Sugarcane synthesizes a complex mixture of phytoalexins in response to inoculation with Colletotr... more Sugarcane synthesizes a complex mixture of phytoalexins in response to inoculation with Colletotrichum falcatum Went, causative agent of red rot. To determine induction and accumulation of these compounds, field grown sugarcane plants of two varieties viz., Co 93009 and CoC 671 which are resistant and susceptible to red rot respectively, were inoculated with C. falcatum and tissue extracts were analyzed
IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008
Industrial sensing, monitoring and automation offer a lucrative application domain for networking... more Industrial sensing, monitoring and automation offer a lucrative application domain for networking and communications. Wired sensor networks have traditionally been used for these applications because such networks adequately meet two vital requirements, i.e., low latency and high reliability, needed for an industrial deployment. Wired sensor networks, however, are not very cost effective due to higher components' cost. These networks also lack the flexibility needed for subsequent topological changes. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), on the other hand, are less expensive and offer high degree of flexibility. Wireless networks, therefore, can offer an attractive and viable solution for industrial sensing and automation. IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines a specification for MAC and PHY layers for short-range, low bit-rate, and low-cost wireless networks. However, the specified system is inefficient in terms of latency and reliability and fails to meet the stringent operational requirements for industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a set of new MAC superframes with an aim to enhance both performance metrics. We then use simulation to compare the performance of our proposed systems with that of the one specified in IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2005. SSST '05., 2005
systems employing a set of geographically dispensed sensors have been investigated for the past t... more systems employing a set of geographically dispensed sensors have been investigated for the past two decades.
A sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction detected mixed infection of four viruses... more A sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction detected mixed infection of four viruses, viz.
Sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) caused by SCGS-phytoplasmas is a serious disease of sugarcane. Sinc... more Sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) caused by SCGS-phytoplasmas is a serious disease of sugarcane. Since the diseased plants exhibit various phenotypic symptoms under field conditions, diagnosis of the disease becomes difficult. A detailed study was conducted on validating phytoplasma specific primers for the diagnosis of the disease and to identify the extent of variations in rDNA genome of SCGS-phytoplasmas. A total of 37 sugarcane samples with different phenotypic symptoms of SCGS were collected from various states of India. Nested-PCR amplification using two sets of forward (P1/P7) and reverse primers (P4/P7) of 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA spacer region (SR) and 23S rRNA gene sequences amplified SCGS-phytoplasmas in all the suspected samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis clearly revealed that 18 isolates of SCGS-phytoplasmas from different locations/ varieties showed no variation in the targeted gene sequences. Although there were significant variations in phenotypic expression of SCGS phytoplasmas on sugarcane, we could not establish any genotypic variation among the pathogenic isolates in rDNA region. All our sequences matched exactly with other reported phytoplasmal isolates of SCGS-Pun (DQ459439), SCGS (DQ380341), SCGS-CM1 (AM269740) and SCGS-SV1 (AM269742) from India. Among the other reported SCGS phytoplasmas it shared sequence similarity ranging from 99.7 to 94.3%. Our SCGS phytoplasmas showed 99.6% similarity with other phytoplasmas infecting sugarcane such as sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) and 97.8% with SCYL. The closely related phytoplasmas such as BraWL and SGS phytoplasmas showed 99.6% similarities with our SCGSphytoplasmas. However, distantly related phytoplasmas FBP and CBY1 and StLL showed sequence similarities between 84.3 and 82.4%. Restriction of the amplicons with a set of restriction enzymes did not show any polymorphism among them. 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA SR and 23S rRNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results proved that the phytoplasma isolates infecting sugarcane in India with phenotypic variations from different regions have similar ITS region and further studies are needed to locate other genes in phytoplasma genome which determine variations in phenotypic expression in the SCGS disease.
Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), a member of the genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae, is a... more Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), a member of the genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae, is an important viral pathogen affecting sugarcane cultivation in India. The complete nucleotide sequence of a SCSMV isolate from India (SCSMV-IND) was determined. The linear, assembled, single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of SCSMV-IND was 9,786 nucleotides in length (excluding the poly (A) tail) and encoded a polyprotein of 3,131 amino acid residues. The genome of SCSMV-IND shared high degree of sequence identity with SCSMV-PAK (93 % at nucleotide and 97 % at amino acid), and shared only 81 % nucleotide and 94 % amino acid identities with all the four SCSMV isolates (SCSMV-JP1, -JP2, -ID, and -THA). Phylogenetic tree analysis of the complete genome sequences of SCSMV isolates revealed that they can be clustered into two groups. SCSMV-IND and -AP isolates showed 18 % (nucleotide) divergence within the highly conserved 3' partial genome, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity among the Indian SCSMV isolates.
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the two causative viruses of mosaic in sugarcane, a sugar... more Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the two causative viruses of mosaic in sugarcane, a sugar crop widely grown under tropical and subtropical conditions worldwide. Although molecular characterization of SCMV strains was reported from many countries, strains occurring in India, a major sugarcane producer have not been reported so far. Twenty-six sugarcane samples represented by seven major sugarcane growing states in India and USA were subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a pair of newly designed coat protein specific primers. Among them 17 were found positive to the SCMV infection. The lengths of the sequences derived in this study using the new set of primers varied between 812 and 866 nt. The amino acid sequence comparison of 30 Indian SCMV isolates showed wide range of sequence similarities in core region (88.80-100%) and hyper variable region (51.3-100%). In the N-terminal region of the five Indian isolates, a deletion of 12 aa residues between aa 11 and 30 was observed, whereas the deletion was between aa 45 and 50 in SCMV-B and -D and between aa 61 and 70 in SCMV-A. The phylogenetic analyses performed with 46 SCMV CP sequences for both hyper variable region and core region separated the isolates mostly according to their geographical origin. The 30 Indian SCMV isolates were included exclusively in four groups besides SCMV-IND, which was grouped with SCMV-SC, a type of strain from Australia. Nearly 97.0% of the Indian isolates have no signs for close relationships with previously characterized SCMV type strains (SCMV-A, -B, -D, -E, and -SC) reported from other countries. Our studies revealed that the sugarcane mosaic in India are caused by at least nine new SCMV variants (IND-CC1, -CC2, -CC3, -CC4, -CO1, -CO2, -CP, -CS, and -J) and a type strain SCMV-SC represented by SCMV-IND. This is the first report on the variability and occurrence of new SCMV population in India.
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1994
Pergamon Spectrochimica Ada, Vol. 49B, No. 3, pp. 243-250. 1994 Copyright 1994 Elsevier Science L... more Pergamon Spectrochimica Ada, Vol. 49B, No. 3, pp. 243-250. 1994 Copyright 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0584-8547/94 $6.00 + .00 A mass spectrometric study of the dissociation of the gaseous diatomic tellurium molecule R. VISWANATHAN, ...
We present a review of different distributed constant false alarm rate target detection technique... more We present a review of different distributed constant false alarm rate target detection techniques. We argue that for optimum results involving multiple targets and clutter of variable characteristics, the proper choice is an architecture involving decentralizing processing at multiple sensor sites. A new radar target detection example shows that a simple Boolean OR fusion rule can provide robust and competitive
The vaporisation of the metal-rich nickel tellurides (&, &, and &) was studied by Knudsen effusio... more The vaporisation of the metal-rich nickel tellurides (&, &, and &) was studied by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The vapour phase was found to consist of Tea(g) and Te(g). Partial pressure-temperature relationships over the Ni + /3a phase field were determined to be log( p,,*/Pa) = (-12563+223)/T(K)+10.945*0.236 and log(p,,/Pa) = (-13350+425)/T(K)+11.109+0.450, in the temperature range 893-993 K. Enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation of the & phase, at the nickel-rich boundary (NiTe,,,,), at 298 K were derived as -33.3 + 5.1 and -35.0 kJ mol-r, respectively. The temperature of phase transition from Ni + & to Ni + fi; was confirmed to be 1009 + 10 K. P-T equations over the Ni + fi; phase field (1020-1055 K) were deduced as log( p,_/Pa)
Abstract The nature and composition of the vapour over a two phase mixture of Fe (s) and FeTe 0.9... more Abstract The nature and composition of the vapour over a two phase mixture of Fe (s) and FeTe 0.9 (s) as well as over Te (s) were determined by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The partial pressuretemperature relationship of Te 2 (g), log p (Pa)=− 10759/T (K)+ 11.12, ...
