Motor vehicles are inherently noisy and as such a continuing source of community annoyance. Of th... more Motor vehicles are inherently noisy and as such a continuing source of community annoyance. Of the many means of minimizing this, legislation (which is enforceable) and advocatory policy (which is not enforceable) are two that directly affect vehicle design. Current legislation and directions are discussed along with future scenarios for direct and indirect control of noise originating from vehicles.
84 REE N°5/2016 ENJEUX D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT MASSIF DES EnR DANS LE SYSTEME ELECTRIQUE EUROPEEN DU F... more 84 REE N°5/2016 ENJEUX D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT MASSIF DES EnR DANS LE SYSTEME ELECTRIQUE EUROPEEN DU FUTUR DOSSIER 1 Danish political targets, current status and system challenges The Danish political energy and climate targets fixed in the RES (Renewable Energy Sources) directive require Denmark to reach a 30 % RES share of its total energy consumption in 2020. Besides, Danish national tar- gets aim at windpower production to correspond to 50 % of domestic gross electricity consumption (status in 2015: 42 %). For 2050, the political target is to be free of fossil fuels in the whole ener- gy sector – i.e. including transportation. The major part of variable RES in Denmark is wind energy, the remai- ning power consumption mainly based on biomass, gas and coal fired central power stations and local CHP plants. Some key figures: at the end of 2015, 5,076 MW wind power capacity and 783 MW of solar power capacity were installed in Denmark, with Danish peak load at ~ 6.400 MW and the total elec- tricity consumption at 33.6 TWh. Wind power is split into 3,805 MW onshore and 1.272 MW offshore installations. In 2015, wind power produced 14.1 TWh electricity (9.3 TWh onshore, 4.8 TWh off
and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requi... more and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
For more than 20 years it has been a consistent plan by all Danish governments to turn the Danish... more For more than 20 years it has been a consistent plan by all Danish governments to turn the Danish power production away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. The result today is that 37% of the total Danish power consumption was covered by mainly wind energy in 2013 aiming at 50% by 2020. Another consequence is the public way of generally thinking green which have led to a national decision of undergrounding not only all of the Danish distribution system but also the future transmission system. These issues initiate the infrastructure constructions of the transmission system i.e. a large amount of overhead lines over 100 kV as well as the new planed transmission lines will be undergrounded; the transfer capacities will be enlarged by upgrading the interconnections. Large amounts of reactive power components will be placed in the system partly for cable compensation and partly for voltage security. Consequently, the ramping speed of the transits in the main corridors via the interconnections is foreseen to be increased. The voltage control based on the present system is thus becoming a challenging objective. This survey paper presents some of the existing AVC systems i.e. system structures, objectives, constraints, algorithms for optimal power flow and some special functions in particular systems, which inspires the concept design of a Danish AVC system to address the future challenges of voltage control. In the concept, the Danish AVC design is based on a centralized control scheme. All the buses are monitored where the voltage magnitudes are maintained continually. The loss minimization including switching cost is the objectives of the AVC system. The reactive power reserves as constraints are taken into account to limit the regulation capabilities of generators. The Day ahead and short-term forecast is to be implemented to reduce the working load of the real time system, as well as to minimize the numbers of switching times of the discrete components. The fallback controllers are to be installed in selected substations to enhance the system reliability and the robustness in case the substation loses the telecommunications to the control center. RPCs will be integrated to the AVC system as normative regulators in the later stage. Distributed generation units can be organized as virtual power plants and participate in voltage control at transmission level. Energinet.dk as the Danish TSO will implement the first stage of the AVC system by 2016.
IEA Wind TCP functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views... more IEA Wind TCP functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings, and publications of IEA Wind do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. IEA Wind is part of IEA's Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP).
Orbit (18/11/2019) Fluktuerende vedvarende energi i elog varmeforsyningen det mellemlange sigt Th... more Orbit (18/11/2019) Fluktuerende vedvarende energi i elog varmeforsyningen det mellemlange sigt The main objective of this methodical study is to analyse conditions for wind generated fluctuating electricity production in the context of a liberalised electricity market. Furthermore, the objective is to analyse consequences of introducing technologies, able to provide power regulation, to improve utilisation of large capacities of wind power in the Danish and North European electricity system. Main emphasis is put on the system aspects year 2005 and 2015. The Danish energy plan Energy21 forms the starting point of the analysis.
