Power System Reliability

This paper presents an effective algorithm to locate Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault at a transmission line. Post fault voltages and currents from both substation terminals were
used as the input parameters to the algorithm. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) was used to extract the magnitudes and phase angles of three phase voltages and currents. The modeling of the transmission line along with the algorithm was performed using Matlab/Simulink package. The results of fault location for SLG faults along the transmission line demonstrated the validity of the algorithm used even for high resistance earth fault.

This paper presents a fast and efficient method which combines the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classifier, for reliability evaluation of composite power system. LSSVM is used to accurately pre-classify the power system operating states as either success or failure states during the Monte Carlo sampling. These pre-classified failure states are then evaluated for adequacy analysis using DC power flow to calculate reliability indices. As a result, the computing time to perform power flow analysis of the system success states is eliminated. The proposed hybrid method is applied to the IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS-79) and simulation results obtained using LSSVM with linear and nonlinear kernels are compared with that of nonsequential MCS. These promising results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed MCS-LSSVM based hybrid method in terms of both classification accuracy and computational time in evaluating the composite power system reliability.

The fault mode of steam-induced vibration, unbalance of rotating elements, misalignment of turbine shaft, rotor malfunction, oil film instability of bearing etc. are accountable for unreliable and uncertain failure of power plant. Experience of operators, maintenance policy execution of maintenance team and using standards codes of good practices by designers and manufacturers are reducing the potential failure modes of the system. The work investigate
the reliability of steam turbines installed in a thermal power plant. Reliability estimation is based on a last five year
historical failure database of two turbines of 500 MW, both are installed and commissioned at the same time. The
method of reliability evaluation is based on concepts of system reliability, such as functional tree development,
application of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to categorize critical components based on a historical failure
database to improve the system reliability. It is necessary to improve the reliability indices of the power plane by taking
some measures such as well planned and routine maintenance of equipments as well as training and retraining of technical human resources of the major equipment.

Circuit theory models are used to estimate the number of voltage sags in the supply to a paper mill. For every voltage level, the radius of the exposed area (the critical distance) gives the expected number of sags. As the main sensitive load is formed by large adjustable-speed drives, a classification of sags into four types is used. The conclusion of the paper is that the equipment should first be made resilient against sags due to single-phase faults at 400 kV. These faults cause the majority of sags. Sags due to three-phase faults are more severe (especially due to faults at 11 kV), but are less common.

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) has a key role in the quality system of thermal power plants. Electricity production is definitely not only production of a product, but also becomes a customer service. Reliability is the top quality tier of this service. Incorporation in the Integrated energy system means fast transformations of organization on all levels. The reliability of modern generation components basically influences the efficiency and capacity of a power plant as a whole. This paper presents the results of RCM practice on Unit Two of The Thermal Power Plant ″Nikola Tesla -B″, 2x600 MW, Yugoslavia. RCM implementation on current problems during exploitation emphasized problems with the boiler tubing system. The methodological approach included outages analyses, marking of the most significant ones, determination of main causes of damage (determination of the material exhaustion state based on expert analyses), application of adequate remaining life assessment methodology and finally the recommendations. Based on these analyses, certain technical solutions were performed and as a result, the mean time between failures of the plant increased, as well as its reliability. According to cost efficiency, RCM methodology presented the most effective cost-benefit method for reliability upgrade.

The volume is a theoretical and practical manual for thermographic inspections in electrical and industrial field. It contains 230 pages of theory and practical informations about guidelines, criteria, applications in electrical and industrial surveys.
In the early chapters the book provides the physical basis of thermography, the technical characteristics of the cameras and their meanings, and the basic measurement techniques (emissivity, reflected ambient temperature, transimissivity).
We then move on to the examination of the main applications in the electrical and industrial, where thermography is covering an increasingly important as a technique of predictive maintenance. Through it possible investigations into the electrical connections, phase imbalances, overloads, loss of isolation and physical damage to the conductors, the normal plants in the low voltage transformer substations.
Are also possible investigations on electric motors, where you can find not only the loss of insulation in the windings but also imbalances and other mechanical problems.
Other applications, of growing interesting, concern photovoltaic systems and data centers.
In other industries we examine the applications in the chemical and petrochemical industries, and in general in industrial process control.
The book contains many pictures of real cases and references to foreign technical standards, with criteria for classifying the severity of thermal anomalies and mathematical examples of application: in the US thermography technique has been recognized as valid by the NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) for preventing fires of electrical origin, and the major insurance companies promote the application of thermography surveys.
Other chapter covers miscellaneous applications such detecting corrosion under insulation, faults in steam traps, measuring furnace tubes, gas leak detection, refractory damage, checking level in vessels, temperature control in moulds, inspecting fiberglass and wooden boats for osmosis and humidity.

