The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Heaney and Yeats responded the clash between lris... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Heaney and Yeats responded the clash between lrish and British tradition under British colonialism, making reference to the change in the portrait of the Irishman in England from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. Seamus Heaney, who was awarded the Nobel Prize at Stockholm in 1995, delivered a memorable speech on the situation of poetry in Northern Ireland entitled Crediting Poetry. In his speech, Heaney considered the role of poetry under the barren political situation caused by terrorism and counter-terrorism. On the other hand, William Butler Yeats stood on the same platform at Stockholm more than seventy years before. It was a time when Ireland was emerging from the struggle of a civil war that had followed on the heels of a war of independence. Though there is a difference in religion-Heaney is a member of Catholic church while Yeats was a member of the Protestant ascendancy, they are at one in trying to recover ...
In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the way that Irish exiles was... more In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the way that Irish exiles was perceived by British contemporaries in colonial England. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between Irish exiles and British dreamers at the end of the nineteenth century. The image of Ireland in the colonial age was derived from the Elizabethan poet, Edmund Spenser. While he had distaste for the rebel Irish, he regarded the charming landscape of Ireland as an Arcadia. This Spenser\u27s point of view was sustained by William Makepease Thakeray and Anthony Trollope. At the end of the nineteenth century, some British people used Ireland as a stage for their dreams and ideas, such as Ann Horniman and Maud Gonne. Their viewpoints were based on a kind of colonialism. It is no exaggeration to say that \u27Celticism\u27 might be approximated to \u27Orientalism\u27. In the 1880s, a certain kind of Irish literary emigrant was advancing to prominence. Oscar Wilde, George ...
Various analogies can be drawn between architecture and literature. Thus,it is only natural if we... more Various analogies can be drawn between architecture and literature. Thus,it is only natural if we assume that the spirit of a given age would be reflectedin the styles of both forms of art. John Ruskin said, `All architecture proposes aneffect on the human mind, not merely a service to the human frame\u27 (The SevenLamps of Architecture).The ruin of representation was mainly discussed in the context of literatureand paintings of the Romantic period. One of the reasons for this association wasWilliam Wordsworth\u27s famous poem `Tintern Abbey\u27, in which he expressed thefeeling of loss and beauty evoked by ruins. Wordsworth defined poetry as`emotion recollected in tranquility\u27 (Lyrical Ballads). As Ruskin aptly pointed out,`We may live without [architecture], and worship without her, but we cannot rememberwithout her.\u27 Architecture is closely related to memory, which is passeddown from generation to generation. In 1917, William Butler Yeats (1865_1939)purchased the 16th - cen...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social changes in the later nineteenth century ha... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social changes in the later nineteenth century had a great impact on Yeats, through his literary works. Yeats was brought up in the ancien regime: Victorian, Protestant, Ascendancy Ireland. The Ascendancy, here, represented the dominant Irish Protestant class. Some of them were Anglo-Irish absentee landlords of the ruling class. Yeats\u27s family, which had a farm in Kildare, belonged to the Ascendancy, too. His youth spanned the period that inaugurated the decline of this Irish Ascendancy, as the outbreak of the Land War then shows. This paper is made up of three sections: In the first, Yeats\u27s sensitivity to the times, such as the sense of an ending, is illuminated in such poems as "The Second Coming". In the second section, I make it clear that the apocalyptic vision which can be seen in the poem is derived from the decline of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy. In the last section, the process in which Yeats came to identify h...
The purpose of this study is to trace Yeats\u27s attitude toward the visual arts through his poet... more The purpose of this study is to trace Yeats\u27s attitude toward the visual arts through his poetic career. He learned of the Pre-Raphaelites from his father who affected his idea about art and life. In the eighties Yeats grew up in the last phase of the Pre-Raphaelitism. In "The Wanderings of Oisin" Yeats clearly attempted to transfer into poetry the decorative colour and pattern that attracted him in the tapestries of William Morris. We can see the decrease in visual detail and the increase in symbolic power in Yeats\u27s poems of the 1890s. Yeats was influenced by the symbolic engravings of Palmer and Calvert. The years from around 1911 to 1925 were, for Yeats, a period of transition. Through the acquaintances with "Blast group" such as Pound, Wyndham Lewis and Gaudier=Brzeska, he became interested in sculpture and vorticism. The metaphor for creative activity and major visual motif, the vortex, bears some relation to Yeats\u27s gyre. Moreover, he attempts to ...