This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies a... more This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies address concerns about the impact of wind power’s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs as well as grid reinforcement needs. Quantifiable results are presented as summary graphs: results as a MWincrease in reserve requirements, or €/MWh increase in balancing costs, or results for capacity value of wind power. Other results are briefly summarised, together with existing experience on the issues. There is already significant experience in integrating wind power in power systems. The mitigation of wind power impacts include more flexible operational methods, incentivising flexibility in other generating plants, increasing interconnection to neighbouring regions, and application of demand-side flexibility. Electricity storage is still not as cost effective in larger power systems as other means of flexibility, but is already seeing initial applications in places wi...
Greater penetrations of variable renewable generation on electric grids have resulted in increase... more Greater penetrations of variable renewable generation on electric grids have resulted in increased levels of curtailment in recent years. Studies of renewable energy grid integration have found that curtailment levels may grow as the penetration of wind and solar energy generation increases. This paper reviews international experience with curtailment of wind and solar energy on bulk power systems in recent years, with a focus on eleven countries in Europe, North America, and Asia. It examines levels of curtailment, the causes of curtailment, curtailment methods and use of market-based dispatch, as well as operational, institutional, and other changes that are being made to reduce renewable energy curtailment.
The demand for low carbon energy calls for close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarboniz... more The demand for low carbon energy calls for close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarbonization of other energy sectors adding to the anticipated paradigm shift. Rising levels of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources (VIBRES) are prompting questions about how such systems will be planned and operated when variable renewable generation becomes the dominant technology. Here, we examine the implications of this paradigm shift with respect to planning, operation and system stability, also addressing the need for integration with other energy vectors, including heat, transport and Power-to-X. We highlight the knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for improved methods and models needed as power systems transform towards 100% VIBRES.
Au Danemark jusqu'a present lors de calculs d'extension, pour la determination de la poll... more Au Danemark jusqu'a present lors de calculs d'extension, pour la determination de la pollution de l'air on partait du principe que les centrales thermiques fonctionnaient a pleine puissance toute l'annee. La nouvelle procedure prend en consideration le changement de production d'electricite en cours de journee et en cours d'annee. Le modele a ete verifie avec succes dans une centrale thermique danoise avec un programme de mesures. La methode et les resultats obtenus dans la pratique seront presentes
Motor vehicles are inherently noisy and as such a continuing source of community annoyance. Of th... more Motor vehicles are inherently noisy and as such a continuing source of community annoyance. Of the many means of minimizing this, legislation (which is enforceable) and advocatory policy (which is not enforceable) are two that directly affect vehicle design. Current legislation and directions are discussed along with future scenarios for direct and indirect control of noise originating from vehicles.
84 REE N°5/2016 ENJEUX D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT MASSIF DES EnR DANS LE SYSTEME ELECTRIQUE EUROPEEN DU F... more 84 REE N°5/2016 ENJEUX D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT MASSIF DES EnR DANS LE SYSTEME ELECTRIQUE EUROPEEN DU FUTUR DOSSIER 1 Danish political targets, current status and system challenges The Danish political energy and climate targets fixed in the RES (Renewable Energy Sources) directive require Denmark to reach a 30 % RES share of its total energy consumption in 2020. Besides, Danish national tar- gets aim at windpower production to correspond to 50 % of domestic gross electricity consumption (status in 2015: 42 %). For 2050, the political target is to be free of fossil fuels in the whole ener- gy sector – i.e. including transportation. The major part of variable RES in Denmark is wind energy, the remai- ning power consumption mainly based on biomass, gas and coal fired central power stations and local CHP plants. Some key figures: at the end of 2015, 5,076 MW wind power capacity and 783 MW of solar power capacity were installed in Denmark, with Danish peak load at ~ 6.400 MW and the total elec- tricity consumption at 33.6 TWh. Wind power is split into 3,805 MW onshore and 1.272 MW offshore installations. In 2015, wind power produced 14.1 TWh electricity (9.3 TWh onshore, 4.8 TWh off
and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requi... more and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
For more than 20 years it has been a consistent plan by all Danish governments to turn the Danish... more For more than 20 years it has been a consistent plan by all Danish governments to turn the Danish power production away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. The result today is that 37% of the total Danish power consumption was covered by mainly wind energy in 2013 aiming at 50% by 2020. Another consequence is the public way of generally thinking green which have led to a national decision of undergrounding not only all of the Danish distribution system but also the future transmission system. These issues initiate the infrastructure constructions of the transmission system i.e. a large amount of overhead lines over 100 kV as well as the new planed transmission lines will be undergrounded; the transfer capacities will be enlarged by upgrading the interconnections. Large amounts of reactive power components will be placed in the system partly for cable compensation and partly for voltage security. Consequently, the ramping speed of the transits in the main corridors via the interconnections is foreseen to be increased. The voltage control based on the present system is thus becoming a challenging objective. This survey paper presents some of the existing AVC systems i.e. system structures, objectives, constraints, algorithms for optimal power flow and some special functions in particular systems, which inspires the concept design of a Danish AVC system to address the future challenges of voltage control. In the concept, the Danish AVC design is based on a centralized control scheme. All the buses are monitored where the voltage magnitudes are maintained continually. The loss minimization including switching cost is the objectives of the AVC system. The reactive power reserves as constraints are taken into account to limit the regulation capabilities of generators. The Day ahead and short-term forecast is to be implemented to reduce the working load of the real time system, as well as to minimize the numbers of switching times of the discrete components. The fallback controllers are to be installed in selected substations to enhance the system reliability and the robustness in case the substation loses the telecommunications to the control center. RPCs will be integrated to the AVC system as normative regulators in the later stage. Distributed generation units can be organized as virtual power plants and participate in voltage control at transmission level. Energinet.dk as the Danish TSO will implement the first stage of the AVC system by 2016.