In a practical power system, automating all the substations is neither affordable nor economically justifiable. On the other hand, the trend for electric power subsidies elimination in some regions, such as Iran, aggravates this situation. To enhance the cost effectiveness of distribution automation system, this paper proposes a novel applicable qualitative-quantitative method using analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to find the optimum placement of remote terminal units (RTU). Entire attempt is to contribute all the crucial technical and practical parameters related to this problem in order to find the most reliable solution. Optimum number of RTUs is determined using the concepts of reliability cost/worth taking into account the total cost of customer interruption and investment cost of RTUs. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated on a real distribution feeder of Iran's power grid.

Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distribution-STATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.

Based on a simple voltage divider model, a relation is derived between the load sensitivity to voltage sags (expressed as a critical voltage) and the exposed area (expressed as a critical distance). The critical distance increases about linearly with voltage level. The relation found is remarkably similar to relations found in power quality surveys. An equivalent expression is found for the critical distance as a function of the critical phase-angle jump.

For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.

In a restructured power market, the independent system operator (ISO) executes the reliability constrained unit commitment (RCUC) program to plan a reliable and an economical hourly generation schedule for the day-ahead market. This work presents probabilistic method for the incorporation of the unavailability of the generating units in the solution of the Unit commitment (UC) problem. In this paper, Gbest Artificial Bee Colony (GABC) algorithm is used for solving the UC problem, while the evaluation of the required spinning reserve capacity is performed by using Loss of Load Probability
(LOLP) index. IEEE RTS 24 bus system is used to demonstrate RCUC problem for different reliability levels. Considerable developments in the real time telemetry of demand-side systems allow ISO to use reserves provided by demand response programs (DRPs) in a restructured power market. In this paper, the hourly demand response is incorporated into RCUC for economic and reliability purposes. The RCUC problem with Emergency Demand Response Program (EDRP) is tested on IEEE RTS 24 bus system. Minimum cost results for each case and reduction in load demands for DRPs are formulated.

The use of probability distributions to describe reliability inputs such as failure rates and restoration times is fairly new compared to using average values for parameters. Predictive indices of composite power system reliability are frequently calculated but not directly used in the decision-making process, possibly because the indices are usually described using average values and convey little information about risk. More information can be derived and a different impression given by indices of a reliability analysis when probability distributions are used to describe the inputs and outputs, as shown in examples presented in this paper.

Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building's incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.

La representación del fenómeno de saturación de un transformador es imprescindible en los estudios de transitorios electromagnéticos, principalmente porque debe representar con exactitud la sobrexcitación del transformador durante su energización, además de ser fundamental para estudiar casos de ferroresonancia (por ejemplo). En general, durante las pruebas de vacío que se aplican al transformador, se determina la corriente de excitación que circula por el núcleo ferromagnético a una determinada tensión. Sin embargo, cuando no exciten datos del fabricante con la curva de saturación del transformador, o las compañías eléctricas no tienen el equipo necesario para realizar este tipo de pruebas, es necesario utilizar otras alternativas. El presente documento hace una revisión de las funciones que se utilizan en el cálculo de parámetros para el modelado del transformador (incluyendo saturación), a partir de pruebas en campo. Estos modelos se encuentran presentes en la librería de elementos del programa de simulación de transitorios electromagnéticos EMTP-RV.

The Office of Energy Management of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has formulated a program for the research and development of technologies and systems for the assessment, operation, and control of electrical power systems when subjected to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The DOE EMP program plan is documented in a DOE report entitled Program Plan for Research and Development of Technologies and systems for Electric Power Systems Under the h_uence of Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses, DOE/NBB-003, May 1983. This report summarizes much of the important results of this research activity for the period 1983 to 1992. The important elements of this work, such as system and component modeling, equipment testing, assessment methodology, etc., are described in the various sections of this report. Each section has its own references pertaining to the particular subject matter being discussed so that it can stand as a self-contained unit. At the end of the report, in Appendix B, a bibliography of ORNL-related publications resulting from this effort are presented.

