Objectives: To compare risk factors for coronary artery disease between diabetic and non diabetic... more Objectives: To compare risk factors for coronary artery disease between diabetic and non diabetic patients. Methodology: This was a comparative cross sectional study performed in cardiovascular department Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. Sampling technique was non probability consecutive sampling. All patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease were included in the study Results: Out of 300 patients, 150 were diabetic and 150 were non diabetic. Among diabetics, 106 (70.7%) were male and 44 (22.3%) were female, while in non-diabetic group, 118 (78.7%) were male and 32 (21.3%) female (p>0.260). Mean age was 50.5±9.5 for diabetics, while 57.4±10.9 for non-diabetics (p=0.003). There was significantly higher frequency of hypertension and dyslipidemia in diabetic population. Mean Body mass index was significantly higher in diabetic cohort. Conclusion: Diabetes itself is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease but also associated with other major risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity, as compared to non diabetics.
Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egypti... more Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egyptian clover cultivars offers a biologically viable solution to sustainably boost the milk productivity of dairy animals. Two multi-season field trials were executed under semi-arid conditions whereby the first experiment aimed to assess the potential of Egyptian clover cultivars (Berseem Agaiti, Anmol and SB-11) for nutritional quality attributes and the digestibility of green forage and hay, forage palatability and milk productivity of buffaloes fed on hay. In the second field investigation, new promising line, SB-11, was tested for seed production potential under varying dates of the last harvesting regimes (10, 20 and 30 March along with 9 April and 19 April) owing to a sharp hike in temperature. In terms of the nutritive value of green forage and hay, SB-11 remained superior for recording the maximum crude protein (CP), ash, fat and nitrogen-free extract except dry matter (DM) content ...
P akistan is based on agriculture, and cotton have significant share in country's economy. It is ... more P akistan is based on agriculture, and cotton have significant share in country's economy. It is also described as white gold because the export of raw cotton, yarn and finished products, huge volume of convertibility for foreign exchange are obtained by cotton. Cotton runs the local textile industry and provides employment to the millions of the people in the country. It produces fiber, seed cake for live stock and also produces edible oil. During 2020-21, the crop was cultivated on 2,079 thousand hectares, reflecting a contraction of 17.4 percent as compared to last year's sown area of 2,517 thousand hectares
Organic manures are more preferred and environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers for min... more Organic manures are more preferred and environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers for minimally contaminating soil, water and environmental resources, but the determination of right source of organic manures continues to remain an unexplored aspect. Considering the important issue, a multi-year fi eld trial was carried out to determine the response of forage soybean to four sources of nutrients such as chemical fertilizers (IF), poultry litter (PL), bovine's farm yard slurry (BFYS) and sewage sludge (SS) and their seven binary combinations (PL+BFYS, PL+SS, PL+IF, BFYS+SS, BFYS+IF, SS+IF and PL+BFYS+SS). Supplementation of organic manures with mineral fertilizers remained superior to their sole application, particularly BFYS + IF was found signifi cantly (p≤0.05) superior for yielding the highest fresh biomass (23.9, 26.4 and 25.7 t ha-1) with improved nutritional quality. The same combination of integrated fertilizer management also recorded higher sustainability as per sustainable forage yield index along with the highest net income and the benefi t-cost ratio. PL and SS applied in conjunction with IF performed better than sole or binary application of organic manures. Therefore, BFYS + IF may be recommended for adoption to produce comparable forage yield and nutritional quality of soybean along with reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers.
Citrus Leprosis is one of the major viral disease of citrus. It is caused by Laprosis virus that ... more Citrus Leprosis is one of the major viral disease of citrus. It is caused by Laprosis virus that is transmitted by feeding of Brevipalpus phoenicis and Brevipalpus californicus, the female mites of Tenuipalpidae family. It contributes a lot to the total losses caused by citrus pathogens. Its effects both the production and the processing of citrus. Today about 100 millions of US dollars are spent to control the Brevipalpus phoenicis and Brevipalpus californicus, the vectors of Citrus Leprosis, annually. The symptoms of the diseased plants are zonate lesions on leaves and fruits and bark scaling on the trunk. It has confused symptomology with Citrus Psorosis disease caused by Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV). This review article has the information about the history of Citrus Leprosis, range of host, etiology, vector, symptoms, impacts on citrus industry and integrated management practices.
