection. Histopathology of tissues from representative rats from all groups was conducted to determine any visibl...
This research study critically analysed the existing literature on municipal awareness relevancy ... more This research study critically analysed the existing literature on municipal awareness relevancy of Municipal councils' service delivery for the purpose of enhancing citizen satisfaction. The purpose of the study is the investigation of citizen satisfaction level of municipal services. Analysis of the existing literature on the relationship between municipal awareness and citizen satisfaction. The Material and methods were carried out using secondary data and were meticulously and critically analysed to come up with reliable results. The study shows the relevancy of the public awareness, citizen satisfaction and municipal council performance in Malaysia. It is evident in the research that citizen consent is important before municipal services should be provided in the local community. The research study highlighted many discrepancies in many kinds of literature related to the existing research study, the evidence-based analysis was carried out to buttress importance and significance of the related study to the research work. The literature was reviewed to ascertain the current happening in the area of local government service delivery. The study shows that many municipal councils in Malaysia provide adequate and satisfactory services to their citizens'. The study also revealed that municipal council plays an important role in citizen awareness of municipal service delivery. The study concludes that municipal service delivery can be enhanced through citizen awareness campaign, to sensitise the local community on various aspects of service delivery including maintenance of the facilities provided. The study also concludes that Municipal councils lack awareness section affects their performance in service delivery process. The study recommends that Municipal councils officials need to be consulted the citizen for their needs and wants; awareness campaign needs to be regularly carried out to maintain cordial relationship between Municipal councils and their citizen; it is also recommended that municipal services should be delivered the needed services by the local inhabitants' after duly consultation.
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity i... more The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity in their inquiries is an unending debate within and outside the Social Science family. The positivists are of the opinion that objectivity in Social Science is achievable and that scientific methods can be used in Social Science inquiry, just the same or similar way(s) the natural scientists do their scientific endeavor. To the positivists ‘value-free Social Science’ is possible. This position is however criticized even within the Social Sciences, let alone in the scientific world. All these debates centered on whether or not the Social Scientists are truly scientific in their quest for knowledge. No matter the outcome of the debate what is obvious is that there is a philosophical problem with scientific objectivity in general. Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories, in his book, ‘the Structure of scientific revolutions’, a scientist and a historian...
This study was carried out to evaluate bioaerosol concentrations in the indoor air and the hygie... more This study was carried out to evaluate bioaerosol concentrations in the indoor air and the hygiene practices of restaurants to highlight the exposure risks and improve food safety in restaurants. Using depositional sampling techniques, air samples were collected from each restaurant kitchen and dining room and aerobically cultured. Hygiene/sanitary conditions were assessed using observation schedules and questionnaires. Meteorological parameters were also monitored during air sampling. The results revealed that bacterial and fungal concentrations (CFU m-3) ranged from 1.07×103‒1.36×104 and 8.2×101‒5.76×102, respectively. Regarding the sanitary conditions of the restaurants, 3.5% of the kitchens were in good sanitary condition, and the food was adequately protected from flies in only 14% of the kitchens. Only 3.5% of the food handlers had attended food hygiene basic training, up to 33% of the food handlers had no education at all, and only 0.10% had medical certifications. High micr...
Recently the use of technology and its integration into the curriculum has gained a great importa... more Recently the use of technology and its integration into the curriculum has gained a great importance. One of this technological devices is mobile phones which is usually banned at school due to the distractions and problems caused by different built-in and installed applications, However, the use of these installed applications such as Telegram on these handheld device especially smart phones in second language teaching is going to assist in effective language teaching and allow students to actively participate in teaching and learning. Keeping all these in mind, the purpose of this presentation is to provide the required information for second language teachers so that they can make use of Telegram efficiently in language classroom.