One of the chief concerns of this paper is to reexamine the attitude of AngloIrish Revisionists l... more One of the chief concerns of this paper is to reexamine the attitude of AngloIrish Revisionists like Yeats towards Irish folklore. The ambiguous word “Celtic” came to be used in England rather than in Ireland and Germany. Arnold is important in that he introduced the “Celtic” idea as a differentiating fact between Ireland and England. Yeats’s Celtic Twilight comes out of his own collection of folklore, while Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland anthologized material from written sources. Yeats’s social status as an Anglo-Irishman was ambivalent in colonial Ireland. As Seamus Deane points out “the omanticizing of the Celt becomes, in effect, the romanticizing of the Irish Catholic,” Yeats could find a sense of belonging to Ireland by inventing his fictional Ireland. In this respect, the word “Celtic” is significant to him. In the first section, the Irish fairy motif in the Celtic Revival will be discussed. While the fairy theme was a convention in literature and paintings of the Victorian...
At the fin de siecle, the Celtic Revival was complex and multifaced movement, comprising a variet... more At the fin de siecle, the Celtic Revival was complex and multifaced movement, comprising a variety of approaches to the representation of Irish identity. In this paper, the influence of Matthew Arnold on the Celtic Revival will be mainly explored. He created a stereotyped image of the Celt as a “shy, sensitive and imaginative” race. The Irish people have greatly changed their image from what they used to be in the eighteenth century. The image of Irishman in England can be traced back to the age of Edmund Spenser and Jonathan Swift. Yahoo represents the savage people whom Jonathan Swift described in Gulliver\u27s Travels (1726). The description of the Irishman as Yahoo was found in the cartoons and writings of the eighteenth century. Eiren, on the other hand, was a gloomy and beautiful woman, with long and dark hair. She was often drawn in the cartoons of the magazines at 1890s. The inclination for nostalgic representations of the Celt could be found in the figure of Eiren. In the f...
John Butler Yeats ( JBY) is chiefly remembered as the father of a leading poet of Ireland, Willia... more John Butler Yeats ( JBY) is chiefly remembered as the father of a leading poet of Ireland, William Butler Yeats (WBY). He drew many portrait paintings. After JBY studied classics, metaphysics, and logic in Trinity College, he was trained as a barrister. But he never practiced law. He decided to be an artist and moved with his family to London to study drawing at Heatherley\u27s Art School, where he made friends with Samuel Butler. He spent ten years there among painters, bohemians and intellectuals before returning to Dublin to work as a portraitist, as can be found in WBYs\u27 Autobiographies. The best of his paintings are of his family and friends, such as his sons and Isaac Butt. In 1997 he moved again to London, where he became one of leading figures in a circle of Pre-Raphaelite artists in Bedford Park. At the age of sixty he returned once more to Dublin. In 1907 he left for New York, where he died in 1922. In addition to portrait painting, he is known as a witty essayist. He w...
In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the nineteenth-century Celtic... more In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the nineteenth-century Celtic Revival in colonial England. The goal of this study is to discuss the meaning of Celtic Revival through the work of William Butler Yeats. He was a distinguished figure of this movement and a descendant of Anglo-Irish family. He felt the necessity to reconcile the Protestant Ascendancy and the Irish Catholic tradition in his mind. Yeats wrote a famous essay in which he expressed his response to On the Studies of Celtic Literature by Matthew Arnold. Arnold’s writing was important to Yeats because he mystified the Celtic character and introduced the Celtic idea as a differentiating fact between Ireland and England. Arnold attempted to bring about ‘healing measure’ by blending the delicacy and spirituality of the Celtic peoples with ‘Philistinism’of British middle-class. The mystification of the Celt becomes, in effect, the romanticizing of the Irish Catholic in Revivalists. Yeats tried to ...
The aim of this paper is to investigate the significance of the Pound-Fenollosa manuscripts for t... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the significance of the Pound-Fenollosa manuscripts for the verse plays of W. B. Yeats. Yeats stayed with Pound in Stone Cottage in the winter of 1914_15. This was the first time he read Fenollosa\u27s posthumous manuscripts of Noh plays. Certain Noble Plays of Japan was published, with a preface by Yeats, translated by Fenollosa and redacted by Pound, two years later. This published version became the definitive text, incorporating Yeats\u27 suggestions and advice. In the first chapter of the paper, Yeats\u27 relationship with Japanese artists in London will be dealt with, especially, the friendship between Yeats and Noguchi Yone. In 1914, many Japanese literary and artistic figures were living in London. Some of them had moved there to escape the war spreading all over Europe, including the well-known painter, Fujita Tsuguji. The figures I will discuss here are Noguchi Yonejiro (Yone) and Ito Michio with whom Yeats became closely acquainted....