The decrease in water resources is a serious threat to food security world-wide. In this regard, ... more The decrease in water resources is a serious threat to food security world-wide. In this regard, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify grain yield and quality-related genes/loci under normal and water-deficit conditions. Highly significant differences were exhibited among genotypes under both conditions for all studied traits. Water-deficit stress caused a reduction in grains yield and an increase in grains protein contents (GPC) and gluten contents (GLC). Population structure divided the 96 genotypes into four sub-populations. Out of 72 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), 28 and 44 were observed under normal and water-deficit stress conditions, respectively. Pleiotropic loci (RAC875_s117925_244, BobWhite_c23828_341 and wsnp_CAP8_c334_304253) for yield and quality traits were identified on chromosomes 5A, 6B and 7B, respectively, under normal conditions. Under a water-deficit condition, the pleiotropic loci (Excalibur_c48047_90, Tdurum_contig1007...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of the condit... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of the condition of lower urinary tract symptoms in Pakistani men, determine its predictors and assess its impact on the quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted among men aged 30 years and over in three districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. The modified Urdu version of the International Prostate Symptom Score was used to assess the prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. Individuals with total symptom score ⩾8 were considered as having lower urinary tract symptoms. The data were analysed using SPSS version 22. The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess the difference among categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Moreover, binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of lower urinary tract symptoms. Results: The overall prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in our sample was 33....
Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national ... more Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national gross domestic product. 74% of cultivated area is irrigated (14.6 million hectares), out of 22 million hectares. Per capita water availability in Pakistan is continuously on decline as it stood at 1000 cubic meter per person per year in 2012-13, against 5600 cubic meter per person per year at the time of partition. Agricultural water availability is dwindling with each passing year, particularly due to reduction in Pakistan's water storage capacity, increasing population and climate change. Pakistan owns world's largest irrigation system as total length of canals in Pakistan is 56073 km, while the total length of water courses is 1.6 million km. About, 106 million acre feet water is diverted to canals, of which about 15% is lost in main and branch canals, 8% water is lost in distributary minors and 30% water is lost in water courses and 30% in the field, thus making the efficienc...
Fertilizers are artificial substances which contain chemical elements that are required by plants... more Fertilizers are artificial substances which contain chemical elements that are required by plants for robust growth and productivity of crops. Fertilizers are applied to soils to increase the soil fertility which is the capacity of soil to supply essentail nutrients to plants for their growth and development. Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more elements, but the most important elements in plant nutrition are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are called primary nutrients. Of primary nutrients, nitrogen is considered to be the most important one and is required by the crops in the greatest quantities. Nitrogenous fertilizers mostly used by local faarmers include urea (46% N), calcium ammonium nitrate CAN (26% N) and ammonium sulphate (21% N + 24% sulphur). Phosphatic fertilizers include single super phosphate (18% P O + 12% sulphur), 2 5 Triple superphosphate (46% P O + 1.5% sulphur), Di-ammonium phosphate (46% P O + 18% N) and 2 5 2 5 Mono-ammonium phosphate (52% P...
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with Zn in improving the pe... more A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with Zn in improving the performance of maize hybrids at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in 2010. The two maize hybrids namely SIPRA 4444 and SP13 were tested with hydro-priming, priming with 0.5% ZnSO , 4 priming with 1.5% ZnSO , priming with 0.5% Zn EDTA and priming with 1.5% Zn EDTA. Replicated three times 4 the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement. The net plot size was 3m x 6m. Observations on seed emergence, physiological parameters, grain yield and yield components were recorded in maize by following standard procedures. The data collected were analyzed statistically using Fisher's analysis of variance technique and differences among treatments means were compared by employing least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. The results of the present study revealed that priming techniques of zinc gave highe...
Forage sorghum is considered to be the most heat and drought resistant summer forage with a fairl... more Forage sorghum is considered to be the most heat and drought resistant summer forage with a fairly high green forage yield. Forage sorghum is more economical to grow as compared to forage maize with fairly high economic returns. The total area under forages in 2012 in Punjab was 1.82 million hectares with green forage production of 38.8 million tons. The land area of Punjab under forage sorghum in 2012 was 0.588 million hectares with production of 7.984 million tons. The average production of forage sorghum (13 t ha) in Punjab 1 province of Pakistan is much less as compared to potential of 50-70 t ha. Seed with low yield potential, 1 suboptimal plant population, drought, weeds infestation, suboptimal and unbalanced use of fertilizers, insect pest attack and marketing problems are major constraints in forage sorghum production in Punjab. A comprehensive breeding program to develop high yielding forage sorghum varieties and an extensive extension program to bring modern production tec...