Developmental and comparative immunology, Oct 1, 2018
To gain insights into the role of CD3/28.4 intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (CD3/28.4IE... more To gain insights into the role of CD3/28.4 intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (CD3/28.4IEL-NK) cells during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, characterisation of the cells was performed following infection with different strains of the virus. In vitro treatment with IL-18 or ionomycin/PMA successfully stimulated and activated the cells via a significant increase in the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin. Similarly, chickens infected with the vaccine strain of IBDV also up-regulated the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin in CD3/28.4 IEL-NK cells up to 3 days post infection (dpi) and down-regulated the expression of the inhibitory receptor B-NK at 3 dpi. On the contrary, infection with the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain lead to a reduced activation of the cells by down-regulating the expression of the CD69, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin especially at 1 dpi. These findings altogether demonstrate the differential activation of CD3/28.4IEL-...
Real estate investment is an emerging business in many countries of the world. Real estate invest... more Real estate investment is an emerging business in many countries of the world. Real estate investment was thoroughly investigated to come up with solution faced by the transaction of land and building. Real estate investment is strictly related to the housing price. It has been pointed out by many researchers that the housing price is affected by many factors, such as interest rate, land supply, government policies and inflation rate. The research highlighted most important aspects of the outcomes. An increase in international real estate capital flows could foster increasing demand for stronger institutions across a global real estate market. The method adopted in this research was quantitative through which 100 questionnaires were developed and distributed within the study area (Bauchi, Gombe, Adamawa and Yobe States). The simple percentage was used to analyzed the data collected. The research is exploratory in nature; hence, a non-probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study. The finding of the research vindicated that real estate investment has a significant role in sharpening the economy of the region, and also the findings revealed that real estate investment opportunity is huge. And again for suggested that housing provision cannot be realized only by private individual excerpts through government intervention. The study concludes that real estate investment, if explore it will create a reliable return to the investment owners, the benefits that can be derived from real estate investment, has been revealed by this study. The study also highlighted that private developers are key important for real estate investment in Nigeria. The conclusion drawn by this research shows that real estate investment has a capacity of transforming economic hardship in the country.
Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its impl... more Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its implication is considered a hallmark of cancer. Due to the selective expression of UCK2 in cancer cells, a selective inhibition of this key enzyme necessitates the discovery of its potential inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the potentials of natural phytochemicals from the rhizome of Alpinia mutica to inhibit UCK2 useful for colorectal cancer. Here, we employed the used of in vitro to investigate the effectiveness of natural UCK2 inhibitors to cause HT-29 cell death. Extracts, flavokawain B, and alpinetin compound from the rhizome of Alpinia mutica was used in the study. The study demonstrated that the expression of UCK2 mRNA were substantially reduced in treated HT-29 cells. In addition, downregulation in expression of 18S ribosomal RNA was also observed in all treated HT-29 cells. This was confirmed by fluorescence imaging to measure the ...
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2014
There has been a considerable and significant number of researches that looked into the uncertain... more There has been a considerable and significant number of researches that looked into the uncertainty and risk of valuation process in various parts of the world, especially in the US and the UK. Early research tended to focus on the tangible methods used by valuers. In recent times, research has concentrated on anticipated risk that could be encountered in carrying out valuations and the way that valuation information is processed. The summary of the previous researches skip over a further latent and potential influence: that of the influence of intangible elements of uncertainty and risk on property valuation and the transaction which might follow The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation and also to have a thorough understanding of the risk inherent in property valuations. The main research questions that this study seeks to address include: What precisely are intangible elements of uncertainty with regard to valuations? How could intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation be minimized and dealt with? To what extent do intangible elements of uncertainty affect and influence property valuation? And should there be a general approach of anticipating and forecasting intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation? A mixture of self-administered questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews were considered most appropriate as data collection instrument for this research due to the advantages derivable from both approaches. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be employed to interpret and explain the associations found among the variables. This is a paper in progress and as such the expected outcomes of the study might suggest that the series of comparable evidence available is the most common factor that will affect a valuation certainty. Risk and uncertainty could be inherent parts of the valuation process as regularly the valuer is unable to identify and price correctly all existing and future influences on the value of the asset. It is recommended that the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) should build up a standard methodology and approach to uncertainty expression, not only for the valuer's peace of mind, but in order to offer the most excellent and promising service to the general community.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2013
This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growt... more This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growth and inflation rate in Nigeria for the period 1980-2010. The paper employed a cointegration method, VAR, and Granger causality test to examine the relationship among the variables. Based on this approach, the paper found that there is no long run relationship among the variables and granger causality test shows a bidirectional relationship between money supply and inflation, income growth and inflation and interest rate and inflation. The granger causality test also revealed that money supply, interest rate, and income growth all granger cause inflation. Based on these findings, this study recommends appropriate control and management of money supply, interest rate and inflation rate.