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Heaney and Yeats responded the clash between lris... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Heaney and Yeats responded the clash between lrish and British tradition under British colonialism, making reference to the change in the portrait of the Irishman in England from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. Seamus Heaney, who was awarded the Nobel Prize at Stockholm in 1995, delivered a memorable speech on the situation of poetry in Northern Ireland entitled Crediting Poetry. In his speech, Heaney considered the role of poetry under the barren political situation caused by terrorism and counter-terrorism. On the other hand, William Butler Yeats stood on the same platform at Stockholm more than seventy years before. It was a time when Ireland was emerging from the struggle of a civil war that had followed on the heels of a war of independence. Though there is a difference in religion-Heaney is a member of Catholic church while Yeats was a member of the Protestant ascendancy, they are at one in trying to recover ...
In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the way that Irish exiles was... more In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the way that Irish exiles was perceived by British contemporaries in colonial England. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between Irish exiles and British dreamers at the end of the nineteenth century. The image of Ireland in the colonial age was derived from the Elizabethan poet, Edmund Spenser. While he had distaste for the rebel Irish, he regarded the charming landscape of Ireland as an Arcadia. This Spenser\u27s point of view was sustained by William Makepease Thakeray and Anthony Trollope. At the end of the nineteenth century, some British people used Ireland as a stage for their dreams and ideas, such as Ann Horniman and Maud Gonne. Their viewpoints were based on a kind of colonialism. It is no exaggeration to say that \u27Celticism\u27 might be approximated to \u27Orientalism\u27. In the 1880s, a certain kind of Irish literary emigrant was advancing to prominence. Oscar Wilde, George ...
Various analogies can be drawn between architecture and literature. Thus,it is only natural if we... more Various analogies can be drawn between architecture and literature. Thus,it is only natural if we assume that the spirit of a given age would be reflectedin the styles of both forms of art. John Ruskin said, `All architecture proposes aneffect on the human mind, not merely a service to the human frame\u27 (The SevenLamps of Architecture).The ruin of representation was mainly discussed in the context of literatureand paintings of the Romantic period. One of the reasons for this association wasWilliam Wordsworth\u27s famous poem `Tintern Abbey\u27, in which he expressed thefeeling of loss and beauty evoked by ruins. Wordsworth defined poetry as`emotion recollected in tranquility\u27 (Lyrical Ballads). As Ruskin aptly pointed out,`We may live without [architecture], and worship without her, but we cannot rememberwithout her.\u27 Architecture is closely related to memory, which is passeddown from generation to generation. In 1917, William Butler Yeats (1865_1939)purchased the 16th - cen...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social changes in the later nineteenth century ha... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social changes in the later nineteenth century had a great impact on Yeats, through his literary works. Yeats was brought up in the ancien regime: Victorian, Protestant, Ascendancy Ireland. The Ascendancy, here, represented the dominant Irish Protestant class. Some of them were Anglo-Irish absentee landlords of the ruling class. Yeats\u27s family, which had a farm in Kildare, belonged to the Ascendancy, too. His youth spanned the period that inaugurated the decline of this Irish Ascendancy, as the outbreak of the Land War then shows. This paper is made up of three sections: In the first, Yeats\u27s sensitivity to the times, such as the sense of an ending, is illuminated in such poems as "The Second Coming". In the second section, I make it clear that the apocalyptic vision which can be seen in the poem is derived from the decline of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy. In the last section, the process in which Yeats came to identify h...
The purpose of this study is to trace Yeats\u27s attitude toward the visual arts through his poet... more The purpose of this study is to trace Yeats\u27s attitude toward the visual arts through his poetic career. He learned of the Pre-Raphaelites from his father who affected his idea about art and life. In the eighties Yeats grew up in the last phase of the Pre-Raphaelitism. In "The Wanderings of Oisin" Yeats clearly attempted to transfer into poetry the decorative colour and pattern that attracted him in the tapestries of William Morris. We can see the decrease in visual detail and the increase in symbolic power in Yeats\u27s poems of the 1890s. Yeats was influenced by the symbolic engravings of Palmer and Calvert. The years from around 1911 to 1925 were, for Yeats, a period of transition. Through the acquaintances with "Blast group" such as Pound, Wyndham Lewis and Gaudier=Brzeska, he became interested in sculpture and vorticism. The metaphor for creative activity and major visual motif, the vortex, bears some relation to Yeats\u27s gyre. Moreover, he attempts to ...