This is one of a series of papers discussing the application and accuracy of different analysis techniques supporting the determination of industrial and commercial power system reliability and availability. There is a need recognized in the power industry to identify and utilize a standard tool, or a set of tools, to analyze the reliability of power systems. Historically, the results of applying different reliability methodologies and tools varied significantly, and comparisons were difficult. The Reliability Analysis Techniques Working Group of the Gold Book (IEEE Std. 493-1997) developed a standard network to enable comparison of analytical techniques. This paper describes the approach of simulations via reliability block diagrams as applied to the Gold Book standard network. Reliability indexes of the load points are presented, and are compared with ones obtained from other techniques in the series to determine the accuracy.

The presentation of a unified method ""sQoIV reliability calculations is continued. Techniques are gntYr determining the availabilities and frequencies of occuFF49 of the capacity states which may arise with multiple boiler-ines or with recognition of the forced partial outage states of unit-connected boiler-turbines. A comparison is offered of the effects of lumping partial capacity outages into equivalent total forced outages upon generation system reliability predictions. Several numerical examples are shown to illustrate the methods developed. For several examples studied, simple equivalents with a reduced number of states were developed which were found to be excellent approximations to the complete Markov chain description of the stochastic processes involved.

With the increasing use of distributed energy (DE) systems in industry and its technological advancement, it is becoming more important to understand the integration of these systems with the electric power systems. New markets and benefits for DE applications include the ability to provide ancillary services, improve energy efficiency, enhance power system reliability, and allow customer choice. Advanced power electronic (PE) interfaces will allow DE systems to provide increased functionality through improved power quality and voltage/volt-ampere reactive (VAR) support, increase electrical system compatibility by reducing the fault contributions, and flexibility in operations with various other DE sources, while reducing overall interconnection costs. This paper will examine the system integration issues associated with DE systems and show the benefits of using PE interfaces for such applications.

The power system blackout history of last two decades is presented.Conventional load shedding techniques, their types and limitations are presented.Applications of intelligent techniques in load shedding are presented.Intelligent techniques include ANN, fuzzy logic, ANFIS, genetic algorithm and PSO.The discussion and comparison between these techniques are provided.Recent blackouts around the world question the reliability of conventional and adaptive load shedding techniques in avoiding such power outages. To address this issue, reliable techniques are required to provide fast and accurate load shedding to prevent collapse in the power system. Computational intelligence techniques, due to their robustness and flexibility in dealing with complex non-linear systems, could be an option in addressing this problem. Computational intelligence includes techniques like artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic control, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and particle swarm optimization. Research in these techniques is being undertaken in order to discover means for more efficient and reliable load shedding. This paper provides an overview of these techniques as applied to load shedding in a power system. This paper also compares the advantages of computational intelligence techniques over conventional load shedding techniques. Finally, this paper discusses the limitation of computational intelligence techniques, which restricts their usage in load shedding in real time.

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) has a key role in the quality system of thermal power plants. Electricity production is definitely not only production of a product, but also becomes a customer service. Reliability is the top quality tier of this service. Incorporation in the Integrated energy system means fast transformations of organization on all levels. The reliability of modern generation components basically influences the efficiency and capacity of a power plant as a whole. This paper presents the results of RCM practice on Unit Two of The Thermal Power Plant ″Nikola Tesla -B″, 2x600 MW, Yugoslavia. RCM implementation on current problems during exploitation emphasized problems with the boiler tubing system. The methodological approach included outages analyses, marking of the most significant ones, determination of main causes of damage (determination of the material exhaustion state based on expert analyses), application of adequate remaining life assessment methodology and finally the recommendations. Based on these analyses, certain technical solutions were performed and as a result, the mean time between failures of the plant increased, as well as its reliability. According to cost efficiency, RCM methodology presented the most effective cost-benefit method for reliability upgrade.

The reliability of a power system network depends greatly on the performance of the protection system. Improving the reliability of the protection scheme of the transmission lines will enhance the overall reliability of the power system network. The focus of this paper is the improvement of the reliability of a power system transmission line using fault tree analysis (FTA). The paper considers the development of fault tree diagrams for the protection scheme of the 150km-long 132-kV transmission line in Northern Nigeria. The existing protection scheme is analyzed and compared with a proposed scheme equipped with a redundancy arrangement. And the result shows that the new scheme offers significant improvement (about 51%) in the availability of the line.

