History of Japan

"The author analyzes the role of the American Arts and Monuments Section, established in the summer of 1945 within the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (Scap) in order to protect, preserve and restore “recognized works of cultural, historical or artistic significance”.
As part of the complex program for the protection of cultural heritage in war zones developed by the Allied governments during the Second World War (Monuments, Fine Arts and Archive Program), the activities of the Arts and Monuments Section in Japan can be considered the only Asian case that can be compared to the work done in Europe by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Subcommission"

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza el papel de los suidos en la ritualidad protohistórica japonesa, tomando como base la aparición de una serie de restos óseos de estos animales en contextos rituales y/o con indicios de consumo ritual, especialmente en los periodos Jōmon (ca. 10,500-300 a.n.e.) y Yayoi (1,000-900 a.n.e.-250-300 d.n.e.). Pero antes de entrar de lleno en la problemática de estos ejemplares, es necesario realizar una retrospectiva del papel de dichos animales en el archipiélago japonés desde la Prehistoria, así como de la propia domesticación del cerdo en el continente asiático y su difusión por Asia Oriental hasta llegar a las islas japonesas. A este respecto, hay que tener en cuenta que existen tres ámbitos de estudio diferenciado en lo referente a los suidos en el archipiélago japonés: Hokkaidō, el archipiélago de las Ryūkyū y las islas de Kyūshū Honshū y Shikoku.

Abstract: This work analyzes swine’s role in prehistoric and protohistoric Japanese
rituality, taking as a basis the appearance of a series of skeletal remains of such animals
in ritual contexts and/or with evidences of ritual consumption, especially during the
Jōmon (ca. 10,500-300 BC) and Yayoi (1,000- 900 BC-250-300 AD) periods. But prior to the analysis of these animal remains, it is necessary to hindsight the role of swine in the Japanese archipelago from prehistoric times onward, as well as pig’s domestication within mainland Asia and their travel throughout the continent to the Japanese islands. In this regard, it must be taken into account that there are three different
study areas regarding swine within the Japanese archipelago: Hokkaidō, the Ryūkyū archipelago and the three islands of Kyūshū Honshū and Shikoku.

When emperor Meiji succeeded the throne at the age of 14, Japan was experiencing political chaos. The last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, a ruler with the will to reform the existing political system, was struggling to maintain his power and the shogunate institution. Meanwhile, to resist the expansion of shogunate power, several daimyōs like Ōkubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori seized the opportunity of bakufu’s failure in oppressing rebellion to form an alliance in the name of “imperial force” and defeat Tokugawa.  Furthermore, foreign involvement in Japanese politics made it even more complex. 
The political scene shaped by these intertwined forces provided a perfect condition for the restoration. Under such circumstances, the famous Charter Oath was promulgated, and this is the context for the letter this essay is going to assess.

''Red tide'' has become a familiar shorthand for unusual changes in the color of ocean waters. It is intimately related both to blooms of creatures like dinoflagellates and to the devastating effects they pose to coastal fisheries. This essay tracks the early twentieth century emergence of discolored water as an aquacultural problem, known in Japan as akashio, and its trans-oceanic transformation into the terms and practices of ''red tide'' in the post-World War II United States. For Japan's ''Pearl King'' Mikimoto Kokichi and his contacts in diverse marine scientific communities, the years-long cycle of guarding and cultivating a pearl oyster went together with the ascription of moral qualities to tiny creatures that posed a threat to farmed bayscapes of pearl monoculture. As akashio, discolored water went from curiosity to marine livestock pest, one that at times left dead pearl oysters in its wake. Red tide arose from the sustained study of the mechanisms by which changes in the biological and chemical composition of seawater might become deadly to exclusively-claimed shellfish along Japanese coastlines, but came to be seen as a way to understand aquatic manifestations of harm in other parts of the littoral world.