Agriculture continues to constitute the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% ... more Agriculture continues to constitute the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national GDP raw material to important industries such as textile and sugar industry. 65% of its population is directly or indirectly involved with agriculture, but still farm productivity is much less as compared to other countries. One the reason for low farm productivity is lack of farm mechanization. Farm mechanization implies the use of mechanical technology in the varied farming operations such as sowing, harvesting, threshing, leveling, watering, spraying, weeding and similar other farm operations. Farm mechanization is viewed as package of technology to ensure timely field operations, increased productivity, reduced crop losses and improved quality of grain or product. So far, Pakistan has only experienced selective farm mechanization as this concept has remained limited to use of tractors only and currently Pakistan's per hectare use of horsepower is 1.50, India's 2.5...
Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2010
... Ali a & M. Athar b * pages 373-380. ... 2007. Physiological intervention... more ... Ali a & M. Athar b * pages 373-380. ... 2007. Physiological interventions in breeding for adaptation to abiotic stress. In Scale and complexity in plant systems research: Geneplantcrop relations , Edited by: Spiertz, JHJ, Struik, PC and van Laar, HH. 129146. Dordrecht: Springer. ...
Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon and particulates are the major air pollutants emitted in hu... more Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon and particulates are the major air pollutants emitted in huge amounts by the Thermal Power Plant Complex of Kasimpur (Aligarh, UP, India) running on 3192 MT of coal/day. These effluents significantly affect reproductive phase of Anagallis arvensis L. Samples of 10 plants each were randomly collected at monthly intervals at seedling to mature stage from 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 20 km leeward from the power plant complex. Bud formation and flowering were delayed in the population thriving at 0.5 km from the pollution source. As a 2 month old stage, 60% of the population showed a decline in bud formation in the vicinity of the source compared to a heavy bud emergence in the whole population thriving 20 km away from it. Bud formation, flowering fruit set and seed set showed a correlation with multiple growth factors viz productivity, shoot length and distance from the source.
1. INTRODUCTION Becoming an economically prosperous state is the ultimate goal of all economic po... more 1. INTRODUCTION Becoming an economically prosperous state is the ultimate goal of all economic policies of Pakistan. Being an agricultural country, this calls for more realistic measures towards increasing agricultural production and exports with a simultaneous decrease in imports. ...
Objectives: To compare risk factors for coronary artery disease between diabetic and non diabetic... more Objectives: To compare risk factors for coronary artery disease between diabetic and non diabetic patients. Methodology: This was a comparative cross sectional study performed in cardiovascular department Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. Sampling technique was non probability consecutive sampling. All patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease were included in the study Results: Out of 300 patients, 150 were diabetic and 150 were non diabetic. Among diabetics, 106 (70.7%) were male and 44 (22.3%) were female, while in non-diabetic group, 118 (78.7%) were male and 32 (21.3%) female (p>0.260). Mean age was 50.5±9.5 for diabetics, while 57.4±10.9 for non-diabetics (p=0.003). There was significantly higher frequency of hypertension and dyslipidemia in diabetic population. Mean Body mass index was significantly higher in diabetic cohort. Conclusion: Diabetes itself is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease but also associated with other major risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity, as compared to non diabetics.
Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egypti... more Under a changing climate, harvesting management and exploiting the genotypic divergence of Egyptian clover cultivars offers a biologically viable solution to sustainably boost the milk productivity of dairy animals. Two multi-season field trials were executed under semi-arid conditions whereby the first experiment aimed to assess the potential of Egyptian clover cultivars (Berseem Agaiti, Anmol and SB-11) for nutritional quality attributes and the digestibility of green forage and hay, forage palatability and milk productivity of buffaloes fed on hay. In the second field investigation, new promising line, SB-11, was tested for seed production potential under varying dates of the last harvesting regimes (10, 20 and 30 March along with 9 April and 19 April) owing to a sharp hike in temperature. In terms of the nutritive value of green forage and hay, SB-11 remained superior for recording the maximum crude protein (CP), ash, fat and nitrogen-free extract except dry matter (DM) content ...