One of the chief concerns of this paper is to reexamine the attitude of AngloIrish Revisionists l... more One of the chief concerns of this paper is to reexamine the attitude of AngloIrish Revisionists like Yeats towards Irish folklore. The ambiguous word “Celtic” came to be used in England rather than in Ireland and Germany. Arnold is important in that he introduced the “Celtic” idea as a differentiating fact between Ireland and England. Yeats’s Celtic Twilight comes out of his own collection of folklore, while Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland anthologized material from written sources. Yeats’s social status as an Anglo-Irishman was ambivalent in colonial Ireland. As Seamus Deane points out “the omanticizing of the Celt becomes, in effect, the romanticizing of the Irish Catholic,” Yeats could find a sense of belonging to Ireland by inventing his fictional Ireland. In this respect, the word “Celtic” is significant to him. In the first section, the Irish fairy motif in the Celtic Revival will be discussed. While the fairy theme was a convention in literature and paintings of the Victorian...
At the fin de siecle, the Celtic Revival was complex and multifaced movement, comprising a variet... more At the fin de siecle, the Celtic Revival was complex and multifaced movement, comprising a variety of approaches to the representation of Irish identity. In this paper, the influence of Matthew Arnold on the Celtic Revival will be mainly explored. He created a stereotyped image of the Celt as a “shy, sensitive and imaginative” race. The Irish people have greatly changed their image from what they used to be in the eighteenth century. The image of Irishman in England can be traced back to the age of Edmund Spenser and Jonathan Swift. Yahoo represents the savage people whom Jonathan Swift described in Gulliver\u27s Travels (1726). The description of the Irishman as Yahoo was found in the cartoons and writings of the eighteenth century. Eiren, on the other hand, was a gloomy and beautiful woman, with long and dark hair. She was often drawn in the cartoons of the magazines at 1890s. The inclination for nostalgic representations of the Celt could be found in the figure of Eiren. In the f...
John Butler Yeats ( JBY) is chiefly remembered as the father of a leading poet of Ireland, Willia... more John Butler Yeats ( JBY) is chiefly remembered as the father of a leading poet of Ireland, William Butler Yeats (WBY). He drew many portrait paintings. After JBY studied classics, metaphysics, and logic in Trinity College, he was trained as a barrister. But he never practiced law. He decided to be an artist and moved with his family to London to study drawing at Heatherley\u27s Art School, where he made friends with Samuel Butler. He spent ten years there among painters, bohemians and intellectuals before returning to Dublin to work as a portraitist, as can be found in WBYs\u27 Autobiographies. The best of his paintings are of his family and friends, such as his sons and Isaac Butt. In 1997 he moved again to London, where he became one of leading figures in a circle of Pre-Raphaelite artists in Bedford Park. At the age of sixty he returned once more to Dublin. In 1907 he left for New York, where he died in 1922. In addition to portrait painting, he is known as a witty essayist. He w...
In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the nineteenth-century Celtic... more In recent years, there has been a growing inclination to re-examine the nineteenth-century Celtic Revival in colonial England. The goal of this study is to discuss the meaning of Celtic Revival through the work of William Butler Yeats. He was a distinguished figure of this movement and a descendant of Anglo-Irish family. He felt the necessity to reconcile the Protestant Ascendancy and the Irish Catholic tradition in his mind. Yeats wrote a famous essay in which he expressed his response to On the Studies of Celtic Literature by Matthew Arnold. Arnold’s writing was important to Yeats because he mystified the Celtic character and introduced the Celtic idea as a differentiating fact between Ireland and England. Arnold attempted to bring about ‘healing measure’ by blending the delicacy and spirituality of the Celtic peoples with ‘Philistinism’of British middle-class. The mystification of the Celt becomes, in effect, the romanticizing of the Irish Catholic in Revivalists. Yeats tried to ...
The aim of this paper is to investigate the significance of the Pound-Fenollosa manuscripts for t... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the significance of the Pound-Fenollosa manuscripts for the verse plays of W. B. Yeats. Yeats stayed with Pound in Stone Cottage in the winter of 1914_15. This was the first time he read Fenollosa\u27s posthumous manuscripts of Noh plays. Certain Noble Plays of Japan was published, with a preface by Yeats, translated by Fenollosa and redacted by Pound, two years later. This published version became the definitive text, incorporating Yeats\u27 suggestions and advice. In the first chapter of the paper, Yeats\u27 relationship with Japanese artists in London will be dealt with, especially, the friendship between Yeats and Noguchi Yone. In 1914, many Japanese literary and artistic figures were living in London. Some of them had moved there to escape the war spreading all over Europe, including the well-known painter, Fujita Tsuguji. The figures I will discuss here are Noguchi Yonejiro (Yone) and Ito Michio with whom Yeats became closely acquainted....
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