In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened the stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and favour... more In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened the stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and favoured the emergence of harmful pests and diseases, including the Leptoglossus occidentalis. The stone pine's nuts production has declined over the past ve years. To control this hemipteran pest, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called deltamethrin is being tested. However, it is necessary to estimate the residue left by these treatments in forest stands. Therefore, a fast and robust analytical procedure was developed based on QuEChERS clean-up extraction, followed by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. This optimized method can detect residual concentrations of deltamethrin in pine needles and pine nuts up to a few µg kg − 1. The results showed that two weeks after spraying, the deltamethrin content in the needles of stone pines decreased up to 75%, and after 9 months, its presence was like the nontreated trees.
El comportamiento agroforestal de 10 genotipos de J. regia y dos hibridos comerciales de Juglans,... more El comportamiento agroforestal de 10 genotipos de J. regia y dos hibridos comerciales de Juglans, Ng23xRa y Mj209xRa, se ha evaluado desde 1995 a 2000 en dos localidades: Massanes (Girona) y Prades (Tarragona). Se establecen tres grupos de genotipos diferenciados de acuerdo a su tasa de crecimiento en altura: 1) crecimiento medio superior a 60 cm/ano, que corresponde a los dos hibridos; 2) crecimiento medio de unos 50 cm/ano, que corresponde a las progenies de J. regia con brotaciones anteriores al 20 de abril; y 3) crecimiento medio inferior a los 40 cm/ano, que corresponde a los genotipos de J. regia con brotacion posterior al 20 de abril. La evolucion de las progenies en altura y diametro esta significativamente ligada a la localidad. El orden en la clasificacion de las progenies por su crecimiento, en altura y en grosor, es practicamente identico en ambas localidades. El diametro a 2,50 m, al sexto periodo vegetativo, presenta una dependencia significativa de localidad y genotip...
Mechanical pruning was assessed on a hedgerow orchard of 'Chico' planted in 1988 at two planting ... more Mechanical pruning was assessed on a hedgerow orchard of 'Chico' planted in 1988 at two planting distances (7m x 5m and 7m x 3.5m). Two schedule cycles of mechanical pruning (short and long) were trialled from 1998 to 2003. Hedging was made in pyramidal form, with a 60 o angle respect horizontal, from 1.8m of the trunk and at 1.5m from the soil. The short schedule cycle (SC) pruned east side first year, the following winter the west side, and three years after the first pruning a new cycle was started. The long schedule cycle (LC) pruned east side first year, the west side two winters after pruning and four years after the first pruning another cycle was begun. In both cycles, the mechanically pruned side was thinned by hand two years after pruning to remove misplaced shoots. Yield and nut quality data were recorded for this period. Yield of walnut trees varied accordingly to the yearly pruning applied. Accumulated yield per tree and per hectare, for the period 1998 to 2003, were both significantly higher in the long cycle than in the short cycle, being 111.0 kg/tree and 37.65 t/ha in LC and 89.5 kg/tree and 30.20 t/ha in SC. The LC showed the highest yield efficiency although it was not statistically significant. Nut weight varied accordingly to the yearly pruning applied. Percentage of edible kernel from LC was not significantly different from SC, with an exception in 2000, when poor filled nuts were detected in a LC probably due to an excess of canopy pruning in the previous winter. After 6 years of hedging by mechanical pruning the vegetative response of walnut trees was keeping well, and the LC seems to be a good strategy for pruning walnuts in a hedgerow planting system.
... Todo esto nos Ilevó a plantear un ensayo sobre poda mecánica en plantación adulta para evalua... more ... Todo esto nos Ilevó a plantear un ensayo sobre poda mecánica en plantación adulta para evaluar su potencial utilización en esta especie ... en 1988, en la locali-dad de Bítem (Tortosa, Tarrago-na), se estaba estudiando el comportamiento productivo de la variedad Chico a dos ...