P akistan is based on agriculture, and cotton have significant share in country's economy. It is ... more P akistan is based on agriculture, and cotton have significant share in country's economy. It is also described as white gold because the export of raw cotton, yarn and finished products, huge volume of convertibility for foreign exchange are obtained by cotton. Cotton runs the local textile industry and provides employment to the millions of the people in the country. It produces fiber, seed cake for live stock and also produces edible oil. During 2020-21, the crop was cultivated on 2,079 thousand hectares, reflecting a contraction of 17.4 percent as compared to last year's sown area of 2,517 thousand hectares
Organic manures are more preferred and environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers for min... more Organic manures are more preferred and environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers for minimally contaminating soil, water and environmental resources, but the determination of right source of organic manures continues to remain an unexplored aspect. Considering the important issue, a multi-year fi eld trial was carried out to determine the response of forage soybean to four sources of nutrients such as chemical fertilizers (IF), poultry litter (PL), bovine's farm yard slurry (BFYS) and sewage sludge (SS) and their seven binary combinations (PL+BFYS, PL+SS, PL+IF, BFYS+SS, BFYS+IF, SS+IF and PL+BFYS+SS). Supplementation of organic manures with mineral fertilizers remained superior to their sole application, particularly BFYS + IF was found signifi cantly (p≤0.05) superior for yielding the highest fresh biomass (23.9, 26.4 and 25.7 t ha-1) with improved nutritional quality. The same combination of integrated fertilizer management also recorded higher sustainability as per sustainable forage yield index along with the highest net income and the benefi t-cost ratio. PL and SS applied in conjunction with IF performed better than sole or binary application of organic manures. Therefore, BFYS + IF may be recommended for adoption to produce comparable forage yield and nutritional quality of soybean along with reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers.
Citrus Leprosis is one of the major viral disease of citrus. It is caused by Laprosis virus that ... more Citrus Leprosis is one of the major viral disease of citrus. It is caused by Laprosis virus that is transmitted by feeding of Brevipalpus phoenicis and Brevipalpus californicus, the female mites of Tenuipalpidae family. It contributes a lot to the total losses caused by citrus pathogens. Its effects both the production and the processing of citrus. Today about 100 millions of US dollars are spent to control the Brevipalpus phoenicis and Brevipalpus californicus, the vectors of Citrus Leprosis, annually. The symptoms of the diseased plants are zonate lesions on leaves and fruits and bark scaling on the trunk. It has confused symptomology with Citrus Psorosis disease caused by Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV). This review article has the information about the history of Citrus Leprosis, range of host, etiology, vector, symptoms, impacts on citrus industry and integrated management practices.
The decrease in water resources is a serious threat to food security world-wide. In this regard, ... more The decrease in water resources is a serious threat to food security world-wide. In this regard, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify grain yield and quality-related genes/loci under normal and water-deficit conditions. Highly significant differences were exhibited among genotypes under both conditions for all studied traits. Water-deficit stress caused a reduction in grains yield and an increase in grains protein contents (GPC) and gluten contents (GLC). Population structure divided the 96 genotypes into four sub-populations. Out of 72 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), 28 and 44 were observed under normal and water-deficit stress conditions, respectively. Pleiotropic loci (RAC875_s117925_244, BobWhite_c23828_341 and wsnp_CAP8_c334_304253) for yield and quality traits were identified on chromosomes 5A, 6B and 7B, respectively, under normal conditions. Under a water-deficit condition, the pleiotropic loci (Excalibur_c48047_90, Tdurum_contig1007...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of the condit... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of the condition of lower urinary tract symptoms in Pakistani men, determine its predictors and assess its impact on the quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted among men aged 30 years and over in three districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. The modified Urdu version of the International Prostate Symptom Score was used to assess the prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. Individuals with total symptom score ⩾8 were considered as having lower urinary tract symptoms. The data were analysed using SPSS version 22. The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess the difference among categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Moreover, binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of lower urinary tract symptoms. Results: The overall prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in our sample was 33....
Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national ... more Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national gross domestic product. 74% of cultivated area is irrigated (14.6 million hectares), out of 22 million hectares. Per capita water availability in Pakistan is continuously on decline as it stood at 1000 cubic meter per person per year in 2012-13, against 5600 cubic meter per person per year at the time of partition. Agricultural water availability is dwindling with each passing year, particularly due to reduction in Pakistan's water storage capacity, increasing population and climate change. Pakistan owns world's largest irrigation system as total length of canals in Pakistan is 56073 km, while the total length of water courses is 1.6 million km. About, 106 million acre feet water is diverted to canals, of which about 15% is lost in main and branch canals, 8% water is lost in distributary minors and 30% water is lost in water courses and 30% in the field, thus making the efficienc...