Vaporization studies on elemental tellurium and selenium were conducted by Knudsen effusion mass ... more Vaporization studies on elemental tellurium and selenium were conducted by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry in the temperature range of 590-690 K and 380-480 K, respectively.
In this correspondence we consider the detection of a constant signal in noise with a large set o... more In this correspondence we consider the detection of a constant signal in noise with a large set of geographically dispersed sensors. The noise at the sensors are correlated Gaussian. Two correlation models are considered: one where the correlation coefficient between any two sensors decreases geometrically as the sensor separation increases, and the other where the correlation coefficient between any two sensors is a constant. For both correlation models, the asymptotic (as the number of sensors becomes large) performances of a distributed detection system and a central system are examined.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1999
We evaluate the performances of several distributed constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) tests operat... more We evaluate the performances of several distributed constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) tests operating in different background clutter conditions. The analysis considers the detection of Rayleigh target in various clutters with the possibility of differing clutter power levels in the test cells of distributed radars. Numerical results studied for a two-radar system show how the false-alarm rate of the maximum order statistic (MOS) test changes with differences in the clutter power levels of the test cells. The analysis for the detection of Rayleigh target in Rayleigh clutter indicates that, with the power levels of differing test cells, the OR fusion rule can be quite competitive with the new normalized test statistic (NTS). However, for the detection of Rayleigh target in Weibull or K-distributed clutter, the results show that NTS outperforms both the OR and the AND rules under the condition of large signal-to-clutter power ratio and moderate shape parameter values.
In this paper, we explore services and capabilities that can be enabled by the localization of va... more In this paper, we explore services and capabilities that can be enabled by the localization of various "assets" in a data center or IT environment. We also describe the underlying location estimation method and the protocol to enable localization. Finally, we present a management framework for these services and present a few case studies to assess benefits of location based services in data centers.
This paper analyses few schemes for combining base station antenna array signals in wireless DSKD... more This paper analyses few schemes for combining base station antenna array signals in wireless DSKDMA. The performances of equal gain combining (EGC), likelihood rank test (LRT) and a modified rank test (MRT) are evaluated using simulation studies. The results indicate that, under certain assumptions on multiple access interference statistics, the probability of error of MRT is lower than that of EGC, if a few high power interfering users are present along with a low power user of interest. If there are a moderately large number of users and if the received power of all the users are nearly the same, then EGC outperforms MRT. In fact, under this condition, the performance of EGC is close to that of the optimal likelihood ratio test.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to Pseudomonas spp. are being exploited com... more Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to Pseudomonas spp. are being exploited commercially for plant protection to induce systemic resistance against various pests and diseases. Mixtures of di!erent PGPR strains have resulted in increased e$cacy by inducing systemic resistance against several pathogens attacking the same crop. Seed-treatment with PGPR causes cell wall structural modi"cations and biochemical/physiological changes leading to the synthesis of proteins and chemicals involved in plant defense mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharides, siderophores and salicylic acid are the major determinants of PGPRmediated ISR. The performance of PGPR has been successful against certain pathogens, insect and nematode pests under "eld conditions.