We propose a computationally efficient approach to detect severe multiple contingencies. We pose a contingency analysis problem using a nonlinear optimization framework, which enables us to detect the fewest possible transmission line outages resulting in a system failure of specified severity, and to identify the most severe system failure caused by removing a specified number of transmission lines from service. Illustrations using a three-bus system and the IEEE 30-bus system aim to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

In this paper, the most frequently used maintenance strategies are reviewed. Distinction is made between strategies where maintenance consists of replacement by a new (or "good as new") component and where it is represented by a less costly activity resulting in a limited improvement of the component's condition. Methods are also divided into categories where maintenance is performed at fixed intervals and where it is carried out as needed. A further distinction is made between heuristic methods and those based on mathematical models; the models themselves can be deterministic or probabilistic.

The transformation of the traditional power grid into a network of intelligent energy distribution able to meet the growing needs of efficiency and environmental impact involves, not only a historical and technical development, but also a profound transformation of the entire existing infrastructure. Given the undeniable benefits introduced, the new smart energy network vulnerabilities are found both in the communication system and power distribution. This paper aims to explore requirements for the smart grid security issues.

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are key design blocks and are currently adopted in many application fields to improve digital systems, which achieve superior performances with respect to analog solutions. Application such as wireless communication and digital audio and video have created the need for costeffective data converters that will achieve higher speed and resolution. Widespread usage confers great importance to the design activities, which nowadays largely contributes to the production cost in integrated circuit devices (ICs). Various examples of ADC applications can be found in data acquisition systems, measurement systems and digital communication systems also imaging, instrumentation systems. Since the ADC has a continuous, infinite-valued signal as its input, the important analog points on the transfer curve x-axis for an ADC are the ones that corresponding to changes in the digital output word. These input transitions determine the amount of INL and DNL associated with the converter. Hence, we have to considered all the parameters and improving the associated performance may significantly reduce the industrial cost of an ADC manufacturing process and improved the resolution and design specially power consumption. The paper presents a design of 4 bit Pipeline ADC with low power dissipation implemented in <0.18µm.

El primer paso para la adaptación de cualquier proyecto a una aplicación determinada, es entender los criterios utilizados para decidir qué actividades son necesarias y cuáles no. Por esto es importante clasificar el proyecto en base a determinados factores que dependen de la aplicación, la complejidad y la criticidad del diseño que se debe realizar. Los sistemas de uso espacial son complejos por naturaleza, aunque su criticidad depende de las funciones específicas que debe cumplir en el sistema. En este trabajo se presentan los análisis de confiabilidad que mínimamente deben ejecutarse durante el diseño de sistemas electrónicos complejos de uso espacial y en qué fase del proceso de diseño deben llevarse a cabo. Lo cual se está aplicando al desarrollo de un DC-DC para uso en sistemas espaciales que se está realizando como tesis para obtener el grado de Magister en Tecnología Satelital. Acrónimos COTS Custom-on-the-shelf EEE Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical FM Flight Model FMECA Failure Mode Effects and Critically Analyses PFM Proto-flight Model PSA Part Stress Analysis SEC Sistemas Electrónicos Complejos SEE Single Event Effect SEU Single Event Upset SFP Single Fail Point TID Total Ionizing Dose

Este artículo presenta una metodología para la valoración en el largo plazo de la confiabilidad de sistemas de generación de energía eléctrica con recursos limitados de energía utilizando simulación de Montecarlo. Como ejemplo, se estudia el sistema de generación que sirve a la ciudad de Pereira.

This paper presents an application of Bayesian networks (BN) to the problem of reliability assessment of power systems. Bayesian networks provide a flexible means of representing and reasoning with probabilistic information. Uncertainty and dependencies are easily incorporated in the analysis. Efficient probabilistic inference algorithms in Bayesian networks permit not only computation of the loss of load probability but also answering various probabilistic queries about the system. The advantages of BN models ...

This paper describes a mathematical optimization model for analyzing a complex problem in power systems planningevaluation of the cost effectiveness of alternate resource plans that provide an adequate level of peak and strategic reliability. Strategic reliability refers to the vulnerability of the power system to uncertain events such as fuel supply disruptions and unanticipated load growth that leads to adverse mis-matches in supply and demand for power. The model has been used to analyze key issues related to strategic resource planning for reliability, contingency planning, and vulnerability assessment for a major Power Pool in the East.