Fertilizers are artificial substances which contain chemical elements that are required by plants... more Fertilizers are artificial substances which contain chemical elements that are required by plants for robust growth and productivity of crops. Fertilizers are applied to soils to increase the soil fertility which is the capacity of soil to supply essentail nutrients to plants for their growth and development. Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more elements, but the most important elements in plant nutrition are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are called primary nutrients. Of primary nutrients, nitrogen is considered to be the most important one and is required by the crops in the greatest quantities. Nitrogenous fertilizers mostly used by local faarmers include urea (46% N), calcium ammonium nitrate CAN (26% N) and ammonium sulphate (21% N + 24% sulphur). Phosphatic fertilizers include single super phosphate (18% P O + 12% sulphur), 2 5 Triple superphosphate (46% P O + 1.5% sulphur), Di-ammonium phosphate (46% P O + 18% N) and 2 5 2 5 Mono-ammonium phosphate (52% P...
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with Zn in improving the pe... more A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with Zn in improving the performance of maize hybrids at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in 2010. The two maize hybrids namely SIPRA 4444 and SP13 were tested with hydro-priming, priming with 0.5% ZnSO , 4 priming with 1.5% ZnSO , priming with 0.5% Zn EDTA and priming with 1.5% Zn EDTA. Replicated three times 4 the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement. The net plot size was 3m x 6m. Observations on seed emergence, physiological parameters, grain yield and yield components were recorded in maize by following standard procedures. The data collected were analyzed statistically using Fisher's analysis of variance technique and differences among treatments means were compared by employing least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. The results of the present study revealed that priming techniques of zinc gave highe...
Forage sorghum is considered to be the most heat and drought resistant summer forage with a fairl... more Forage sorghum is considered to be the most heat and drought resistant summer forage with a fairly high green forage yield. Forage sorghum is more economical to grow as compared to forage maize with fairly high economic returns. The total area under forages in 2012 in Punjab was 1.82 million hectares with green forage production of 38.8 million tons. The land area of Punjab under forage sorghum in 2012 was 0.588 million hectares with production of 7.984 million tons. The average production of forage sorghum (13 t ha) in Punjab 1 province of Pakistan is much less as compared to potential of 50-70 t ha. Seed with low yield potential, 1 suboptimal plant population, drought, weeds infestation, suboptimal and unbalanced use of fertilizers, insect pest attack and marketing problems are major constraints in forage sorghum production in Punjab. A comprehensive breeding program to develop high yielding forage sorghum varieties and an extensive extension program to bring modern production tec...
Agriculture continues to constitute the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% ... more Agriculture continues to constitute the backbone of Pakistan's economy by contributing 21.4% to national GDP raw material to important industries such as textile and sugar industry. 65% of its population is directly or indirectly involved with agriculture, but still farm productivity is much less as compared to other countries. One the reason for low farm productivity is lack of farm mechanization. Farm mechanization implies the use of mechanical technology in the varied farming operations such as sowing, harvesting, threshing, leveling, watering, spraying, weeding and similar other farm operations. Farm mechanization is viewed as package of technology to ensure timely field operations, increased productivity, reduced crop losses and improved quality of grain or product. So far, Pakistan has only experienced selective farm mechanization as this concept has remained limited to use of tractors only and currently Pakistan's per hectare use of horsepower is 1.50, India's 2.5...
Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2010
... Ali a & M. Athar b * pages 373-380. ... 2007. Physiological intervention... more ... Ali a & M. Athar b * pages 373-380. ... 2007. Physiological interventions in breeding for adaptation to abiotic stress. In Scale and complexity in plant systems research: Geneplantcrop relations , Edited by: Spiertz, JHJ, Struik, PC and van Laar, HH. 129146. Dordrecht: Springer. ...
Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon and particulates are the major air pollutants emitted in hu... more Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon and particulates are the major air pollutants emitted in huge amounts by the Thermal Power Plant Complex of Kasimpur (Aligarh, UP, India) running on 3192 MT of coal/day. These effluents significantly affect reproductive phase of Anagallis arvensis L. Samples of 10 plants each were randomly collected at monthly intervals at seedling to mature stage from 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 20 km leeward from the power plant complex. Bud formation and flowering were delayed in the population thriving at 0.5 km from the pollution source. As a 2 month old stage, 60% of the population showed a decline in bud formation in the vicinity of the source compared to a heavy bud emergence in the whole population thriving 20 km away from it. Bud formation, flowering fruit set and seed set showed a correlation with multiple growth factors viz productivity, shoot length and distance from the source.
1. INTRODUCTION Becoming an economically prosperous state is the ultimate goal of all economic po... more 1. INTRODUCTION Becoming an economically prosperous state is the ultimate goal of all economic policies of Pakistan. Being an agricultural country, this calls for more realistic measures towards increasing agricultural production and exports with a simultaneous decrease in imports. ...
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