IEA Wind TCP functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views... more IEA Wind TCP functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings, and publications of IEA Wind do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. IEA Wind is part of IEA's Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP).
Orbit (18/11/2019) Fluktuerende vedvarende energi i elog varmeforsyningen det mellemlange sigt Th... more Orbit (18/11/2019) Fluktuerende vedvarende energi i elog varmeforsyningen det mellemlange sigt The main objective of this methodical study is to analyse conditions for wind generated fluctuating electricity production in the context of a liberalised electricity market. Furthermore, the objective is to analyse consequences of introducing technologies, able to provide power regulation, to improve utilisation of large capacities of wind power in the Danish and North European electricity system. Main emphasis is put on the system aspects year 2005 and 2015. The Danish energy plan Energy21 forms the starting point of the analysis.
This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies a... more This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies address concerns about the impact of wind power’s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs as well as grid reinforcement needs. Quantifiable results are presented as summary graphs: results as a MWincrease in reserve requirements, or €/MWh increase in balancing costs, or results for capacity value of wind power. Other results are briefly summarised, together with existing experience on the issues. There is already significant experience in integrating wind power in power systems. The mitigation of wind power impacts include more flexible operational methods, incentivising flexibility in other generating plants, increasing interconnection to neighbouring regions, and application of demand-side flexibility. Electricity storage is still not as cost effective in larger power systems as other means of flexibility, but is already seeing initial applications in places wi...
Greater penetrations of variable renewable generation on electric grids have resulted in increase... more Greater penetrations of variable renewable generation on electric grids have resulted in increased levels of curtailment in recent years. Studies of renewable energy grid integration have found that curtailment levels may grow as the penetration of wind and solar energy generation increases. This paper reviews international experience with curtailment of wind and solar energy on bulk power systems in recent years, with a focus on eleven countries in Europe, North America, and Asia. It examines levels of curtailment, the causes of curtailment, curtailment methods and use of market-based dispatch, as well as operational, institutional, and other changes that are being made to reduce renewable energy curtailment.
The demand for low carbon energy calls for close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarboniz... more The demand for low carbon energy calls for close to 100% renewable power systems, with decarbonization of other energy sectors adding to the anticipated paradigm shift. Rising levels of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources (VIBRES) are prompting questions about how such systems will be planned and operated when variable renewable generation becomes the dominant technology. Here, we examine the implications of this paradigm shift with respect to planning, operation and system stability, also addressing the need for integration with other energy vectors, including heat, transport and Power-to-X. We highlight the knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for improved methods and models needed as power systems transform towards 100% VIBRES.
Au Danemark jusqu'a present lors de calculs d'extension, pour la determination de la poll... more Au Danemark jusqu'a present lors de calculs d'extension, pour la determination de la pollution de l'air on partait du principe que les centrales thermiques fonctionnaient a pleine puissance toute l'annee. La nouvelle procedure prend en consideration le changement de production d'electricite en cours de journee et en cours d'annee. Le modele a ete verifie avec succes dans une centrale thermique danoise avec un programme de mesures. La methode et les resultats obtenus dans la pratique seront presentes
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