... R. Díaz (1), N. Baoune (2), A. Ninot (2), J. Fernández-López (1) and N. Aletà (2) (1)Centro d... more ... R. Díaz (1), N. Baoune (2), A. Ninot (2), J. Fernández-López (1) and N. Aletà (2) (1)Centro de Investigacións Forestais e Ambientais de Lourizán œ CIFA LOURIZÊN Pontevedra, Spain (2)Institut de ... This species is considered a noble hardwood because of its timber high price. ...
Summary Results of early testing in Juglans regia performed over the period 1993-2002 are present... more Summary Results of early testing in Juglans regia performed over the period 1993-2002 are presented. A total of 37 progenies were evaluated for establishment, growth traits, and phenology at ages one and two during two or more sowing years in the nursery. Independent culling selection was applied on parental trees to the family-mean values using specific truncation points for establishment, diameter and total height. In addition, parental selection was performed on unbiased predictions (BLUPs) of parental breeding values using a multivariate mixed model analysis in order to account for the unbalanced nature of the entire data set. Genetic parameters (heritabilities, correlations) of juvenile traits were also estimated. Except for second year growth traits, the genetic control of most characters was quite high, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.51 (establishment) to 0.93 (flushing date). Growth performance and establishment did not bear a common genetic control according to ...
Walnut blight, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, is currently controlled in western... more Walnut blight, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, is currently controlled in western Europe through a standard schedule of seven applications of sprayed copper from bud break until harvest. A reduced spray schedule, with the last four applications omitted, was compared to the standard program in experimental plots for 3 years. Bacterial population levels in the spring were not significantly different between trees subjected to reduced sprays and those subjected to the standard schedule, but in summer they were higher in the trees that received fewer sprays compared with the standard program. However, disease control on nuts was similar or even better with the reduced spraying program than with the standard program, with the additional economic benefit of four fewer copper applications. After 3 years of using the reduced spray program, the amount of copper accumulated in the soil was significantly lower (about half) than that found in the soil where the standard spray pr...
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Genotype and environment: two factors related to autumn cold hardiness on Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.
In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened the stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and favour... more In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened the stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and favoured the emergence of harmful pests and diseases, including the Leptoglossus occidentalis. The stone pine's nuts production has declined over the past ve years. To control this hemipteran pest, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called deltamethrin is being tested. However, it is necessary to estimate the residue left by these treatments in forest stands. Therefore, a fast and robust analytical procedure was developed based on QuEChERS clean-up extraction, followed by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. This optimized method can detect residual concentrations of deltamethrin in pine needles and pine nuts up to a few µg kg − 1. The results showed that two weeks after spraying, the deltamethrin content in the needles of stone pines decreased up to 75%, and after 9 months, its presence was like the nontreated trees.
El comportamiento agroforestal de 10 genotipos de J. regia y dos hibridos comerciales de Juglans,... more El comportamiento agroforestal de 10 genotipos de J. regia y dos hibridos comerciales de Juglans, Ng23xRa y Mj209xRa, se ha evaluado desde 1995 a 2000 en dos localidades: Massanes (Girona) y Prades (Tarragona). Se establecen tres grupos de genotipos diferenciados de acuerdo a su tasa de crecimiento en altura: 1) crecimiento medio superior a 60 cm/ano, que corresponde a los dos hibridos; 2) crecimiento medio de unos 50 cm/ano, que corresponde a las progenies de J. regia con brotaciones anteriores al 20 de abril; y 3) crecimiento medio inferior a los 40 cm/ano, que corresponde a los genotipos de J. regia con brotacion posterior al 20 de abril. La evolucion de las progenies en altura y diametro esta significativamente ligada a la localidad. El orden en la clasificacion de las progenies por su crecimiento, en altura y en grosor, es practicamente identico en ambas localidades. El diametro a 2,50 m, al sexto periodo vegetativo, presenta una dependencia significativa de localidad y genotip...