sche Japan-Manuskript des berühmten Lemgoer Reisenden Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1715 in London (British Library, Sloane Collection Nr. 3060). Denn mit dem Erscheinen der durch den Schweizer Johann Caspar Scheuchzer besorgten englischen Übersetzung (The History of Japan, London 1727) galten diese Materialien als hinreichend erschlossen. Scheuchzers prächtige Ausgabe stieß auf ein großes Interesse. Eine weitere Auflage und Übersetzungen aus dem Englischen ins Französische, Niederländische und sogar Deutsche folgten. Binnen kurzem wurde Kaempfers Japanbuch in der nach Scheuchzers Gutdünken um einige Kapitel erweiterten und an vielen Stellen ziemlich frei gestalteten Form zur wichtigsten Informationsquelle über Japan. Für ein Jahrhundert schöpften aus ihr Europas Denker und Dichter ebenso wie die Enzyklopädisten, Geographen, Naturforscher und Mediziner. Auch die 1677-79 auf der Grundlage zweier im Nachlaß von Kaempfers Nichte gefundener Manuskriptversionen publizierte "Geschichte und Beschreibung von Japan" stand im Banne der englischen "Urform". Der Herausgeber Christian Wilhelm von Dohm (1751-1820), der den deutschen Landsleuten eigentlich Kaempfer in dessen Muttersprache vorstellen wollte, nutzte nicht nur die von Scheuchzer hergestellten Abbildungen, er brachte Kaempfers Deutsch in eine ans zeitgenössische Stilempfinden angepaßte Form. Da er überdies die von Scheuchzer vorgenommenen Umarbeitungen übernahm, wurde auch hier dem Leser nur eine ziemlich entstellte Version präsentiert.

The Vedas tell us that the gods (deva in Sanskrit) reside within the mind. But since physical reality is also experienced as a construction of the mind, therefore, one may see the Vedic gods in the physical space and its relationships. These conceptions led to the detailed exposition of the devas in yoga, tantra as well as in architecture and iconography. 1 The Vedic way recognizes that reality is a synthesis of opposites. We are suspended between being and becoming, between hazy memories of the past and fears for the future. Within each of us lie not only sublime thoughts but also avarice and greed. We are the battlefield of a struggle between the gods and demons. The opposites require an act of balance so that the individual's relationship to Truth is articulated only partly by means of abstract ideas, and it needs art-in performance and representation-to complete the picture.

O conhecimento científico, que tem por objecto a natureza, obviamente ocupa-se com corpos e grandezas e com as suas propriedades e movimentos, mas também [se ocupa] com os princípios destas substâncias, sejam eles quais forem, porque das coisas constituídas pela natureza algumas são corpos e grandezas, algumas possuem corpo e grandeza, e algumas são princípios das coisas que possuem estes. 1 Aristóteles, De Caelo

This research paper aims to compare the powers of the ruling families in both Japan and the United Kingdom, both being constitutional monarchies. I will be studying the transitional process in both states from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy while highlighting its effects, if any, on the authority and image of the monarch today. After comparing the different transformations between Japan and the United Kingdom, I will move into comparing both monarchies to each other in terms of actual executive and legislative powers, role, and responsibilities towards the public; while establishing a meaningful relationship between the process and the outcome.

Durante el siglo XVII, la Gobernación de Filipinas desarrolló una estrecha relación de dependencia mutua con el clan de los Zheng que incidió en el ámbito comercial, pero también en el económico y el social. Esta simbiosis, basada en la colaboración, pero también en la competencia, no estuvo exenta de fricciones, como la originada en 1662 por la amenaza de conquista de Luzón por parte de Zheng Chenggong. En el presente artículo, estudiaremos cómo se generó y afianzó esta relación de dependencia y como los cambios surgidos tanto en el interior de ambos territorios como en otros enclaves de Asia forzaron una rápida recuperación de los vínculos perdidos tras la ruptura de 1662.

長崎市悟真寺に現存する、日本最古の西洋人墓碑、出島商館長ヘンドリック・デュルコープ墓碑について。デュルコープの略歴と、墓碑にまつわる日蘭双方の史資料について紹介・考察。
About the gravestone of Hendrik Duurkoop (1736-1778), director of the Dutch trading post at Dejima, Nagasaki, known as the oldest grave monument  of western people in Japan. Mainly focusing on the documental evidences ever made about the gravestone in both Dutch and Japanese languages, together with the brief biography of Duurkoop.

This article reports on the origin of class society and state formation in Japan. The author analyzes the causes for the social differentiation in wozhen communities in the beginning of our era. He says, that the social status of people was marked by tattoo in the beginning of the first century A.D. The scientist distinguishes primary causes for the emergence of monarchal rule and describes the phenomenon of female rulers in the Japanese states. The author analyzes the specific features of class society development in Japan. He comes to the conclusion, that between the first century B.C. and the third century A.D. the formation of the civil community state was under way. It was a typical development in the early slave-owning period, when the state had no specific paraphernalia for oppression, but power was being alienated from the people.