The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, ... more The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, especially in African countries. The outbreak of the virus in Africa has halted political, economic and social activities, including countering armed violence. Nigeria is one of the African countries that is faced with security challenges, ranging from Boko Haram insurgency, rural banditry, farmers-herders clash, kidnapping, robbery to piracy among others. However, much attention has concentrated on mitigating the spread of COVID 19 pandemic and the provisions of palliatives to cushion the effects of the abrupt stoppage of formal and informal economic activities. This study examines the intersections between the pandemic and armed banditry in Northwestern. It appears that armed bandits have intensified attacks on communities, against the background of government’s anti-COVID policy. Government has equally re-strategized in responding to the bandits’ attacks. The study gathered data from ...
Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious di... more Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious diseases. They have also achieved limited success in the fight against a variety of human cancers. Thus, innovative vaccine strategies are highly needed to overcome the global burden of these diseases. Advances in molecular biology and reverse genetics have completely restructured the concept of vaccinology, leading to the emergence of state-of-the-art technologies for vaccine design, development and delivery. Among these modern vaccine technologies are the recombinant viral vectored vaccines, which are known for their incredible specificity in antigen delivery as well as the induction of robust immune responses in the vaccinated hosts. Although a number of viruses have been used as vaccine vectors, genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possesses some useful attributes that make it a preferable candidate for vectoring vaccine antigens. Here, we review the molecular biology o...
Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses are associated with huge economic losses in the global pou... more Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses are associated with huge economic losses in the global poultry industry. Despite the intensive applications of vaccines, disease outbreaks caused by those viruses continue to occur frequently even among the vaccinated poultry farms. An important factor in the suboptimal protective efficacy of the current vaccines is the genetic mismatch between the prevalent strains and the vaccine strains. Therefore, in the present study, an effective and stable genotype-matched live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine was developed using reverse genetics, based on a recently isolated virulent naturally recombinant NDV IBS025/13 Malaysian strain. First of all, the sequence encoding the fusion protein (F) cleavage site of the virus was modified in silico from virulent polybasic (RRQKRF) to avirulent monobasic (GRQGRL) motif. The entire modified sequence was then chemically synthesized and inserted into pOLTV5 transcription vector for virus rescue. ...
Helminths infections are among the major ailments affecting humans and livestock in many tropical... more Helminths infections are among the major ailments affecting humans and livestock in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world which necessitates the current need for the use of traditional plants in the treatment of parasitic diseases.The aim of this study was to determine the pathological effects of Senna italica leaves extract on Hymenolepis diminuta infection. Plant leaf were collected and processed using cold maceration method. Phytochemical composition of the plant extract was determined. Rats were grouped into five groups of five rats each for the experiment. Albendazole was used for treatment at 7.5 mg/kg as positive control, while different concentrations of 75, 150, 300 and 0.0 mg/kg of the plant extracts were used for treatment of rats in the other groups. Daily worm-egg counts from all the rats for all the groups were recorded for up to 7 days post infection. Histopathology of tissues from representative rats from all groups was conducted to determine any visibl...