Sugarcane synthesizes a complex mixture of phytoalexins in response to inoculation with Colletotr... more Sugarcane synthesizes a complex mixture of phytoalexins in response to inoculation with Colletotrichum falcatum Went, causative agent of red rot. To determine induction and accumulation of these compounds, field grown sugarcane plants of two varieties viz., Co 93009 and CoC 671 which are resistant and susceptible to red rot respectively, were inoculated with C. falcatum and tissue extracts were analyzed
IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008
Industrial sensing, monitoring and automation offer a lucrative application domain for networking... more Industrial sensing, monitoring and automation offer a lucrative application domain for networking and communications. Wired sensor networks have traditionally been used for these applications because such networks adequately meet two vital requirements, i.e., low latency and high reliability, needed for an industrial deployment. Wired sensor networks, however, are not very cost effective due to higher components' cost. These networks also lack the flexibility needed for subsequent topological changes. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), on the other hand, are less expensive and offer high degree of flexibility. Wireless networks, therefore, can offer an attractive and viable solution for industrial sensing and automation. IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines a specification for MAC and PHY layers for short-range, low bit-rate, and low-cost wireless networks. However, the specified system is inefficient in terms of latency and reliability and fails to meet the stringent operational requirements for industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a set of new MAC superframes with an aim to enhance both performance metrics. We then use simulation to compare the performance of our proposed systems with that of the one specified in IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2005. SSST '05., 2005
systems employing a set of geographically dispensed sensors have been investigated for the past t... more systems employing a set of geographically dispensed sensors have been investigated for the past two decades.
A sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction detected mixed infection of four viruses... more A sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction detected mixed infection of four viruses, viz.
Sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) caused by SCGS-phytoplasmas is a serious disease of sugarcane. Sinc... more Sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) caused by SCGS-phytoplasmas is a serious disease of sugarcane. Since the diseased plants exhibit various phenotypic symptoms under field conditions, diagnosis of the disease becomes difficult. A detailed study was conducted on validating phytoplasma specific primers for the diagnosis of the disease and to identify the extent of variations in rDNA genome of SCGS-phytoplasmas. A total of 37 sugarcane samples with different phenotypic symptoms of SCGS were collected from various states of India. Nested-PCR amplification using two sets of forward (P1/P7) and reverse primers (P4/P7) of 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA spacer region (SR) and 23S rRNA gene sequences amplified SCGS-phytoplasmas in all the suspected samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis clearly revealed that 18 isolates of SCGS-phytoplasmas from different locations/ varieties showed no variation in the targeted gene sequences. Although there were significant variations in phenotypic expression of SCGS phytoplasmas on sugarcane, we could not establish any genotypic variation among the pathogenic isolates in rDNA region. All our sequences matched exactly with other reported phytoplasmal isolates of SCGS-Pun (DQ459439), SCGS (DQ380341), SCGS-CM1 (AM269740) and SCGS-SV1 (AM269742) from India. Among the other reported SCGS phytoplasmas it shared sequence similarity ranging from 99.7 to 94.3%. Our SCGS phytoplasmas showed 99.6% similarity with other phytoplasmas infecting sugarcane such as sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) and 97.8% with SCYL. The closely related phytoplasmas such as BraWL and SGS phytoplasmas showed 99.6% similarities with our SCGSphytoplasmas. However, distantly related phytoplasmas FBP and CBY1 and StLL showed sequence similarities between 84.3 and 82.4%. Restriction of the amplicons with a set of restriction enzymes did not show any polymorphism among them. 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA SR and 23S rRNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results proved that the phytoplasma isolates infecting sugarcane in India with phenotypic variations from different regions have similar ITS region and further studies are needed to locate other genes in phytoplasma genome which determine variations in phenotypic expression in the SCGS disease.
Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), a member of the genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae, is a... more Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), a member of the genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae, is an important viral pathogen affecting sugarcane cultivation in India. The complete nucleotide sequence of a SCSMV isolate from India (SCSMV-IND) was determined. The linear, assembled, single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of SCSMV-IND was 9,786 nucleotides in length (excluding the poly (A) tail) and encoded a polyprotein of 3,131 amino acid residues. The genome of SCSMV-IND shared high degree of sequence identity with SCSMV-PAK (93 % at nucleotide and 97 % at amino acid), and shared only 81 % nucleotide and 94 % amino acid identities with all the four SCSMV isolates (SCSMV-JP1, -JP2, -ID, and -THA). Phylogenetic tree analysis of the complete genome sequences of SCSMV isolates revealed that they can be clustered into two groups. SCSMV-IND and -AP isolates showed 18 % (nucleotide) divergence within the highly conserved 3' partial genome, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity among the Indian SCSMV isolates.
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the two causative viruses of mosaic in sugarcane, a sugar... more Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the two causative viruses of mosaic in sugarcane, a sugar crop widely grown under tropical and subtropical conditions worldwide. Although molecular characterization of SCMV strains was reported from many countries, strains occurring in India, a major sugarcane producer have not been reported so far. Twenty-six sugarcane samples represented by seven major sugarcane growing states in India and USA were subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a pair of newly designed coat protein specific primers. Among them 17 were found positive to the SCMV infection. The lengths of the sequences derived in this study using the new set of primers varied between 812 and 866 nt. The amino acid sequence comparison of 30 Indian SCMV isolates showed wide range of sequence similarities in core region (88.80-100%) and hyper variable region (51.3-100%). In the N-terminal region of the five Indian isolates, a deletion of 12 aa residues between aa 11 and 30 was observed, whereas the deletion was between aa 45 and 50 in SCMV-B and -D and between aa 61 and 70 in SCMV-A. The phylogenetic analyses performed with 46 SCMV CP sequences for both hyper variable region and core region separated the isolates mostly according to their geographical origin. The 30 Indian SCMV isolates were included exclusively in four groups besides SCMV-IND, which was grouped with SCMV-SC, a type of strain from Australia. Nearly 97.0% of the Indian isolates have no signs for close relationships with previously characterized SCMV type strains (SCMV-A, -B, -D, -E, and -SC) reported from other countries. Our studies revealed that the sugarcane mosaic in India are caused by at least nine new SCMV variants (IND-CC1, -CC2, -CC3, -CC4, -CO1, -CO2, -CP, -CS, and -J) and a type strain SCMV-SC represented by SCMV-IND. This is the first report on the variability and occurrence of new SCMV population in India.
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1994
Pergamon Spectrochimica Ada, Vol. 49B, No. 3, pp. 243-250. 1994 Copyright 1994 Elsevier Science L... more Pergamon Spectrochimica Ada, Vol. 49B, No. 3, pp. 243-250. 1994 Copyright 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0584-8547/94 $6.00 + .00 A mass spectrometric study of the dissociation of the gaseous diatomic tellurium molecule R. VISWANATHAN, ...
We present a review of different distributed constant false alarm rate target detection technique... more We present a review of different distributed constant false alarm rate target detection techniques. We argue that for optimum results involving multiple targets and clutter of variable characteristics, the proper choice is an architecture involving decentralizing processing at multiple sensor sites. A new radar target detection example shows that a simple Boolean OR fusion rule can provide robust and competitive
The vaporisation of the metal-rich nickel tellurides (&, &, and &) was studied by Knudsen effusio... more The vaporisation of the metal-rich nickel tellurides (&, &, and &) was studied by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The vapour phase was found to consist of Tea(g) and Te(g). Partial pressure-temperature relationships over the Ni + /3a phase field were determined to be log( p,,*/Pa) = (-12563+223)/T(K)+10.945*0.236 and log(p,,/Pa) = (-13350+425)/T(K)+11.109+0.450, in the temperature range 893-993 K. Enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation of the & phase, at the nickel-rich boundary (NiTe,,,,), at 298 K were derived as -33.3 + 5.1 and -35.0 kJ mol-r, respectively. The temperature of phase transition from Ni + & to Ni + fi; was confirmed to be 1009 + 10 K. P-T equations over the Ni + fi; phase field (1020-1055 K) were deduced as log( p,_/Pa)
Abstract The nature and composition of the vapour over a two phase mixture of Fe (s) and FeTe 0.9... more Abstract The nature and composition of the vapour over a two phase mixture of Fe (s) and FeTe 0.9 (s) as well as over Te (s) were determined by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The partial pressuretemperature relationship of Te 2 (g), log p (Pa)=− 10759/T (K)+ 11.12, ...