This article explores the career of ethno-nationalist leader Kageyama Masaharu, who was active during the greater part of the Showa era. It argues that though the notion of 'Showa Restoration' is typically understood in terms of the bloody coup d' etat attempts of the prewar era, the postwar career of its participants necessitates a broader understanding of the term. Kageyama is best known as a conspirator in the failed terrorist attack known as the Shimpeitai Incident of 1933, but he also played a major role in nationalist politics in the postwar era. His activities ranged from lobbying for the recuperation and repair of physical and temporal institutions related to the imperial house, such as rituals at Ise Shrine and National Establishment Day, to the nurturing of young ethno-nationalists at his Great East Institute. The ideas and platforms of Showa Restorationists like Kageyama survived the US Occupation and the Cold War era in the form of ethno-nationalist (minzokuha) activists and lobbyists.

The emergence of Modern architecture and landscape design corresponds with the end of the Meiji era (1868-1912) in Japan. This period saw Japan reopen its borders to the Western world and create a dynamic moment which fostered artistic and intellectual exchange between Japan, Europe and America. The (re-)discovery of Japanese architecture and gardening by both Western and Japanese Orientalists and the dissemination of the hitherto undiscovered built forms and conceptual thinking allowed several generations of architects and landscape architects to take part in the creation of new architectural and landscape expressions. The works of Josiah Conder, Bruno Taut, Frank Lloyd Wright, Antonin Raymond, and Isamu Noguchi are all paradigms of these Modern encounters between Japan and the West.

L’apparition d’une modernité architecturale et paysagère correspond à une période particulièrement propice aux échanges artistiques et intellectuels entre le Japon, l’Europe et les Etats-Unis, à partir de la fin de l’ère Meiji (1868-1912). La (re-)découverte de l’architecture et de l’art des jardins japonais par les orientalistes occidentaux et japonais, puis la réception et la diffusion de ses nouveaux modèles et savoirs, vont permettre à plusieurs générations d’architectes et de paysagistes de participer à la création de nouvelles expressions architecturales et paysagères. Les ouvrages de Josiah Conder ou de Bruno Taut, les oeuvres de Frank Lloyd Wright, d’Antonin Raymond, d’Isamu Noguchi, nés de ces rencontres entre le Japon et l’Occident, sont les témoins de cette modernité.

LIEN pour la lecture / LINK to read it
https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/16922453/universite-paris-sorbonne-e-sorbonne

Etude archéologique des techniques d’acquisition et de transformation du métal dans le cadre de la production des lames de sabre au Japon (IXe -XVIe siècle). / "Cette thèse a pour thème les techniques d’acquisition et de transformation du fer dans le cadre de la production des lames japonaises, sur une période courant du IXe à la toute fin du XVIe siècle. Une partie préliminaire est présente afin de donner une idée de l’évolution de la métallurgie du fer jusqu’à cette date. Le type de minerais, les sables ferrifères, est alors abordé avec ses techniques d’acquisition et d’extraction. S’en suit une étude des méthodes de transformation par le biais des techniques de réduction. L’étude des différents sites permet de mettre en lumière deux types majeurs de fourneau dans l’archipel : un type à cheminée semi-enterré et un type en forme de boîte rectangulaire. Ce dernier débouche d’ailleurs sur la mise au point, au début du XVIIe siècle, du fourneau traditionnel, le tatara. En outre, l’archipel présente un développement des techniques de forge antérieur aux techniques de réduction. A partir du IXe siècle, la forge japonaise se retrouve donc déjà à un niveau technique particulièrement élevé, ayant développé, en plus des techniques de mise en forme, des techniques d’affinage, de carburation et de grappage, autorisant un recyclage du fer, permettant d’affranchir en partie les forgerons de la production des sites de réduction. C’est donc sur cette base technique particulièrement développée qu’a pu se mettre en place une partie de la production des lames. Ce recyclage explique en partie la disparition d’un très grand nombre de lames, auquel il faut adjoindre à partir de la fin du XVIe siècle, des chasses au sabre, permettant de distinguer la classe des guerriers, les samouraïs par un port d’arme qui leur était réservé.