This research study critically analysed the existing literature on municipal awareness relevancy ... more This research study critically analysed the existing literature on municipal awareness relevancy of Municipal councils' service delivery for the purpose of enhancing citizen satisfaction. The purpose of the study is the investigation of citizen satisfaction level of municipal services. Analysis of the existing literature on the relationship between municipal awareness and citizen satisfaction. The Material and methods were carried out using secondary data and were meticulously and critically analysed to come up with reliable results. The study shows the relevancy of the public awareness, citizen satisfaction and municipal council performance in Malaysia. It is evident in the research that citizen consent is important before municipal services should be provided in the local community. The research study highlighted many discrepancies in many kinds of literature related to the existing research study, the evidence-based analysis was carried out to buttress importance and significance of the related study to the research work. The literature was reviewed to ascertain the current happening in the area of local government service delivery. The study shows that many municipal councils in Malaysia provide adequate and satisfactory services to their citizens'. The study also revealed that municipal council plays an important role in citizen awareness of municipal service delivery. The study concludes that municipal service delivery can be enhanced through citizen awareness campaign, to sensitise the local community on various aspects of service delivery including maintenance of the facilities provided. The study also concludes that Municipal councils lack awareness section affects their performance in service delivery process. The study recommends that Municipal councils officials need to be consulted the citizen for their needs and wants; awareness campaign needs to be regularly carried out to maintain cordial relationship between Municipal councils and their citizen; it is also recommended that municipal services should be delivered the needed services by the local inhabitants' after duly consultation.
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity i... more The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity in their inquiries is an unending debate within and outside the Social Science family. The positivists are of the opinion that objectivity in Social Science is achievable and that scientific methods can be used in Social Science inquiry, just the same or similar way(s) the natural scientists do their scientific endeavor. To the positivists ‘value-free Social Science’ is possible. This position is however criticized even within the Social Sciences, let alone in the scientific world. All these debates centered on whether or not the Social Scientists are truly scientific in their quest for knowledge. No matter the outcome of the debate what is obvious is that there is a philosophical problem with scientific objectivity in general. Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories, in his book, ‘the Structure of scientific revolutions’, a scientist and a historian...
This study was carried out to evaluate bioaerosol concentrations in the indoor air and the hygie... more This study was carried out to evaluate bioaerosol concentrations in the indoor air and the hygiene practices of restaurants to highlight the exposure risks and improve food safety in restaurants. Using depositional sampling techniques, air samples were collected from each restaurant kitchen and dining room and aerobically cultured. Hygiene/sanitary conditions were assessed using observation schedules and questionnaires. Meteorological parameters were also monitored during air sampling. The results revealed that bacterial and fungal concentrations (CFU m-3) ranged from 1.07×103‒1.36×104 and 8.2×101‒5.76×102, respectively. Regarding the sanitary conditions of the restaurants, 3.5% of the kitchens were in good sanitary condition, and the food was adequately protected from flies in only 14% of the kitchens. Only 3.5% of the food handlers had attended food hygiene basic training, up to 33% of the food handlers had no education at all, and only 0.10% had medical certifications. High micr...
Recently the use of technology and its integration into the curriculum has gained a great importa... more Recently the use of technology and its integration into the curriculum has gained a great importance. One of this technological devices is mobile phones which is usually banned at school due to the distractions and problems caused by different built-in and installed applications, However, the use of these installed applications such as Telegram on these handheld device especially smart phones in second language teaching is going to assist in effective language teaching and allow students to actively participate in teaching and learning. Keeping all these in mind, the purpose of this presentation is to provide the required information for second language teachers so that they can make use of Telegram efficiently in language classroom.
Developmental and comparative immunology, Oct 1, 2018
To gain insights into the role of CD3/28.4 intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (CD3/28.4IE... more To gain insights into the role of CD3/28.4 intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (CD3/28.4IEL-NK) cells during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, characterisation of the cells was performed following infection with different strains of the virus. In vitro treatment with IL-18 or ionomycin/PMA successfully stimulated and activated the cells via a significant increase in the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin. Similarly, chickens infected with the vaccine strain of IBDV also up-regulated the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin in CD3/28.4 IEL-NK cells up to 3 days post infection (dpi) and down-regulated the expression of the inhibitory receptor B-NK at 3 dpi. On the contrary, infection with the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain lead to a reduced activation of the cells by down-regulating the expression of the CD69, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin especially at 1 dpi. These findings altogether demonstrate the differential activation of CD3/28.4IEL-...
