This invention presents an NO.sub.x environment effective reduction apparatus comprising a sulfur... more This invention presents an NO.sub.x environment effective reduction apparatus comprising a sulfur tolerant coronal-catalyst such as high dielectric coronal-catalysts like glass wool, ceramic-glass wool or zirconium glass wool and method of use. In one embodiment the invention comprises an NO.sub.x reduction apparatus of sulfur tolerant coronal-catalyst adapted and configured for hypercritical presentation to an NO.sub.x bearing gas stream at a minimum of at least about 75 watts/cubic meter.
Gas-particle flows in fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds are inherently unstable, and ... more Gas-particle flows in fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds are inherently unstable, and they manifest fluctuations in velocities and local suspension density over a wide range of length and time scales. In riser flows, these fluctuations are associated with the random motion of the individual particles and with the chaotic motion of particle clusters. Coarse-grid simulations for industrial scale gas-particle flows will clearly not resolve the structures which exist on sub-grid length scales; however, these small-scale unresolved structures are known to affect the resolved flow characteristics. We pursue a filtered equations approach in which the influence of the small scale structures appears as residual correlations for which constitutive models should be constructed. In our present study, we examine the filter-width dependence of correlations in the filtered two-fluid model through three- dimensional (3-D) calculations and demonstrate that the filtered drag coefficient ex...
Dynamical tests have been applied to fiber optic data taken from a cold-flow circulating fluidize... more Dynamical tests have been applied to fiber optic data taken from a cold-flow circulating fluidized bed to characterize flow conditions, identify three characteristic scales (macro, meso, and micro), and understand the contribution these scales have on the raw data. The characteristic variable analyzed is the raw voltage signal obtained from a fiber-optic probe taken at various axial and radial positions under different loading conditions. These experiments were carried out with the bed material of cork particles with a medium particle size of 812μm. The characterization was accomplished through analysis of the distribution of the signal through the third and fourth moments of skewness and excess kurtosis. A generalization of the autocorrelation function known as the average mutual information function was analyzed by examining the function's first minimum, identifying the point at which successive elements are no longer correlated. Further characterization was accomplished through the correlation dimension, a measure of the complexity of the chaotic attractor in deterministic chaos theory. Lastly, the amount of disorder of the system is described by a Kolmogorov-type entropy estimate. All six aforementioned tests were also implemented on ten levels of detail coefficients resulting from a discrete wavelet transformation of the same signal as used above. Through this analysis it is possible to identify and describe micro (particle level), meso (clustering or turbulence level), and macro (physical or dimensional level) length scales even though some literature considers these scales inseparable as is discussed. This investigation also used detail wavelet coefficients in conjunction with ANOVA to show which scales have the most impact on the raw signal resulting from local hydrodynamic conditions.
This invention presents an NO.sub.x environment effective reduction apparatus comprising a sulfur... more This invention presents an NO.sub.x environment effective reduction apparatus comprising a sulfur tolerant coronal-catalyst such as high dielectric coronal-catalysts like glass wool, ceramic-glass wool or zirconium glass wool and method of use. In one embodiment the invention comprises an NO.sub.x reduction apparatus of sulfur tolerant coronal-catalyst adapted and configured for hypercritical presentation to an NO.sub.x bearing gas stream at a minimum of at least about 75 watts/cubic meter.
Gas-particle flows in fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds are inherently unstable, and ... more Gas-particle flows in fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds are inherently unstable, and they manifest fluctuations in velocities and local suspension density over a wide range of length and time scales. In riser flows, these fluctuations are associated with the random motion of the individual particles and with the chaotic motion of particle clusters. Coarse-grid simulations for industrial scale gas-particle flows will clearly not resolve the structures which exist on sub-grid length scales; however, these small-scale unresolved structures are known to affect the resolved flow characteristics. We pursue a filtered equations approach in which the influence of the small scale structures appears as residual correlations for which constitutive models should be constructed. In our present study, we examine the filter-width dependence of correlations in the filtered two-fluid model through three- dimensional (3-D) calculations and demonstrate that the filtered drag coefficient ex...
Dynamical tests have been applied to fiber optic data taken from a cold-flow circulating fluidize... more Dynamical tests have been applied to fiber optic data taken from a cold-flow circulating fluidized bed to characterize flow conditions, identify three characteristic scales (macro, meso, and micro), and understand the contribution these scales have on the raw data. The characteristic variable analyzed is the raw voltage signal obtained from a fiber-optic probe taken at various axial and radial positions under different loading conditions. These experiments were carried out with the bed material of cork particles with a medium particle size of 812μm. The characterization was accomplished through analysis of the distribution of the signal through the third and fourth moments of skewness and excess kurtosis. A generalization of the autocorrelation function known as the average mutual information function was analyzed by examining the function's first minimum, identifying the point at which successive elements are no longer correlated. Further characterization was accomplished through the correlation dimension, a measure of the complexity of the chaotic attractor in deterministic chaos theory. Lastly, the amount of disorder of the system is described by a Kolmogorov-type entropy estimate. All six aforementioned tests were also implemented on ten levels of detail coefficients resulting from a discrete wavelet transformation of the same signal as used above. Through this analysis it is possible to identify and describe micro (particle level), meso (clustering or turbulence level), and macro (physical or dimensional level) length scales even though some literature considers these scales inseparable as is discussed. This investigation also used detail wavelet coefficients in conjunction with ANOVA to show which scales have the most impact on the raw signal resulting from local hydrodynamic conditions.
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Papers by Ronald Breault