This thesis is dealing with the iron smelting and forge techniques in the
production of Japanese swords, from the 9th to the end of the 16th century.
A preliminary part presents the evolution of iron smelting techniques in Japan,
from the origin to the 9th century.
The types of ore (iron sand) and their acquisition and extraction techniques
are discussed for a period during from the 9th to the 16th century in a
second part.
The smelting techniques used at the same period are then studied. The
archaeological research sheds light on two major types of furnace in the
archipelago: a semi-buried shaft furnace and a rectangular box shape
furnace. This last one leads in the early 17th century to the development
of the traditional Japanese furnace, the tatara.
Concerning the forging techniques, their development in the archipelago was
prior to the smelting techniques. Therefore, from the 9th century, the
technology of the Japanese forge had already reached a high level,
having developed in addition to the basic forge techniques, the
refining, carburizing and clustering (oroshigane) techniques, allowing
the smith to not be entirely dependent on the iron production of the
smelting furnace, but to also be able to rely on the recycled iron.
Consequently, a large part of the blade production in this period might
have relied on that techniques. This recycling helps to explain the
disappearance of a large number of blades, associated to sword hunts in
the late 16th century which led to distinguish a warrior class, the
samurai, carrying a weapon which is, from the early 17th century,
reserved to them."

The warrior caste dominated Japan since 1192. With the establishment of a military government the bushi or samurai became the icon of strength and authority, and at the same time the symbol of order, justice and of a superior unique style of life. The “loyalty to the Lord” (chū) was a fundamental value for a bushi and one's duty derived from the chū.
Death was the extreme expression of this loyalty and one way to express one's loyalty was following the Lord in death (junshi), until it was banned by the government in 1663. This article deals with junshi and the self sacrifice committed by four retainers of the Lord Shimazu Yukihisa (1550-1610), to cancel a merciless and disloyal act to their Lord.

В статье рассматривается самый ранний письменный источник по устройству японских садов эпохи Хэйан, сохранившийся до наших дней. Подробно анализируются способы и приемы организации садово-парковых объектов в архитектурном стиле синдэн-дзукури; выявляется связь садового искусства Японии с представлениями о садоустройстве в Древнем Китае и Индии; приводятся примеры некоторых ключевых записей «Сакутэйки».

The main purpose of the paper is to investigate the classic textbook on Japanese Landscaping of Heian period. In article we analyse principles and technical methods of making Japanese gardens in Shinden-zukuri style, discover the ties of the Japanese garden art with their analogues in ancient China and India. We also analyse some key records from Sakuteiki.

In perhaps the most memorable line from Japan's surrender radio broadcast of 15 August 1945 Hirohito 裕仁, the Shōwa Emperor (Shōwa tennō 昭和天皇), expressed a desire to "pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is insufferable." 1 At first glance, these words appear to constitute a straightforward statement of pacifist sentiment and an overriding determination on the part of the emperor to save his subjects from further suffering. Consequently, they have proven useful for casting the emperor's "sacred decision" (seidan 聖断) to surrender as a benevolent intervention rescuing the people and setting the nation on the path toward postwar peace and prosperity. 2 Alternatively, the expression has been seen as an effort to "seize the moral high ground from the Allies" and as exemplifying Hirohito's self-interested deployment of classical rhetoric and euphemism in order to avoid personal and institutional responsibility for the war. 3

In 1891, a moral reformer named Alzire Chevaillier launched an aggressive crusade to destroy Fountaingrove, a spiritualist utopian colony in Northern California with white and Japanese members. Chevaillier accused the colony's leader, Thomas Lake Harris, of promoting “disorderly doctrines” with sexual practices “worse than those of Mormonism.” This essay uses the little-known Fountaingrove scandal to examine the interrelationship of religion, race, and sexuality in California. As a mixed-race new religious movement accused of sexual immorality, Fountaingrove transgressed prevailing norms in multiple ways. The colony became Orientalized in the public imagination, showing how new religions and non-normative sexual practices were coded as racially other. Yet media representations of Fountaingrove reflected more than straightforward “yellow peril.” The Japanese members of Fountaingrove inhabited several unstable categories at once, viewed as neither “heathen” nor Christian, neither adults nor children, neither white nor Chinese, shedding light on the uncertain religio-racial status of early Japanese immigrants to the United States. The scandal also reveals the racist dimensions of white female reformers' attacks on male dominance. The wide range of public response to Chevaillier's campaign, from moral disgust to amusement to apathy, gives evidence of the cultural fissures beginning to break open in fin de siècle America.