Real estate investment is an emerging business in many countries of the world. Real estate invest... more Real estate investment is an emerging business in many countries of the world. Real estate investment was thoroughly investigated to come up with solution faced by the transaction of land and building. Real estate investment is strictly related to the housing price. It has been pointed out by many researchers that the housing price is affected by many factors, such as interest rate, land supply, government policies and inflation rate. The research highlighted most important aspects of the outcomes. An increase in international real estate capital flows could foster increasing demand for stronger institutions across a global real estate market. The method adopted in this research was quantitative through which 100 questionnaires were developed and distributed within the study area (Bauchi, Gombe, Adamawa and Yobe States). The simple percentage was used to analyzed the data collected. The research is exploratory in nature; hence, a non-probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study. The finding of the research vindicated that real estate investment has a significant role in sharpening the economy of the region, and also the findings revealed that real estate investment opportunity is huge. And again for suggested that housing provision cannot be realized only by private individual excerpts through government intervention. The study concludes that real estate investment, if explore it will create a reliable return to the investment owners, the benefits that can be derived from real estate investment, has been revealed by this study. The study also highlighted that private developers are key important for real estate investment in Nigeria. The conclusion drawn by this research shows that real estate investment has a capacity of transforming economic hardship in the country.
Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its impl... more Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its implication is considered a hallmark of cancer. Due to the selective expression of UCK2 in cancer cells, a selective inhibition of this key enzyme necessitates the discovery of its potential inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the potentials of natural phytochemicals from the rhizome of Alpinia mutica to inhibit UCK2 useful for colorectal cancer. Here, we employed the used of in vitro to investigate the effectiveness of natural UCK2 inhibitors to cause HT-29 cell death. Extracts, flavokawain B, and alpinetin compound from the rhizome of Alpinia mutica was used in the study. The study demonstrated that the expression of UCK2 mRNA were substantially reduced in treated HT-29 cells. In addition, downregulation in expression of 18S ribosomal RNA was also observed in all treated HT-29 cells. This was confirmed by fluorescence imaging to measure the ...
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2014
There has been a considerable and significant number of researches that looked into the uncertain... more There has been a considerable and significant number of researches that looked into the uncertainty and risk of valuation process in various parts of the world, especially in the US and the UK. Early research tended to focus on the tangible methods used by valuers. In recent times, research has concentrated on anticipated risk that could be encountered in carrying out valuations and the way that valuation information is processed. The summary of the previous researches skip over a further latent and potential influence: that of the influence of intangible elements of uncertainty and risk on property valuation and the transaction which might follow The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation and also to have a thorough understanding of the risk inherent in property valuations. The main research questions that this study seeks to address include: What precisely are intangible elements of uncertainty with regard to valuations? How could intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation be minimized and dealt with? To what extent do intangible elements of uncertainty affect and influence property valuation? And should there be a general approach of anticipating and forecasting intangible elements of uncertainty in property valuation? A mixture of self-administered questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews were considered most appropriate as data collection instrument for this research due to the advantages derivable from both approaches. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be employed to interpret and explain the associations found among the variables. This is a paper in progress and as such the expected outcomes of the study might suggest that the series of comparable evidence available is the most common factor that will affect a valuation certainty. Risk and uncertainty could be inherent parts of the valuation process as regularly the valuer is unable to identify and price correctly all existing and future influences on the value of the asset. It is recommended that the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) should build up a standard methodology and approach to uncertainty expression, not only for the valuer's peace of mind, but in order to offer the most excellent and promising service to the general community.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2013
This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growt... more This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growth and inflation rate in Nigeria for the period 1980-2010. The paper employed a cointegration method, VAR, and Granger causality test to examine the relationship among the variables. Based on this approach, the paper found that there is no long run relationship among the variables and granger causality test shows a bidirectional relationship between money supply and inflation, income growth and inflation and interest rate and inflation. The granger causality test also revealed that money supply, interest rate, and income growth all granger cause inflation. Based on these findings, this study recommends appropriate control and management of money supply, interest rate and inflation rate.
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Papers by Muhammad Bello