In reliability assessment of bulk power systems, two methods have been largely studied and used: contingency enumeration and non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation. Both have their wellknown advantages and drawbacks. Contingency enumeration is conceptually simple and usually requires low computational effort. Conversely, Monte Carlo simulation is computationally harder, but much more versatile to model random aspects. This paper depicts some major aspects regarding both methods. It also shows that it is not a matter of choosing the definite and unique technique, but how they can be used in a complementary way. A real power system, based on the Brazilian interconnected electrical system, and the commercial program NH2 are used to illustrate that both methods are feasible to bulk power systems, and can be used in order to achieve complementary results.

1 Abstract—Power system reliability measures for residential distribution networks have gained a lot of attention in recent years. This is due to the introduction of smart grids where the quality of the delivered power becomes a crucial issue. In this paper, a new methodology to include cold load pickup (CLPU) events in the reliability assessment of power distribution systems is proposed. The developed methodology presents a platform to include CLPU events in the reliability assessment assuming an optimal systematic procedure is used to restore the affected load points. The methodology is applied on a test system using a state-of-the-art search technique named lightning search algorithm (LSA). The optimal plan takes into account electrical code protection system settings, system operation limits, and stochastic behavior of the load. The reliability indices for a base case without considering CLPU is compared with the case that considers CLPU assuming an optimal restoration. Both cases are compared further under fixed-restoration plans with different time intervals. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to improve the distribution network reliability by considering the CLPU events.

A new approach to the prediction of the reliability of electrical systems is presented. In this approach a graph trace based reliability analysis of electric transmission and/or distribution systems is used. The systems are modeled using containers with iterators, where the iterators manage graph edges and are used to process through the topology of the graph. The analysis provides a means of computationally handling dependent failure rates and cascading failures. The effects of weather, time-varying loads, equipment age, wetness, and dependent failures associated with repaired components are considered. A sequential Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the reliability changes for different system configurations, including distributed generation and transmission lines. Historical weather records and loading are used to update the component failure rates on-the-fly. Simulation results are compared against historical reliability field measurements.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.

Abstract—The field of power system reliability is dominated by the use of homogenous Markov models. The negative exponential distributions in these models, however, are unrealistic in the case of repair or switching times. The use of homogenous Markov models is often justified ...

Since the publication of the original paper on power system stability definitions in 2004, the dynamic behavior of power systems has gradually changed due to the increasing penetration of converter interfaced generation technologies, loads, and transmission devices. In recognition of this change, a Task Force was established in 2016 to reexamine and extend, where appropriate, the classic definitions and classifications of the basic stability terms to incorporate the effects of fast-response power electronic devices. This paper based on an IEEE PES report summarizes the major results of the work of the Task Force and presents extended definitions and classification of power system stability.

The energy power supply infrastructure of a hospital, to function correctly, needs to be well maintained to ensure its reliability and, by consequence, the maximum integrated availability. In this paper, the authors propose the use of Petri Nets to help the improvement of the electric power system reliability, having as a case study a big European Hospital. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyse the potential failures of the system and to suggest solutions to improve the operations and maintenance to maximise the availability and reliability of those assets through possible and objective answers. It was necessary to develop a diagnosis and planning methodology to assess the reliability of several components of the energy power supply system. It is dynamic modelling based on a block diagram of the system and transposed to representation by Petri Nets. The analysis and the simulation of the discrete events of the system, as well as the visualisation of the process functioning and the communications inside, was made. Additionally, they were referred to other approaches, like the Fuzzy Petri Nets and Stochastic Petri Nets, as well as a future balance about its application in a situation like the analysed in this paper.

The IEEE Reliability Test System RTS developed by the Application of Probability Method Subcommittee has been used to compare and test a wide range of generating capacity and composite system evaluation techniques and subsequent digital computer programs. The IEEE-RTS requires the utilization of computer programs to obtain indices and therefore is not entirely suited to the development of basic concepts and an appreciation of the assumptions associated with conducting practical system reliability studies.

The advent of satellite-based time-keeping systems and advances in computer technology have made possible protective relay sampling synchronization within 1 μs. These relays can now provide synchronized phasor measurements that eliminate the need to have different devices for protection, control, and electric power system analysis for system-wide applications and traditional protection applications. System-wide applications have different sampling and signal processing requirements than do traditional protection applications. These different requirements normally are addressed with different devices, one device for each specific function. This paper proposes combining the aforementioned applications in a single device with a flexible signal processing system. The addition of synchrophasor measurement in a protective relay results in increased power system reliability and provides easier disturbance analysis, protection, and control capabilities than do approaches with different information sources.