"This study investigates the history of English language education in Japan over the past 150 years. For this purpose, tabulated representations have been devised which illustrate the educational events in each historical era alongside key national and international events and trends. This is a means of illustrating how local education is a microcosm of the society and the world around it, and the manner in which globalization has an impact upon it. In tracing the inter-relatedness between education, society, politics and economics at the local and global levels, various issues are raised which explain why changes have been made in English language education. Among these issues are the periods of immense popularity of English in Japan, seen by some as "linguistic imperialism" (Phillipson, 1992), yet in the early part of Japan's modernization as "a product of the struggle against imperialism" (Brutt-Giffler, 2002, as cited in Park, 2004, p.87). The tables clarify these two polarized stances and give insights into the fluctuating periods of popularity and decline over time in English language education in Japan.

Keywords. English language education in Japan, globalization of English language teaching, Japanese 'macro' events and English education"

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a política linguística japonesa na Era Meiji. Além disso, analisaremos qual a importância dessa intervenção estatal na língua, inclusive no corpus, para a revolução industrial japonesa num contexto sóciohistórico e como se deu esse processo e quais transformações ele promoveu. Não podemos ignorar, ainda, a importância da língua japonesa no processo de abertura do Japão pós-Restauração Meiji.

DISCLAIMER: I am not a co-author to this  book and I do not intend to infringe any copy-rights of the real authors.
Nu sunt co-autor al acestei cărți și nici nu intenționez să încalc drepturile autorilor. Volumul de față trebuie folosit numai conform regulilor de fair-use.
Am uploadat acest volum ca o completare la cele 6 volume de Istorie a Japoniei, pentru a  ajuta studenții și cercetătorii în această perioadă când bibliotecile sunt închise; nu urmăresc niciun fel de câștig material sau beneficiu personal. Numele meu a fost introdus automat de programul site-ului.

This paper traces the social history of the household registration system (koseki seido) in Japan from its beginning to the present day. The paper argues that the koseki has been an essential tool of social control used at various stages in history to facilitate the political needs and priorities of the ruling elite by constructing and policing the boundaries of Japanese self. This self has been mediated through the principles of family as defined by the state and has created diverse marginalised and excluded others. The study includes social unrest and agency of these others in furthering understanding of the role of the koseki in Japanese society. The paper also contributes understanding of nationality and citizenship in contemporary Japan in relation to the koseki.

Esse trabalho busca analisar o estudo de Lafcadio Hearn sobre a mitologia das raposas (kitsune) e os seus impactos na sociedade japonesa da Era Meiji, principalmente na prefeitura de Shimane, dando especial atenção aos aspectos de culto e formas de discriminação social geradas por essa mitologia, para ao final tecermos considerações sobre as conclusões do autor acerca desse assunto.

Dalam essay ilmiah ini, saya akan membahas mengenai sistem perpolitikan yang ada di kawasan Asia Timur, khususnya adalah mengenai keterkaitan dan perbedaan politik oleh negara China dan Jepang. Alasan utama saya dalam membahas sistem perpolitikan Antara China dengan Jepang adalah: China mengalami masa politik serta sejarah yang paling lama dibandingkan dengan barat, islam ataupun yunani. Kemudian Jepang mengulang kembali masa politik dan sejarah yang pernah dialami oleh China. Yang dalam hal ini terkait dalam teori cyclical atau lingkaran. Maksud dari teori tersebut adalah sejarah selalu berputar atau mengulang kembali layaknya sebuah lingkaran atau roda (O). Contohnya seperti China dan Jepang sama-sama mengalami masa pergantian dinasti atau restorasi serta pergantian pemerintahan yang awalnya dipimpin oleh sistem kekaisaran dan berganti menjadi sistem pemerintahan yang demokratis. Dan politik merupakan tulang punggung dari sejarah itu sendiri (Politics is a backbone of the history). 1 Dan dari hal-hal yang sudah saya jelaskan inilah yang membuat saya tertarik untuk membahas keterkaitan serta perbedaan antara politik China dengan Jepang.

In article land legal relationship and the agrarian legislation of Japan of
the middle of 7th – early 8th centuries – the period when there was transition from ancient (slaveholding) society to feudal one as a result of Taika revolution and the subsequent reforms connected with introduction of allotment land system are analyzed.

В статье собраны и проанализированы сведения о правосубъектности (правоспособности и дееспособности) лиц в древнеяпонском государстве Ямато, в связи с этимопределен правовой статус свободных и рабов в Древней Японии (I-VII вв.). Рабовладельческий характер древнеяпонского общества привел к тому, что правоспособность имели только определенные слои населения. В исследовании выявлены способы получения статуса свободы и источники рабства, анализируются правовые последствия связей между свободными и рабами, правовой статус детей, родившихся от подобных связей.