Mechanical pruning was assessed on a hedgerow orchard of 'Chico' planted in 1988 at two planting ... more Mechanical pruning was assessed on a hedgerow orchard of 'Chico' planted in 1988 at two planting distances (7m x 5m and 7m x 3.5m). Two schedule cycles of mechanical pruning (short and long) were trialled from 1998 to 2003. Hedging was made in pyramidal form, with a 60 o angle respect horizontal, from 1.8m of the trunk and at 1.5m from the soil. The short schedule cycle (SC) pruned east side first year, the following winter the west side, and three years after the first pruning a new cycle was started. The long schedule cycle (LC) pruned east side first year, the west side two winters after pruning and four years after the first pruning another cycle was begun. In both cycles, the mechanically pruned side was thinned by hand two years after pruning to remove misplaced shoots. Yield and nut quality data were recorded for this period. Yield of walnut trees varied accordingly to the yearly pruning applied. Accumulated yield per tree and per hectare, for the period 1998 to 2003, were both significantly higher in the long cycle than in the short cycle, being 111.0 kg/tree and 37.65 t/ha in LC and 89.5 kg/tree and 30.20 t/ha in SC. The LC showed the highest yield efficiency although it was not statistically significant. Nut weight varied accordingly to the yearly pruning applied. Percentage of edible kernel from LC was not significantly different from SC, with an exception in 2000, when poor filled nuts were detected in a LC probably due to an excess of canopy pruning in the previous winter. After 6 years of hedging by mechanical pruning the vegetative response of walnut trees was keeping well, and the LC seems to be a good strategy for pruning walnuts in a hedgerow planting system.
... Todo esto nos Ilevó a plantear un ensayo sobre poda mecánica en plantación adulta para evalua... more ... Todo esto nos Ilevó a plantear un ensayo sobre poda mecánica en plantación adulta para evaluar su potencial utilización en esta especie ... en 1988, en la locali-dad de Bítem (Tortosa, Tarrago-na), se estaba estudiando el comportamiento productivo de la variedad Chico a dos ...
... R. Díaz (1), N. Baoune (2), A. Ninot (2), J. Fernández-López (1) and N. Aletà (2) (1)Centro d... more ... R. Díaz (1), N. Baoune (2), A. Ninot (2), J. Fernández-López (1) and N. Aletà (2) (1)Centro de Investigacións Forestais e Ambientais de Lourizán œ CIFA LOURIZÊN Pontevedra, Spain (2)Institut de ... This species is considered a noble hardwood because of its timber high price. ...
Summary Results of early testing in Juglans regia performed over the period 1993-2002 are present... more Summary Results of early testing in Juglans regia performed over the period 1993-2002 are presented. A total of 37 progenies were evaluated for establishment, growth traits, and phenology at ages one and two during two or more sowing years in the nursery. Independent culling selection was applied on parental trees to the family-mean values using specific truncation points for establishment, diameter and total height. In addition, parental selection was performed on unbiased predictions (BLUPs) of parental breeding values using a multivariate mixed model analysis in order to account for the unbalanced nature of the entire data set. Genetic parameters (heritabilities, correlations) of juvenile traits were also estimated. Except for second year growth traits, the genetic control of most characters was quite high, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.51 (establishment) to 0.93 (flushing date). Growth performance and establishment did not bear a common genetic control according to ...
Walnut blight, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, is currently controlled in western... more Walnut blight, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, is currently controlled in western Europe through a standard schedule of seven applications of sprayed copper from bud break until harvest. A reduced spray schedule, with the last four applications omitted, was compared to the standard program in experimental plots for 3 years. Bacterial population levels in the spring were not significantly different between trees subjected to reduced sprays and those subjected to the standard schedule, but in summer they were higher in the trees that received fewer sprays compared with the standard program. However, disease control on nuts was similar or even better with the reduced spraying program than with the standard program, with the additional economic benefit of four fewer copper applications. After 3 years of using the reduced spray program, the amount of copper accumulated in the soil was significantly lower (about half) than that found in the soil where the standard spray pr...
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Genotype and environment: two factors related to autumn cold hardiness on Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.
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