Vaporization studies on elemental tellurium and selenium were conducted by Knudsen effusion mass ... more Vaporization studies on elemental tellurium and selenium were conducted by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry in the temperature range of 590-690 K and 380-480 K, respectively.
In this correspondence we consider the detection of a constant signal in noise with a large set o... more In this correspondence we consider the detection of a constant signal in noise with a large set of geographically dispersed sensors. The noise at the sensors are correlated Gaussian. Two correlation models are considered: one where the correlation coefficient between any two sensors decreases geometrically as the sensor separation increases, and the other where the correlation coefficient between any two sensors is a constant. For both correlation models, the asymptotic (as the number of sensors becomes large) performances of a distributed detection system and a central system are examined.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1999
We evaluate the performances of several distributed constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) tests operat... more We evaluate the performances of several distributed constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) tests operating in different background clutter conditions. The analysis considers the detection of Rayleigh target in various clutters with the possibility of differing clutter power levels in the test cells of distributed radars. Numerical results studied for a two-radar system show how the false-alarm rate of the maximum order statistic (MOS) test changes with differences in the clutter power levels of the test cells. The analysis for the detection of Rayleigh target in Rayleigh clutter indicates that, with the power levels of differing test cells, the OR fusion rule can be quite competitive with the new normalized test statistic (NTS). However, for the detection of Rayleigh target in Weibull or K-distributed clutter, the results show that NTS outperforms both the OR and the AND rules under the condition of large signal-to-clutter power ratio and moderate shape parameter values.
In this paper, we explore services and capabilities that can be enabled by the localization of va... more In this paper, we explore services and capabilities that can be enabled by the localization of various "assets" in a data center or IT environment. We also describe the underlying location estimation method and the protocol to enable localization. Finally, we present a management framework for these services and present a few case studies to assess benefits of location based services in data centers.
This paper analyses few schemes for combining base station antenna array signals in wireless DSKD... more This paper analyses few schemes for combining base station antenna array signals in wireless DSKDMA. The performances of equal gain combining (EGC), likelihood rank test (LRT) and a modified rank test (MRT) are evaluated using simulation studies. The results indicate that, under certain assumptions on multiple access interference statistics, the probability of error of MRT is lower than that of EGC, if a few high power interfering users are present along with a low power user of interest. If there are a moderately large number of users and if the received power of all the users are nearly the same, then EGC outperforms MRT. In fact, under this condition, the performance of EGC is close to that of the optimal likelihood ratio test.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to Pseudomonas spp. are being exploited com... more Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to Pseudomonas spp. are being exploited commercially for plant protection to induce systemic resistance against various pests and diseases. Mixtures of di!erent PGPR strains have resulted in increased e$cacy by inducing systemic resistance against several pathogens attacking the same crop. Seed-treatment with PGPR causes cell wall structural modi"cations and biochemical/physiological changes leading to the synthesis of proteins and chemicals involved in plant defense mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharides, siderophores and salicylic acid are the major determinants of PGPRmediated ISR. The performance of PGPR has been successful against certain pathogens, insect and nematode pests under "eld conditions.
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Papers by R. Viswanathan