Edible gums are tears or flakes of dried sap (exudates) of many (mostly thorny) trees and shrubs ... more Edible gums are tears or flakes of dried sap (exudates) of many (mostly thorny) trees and shrubs either after natural or manmade injuries to wooden stem and branches. They are ionic, natural, complex polymers of glycopeptides containing several other compounds and mineral salts. Many of the gums are edible specifically those obtained from trees/ shrubs of Fabaceae family including Acacia, Sterculia, Astragalus, Balanites, Buchnania and Anogeissus species. Gums have been used since centuries for their nutritional, culinary and therapeutic properties in food, pharmacy and refining industries. In recent past gums have became very important starting material for green synthesis of nanomaterials including metallic (silver, copper, palladium etc.) nanoparticles and nanotubes due to their reductant and stabilizer activity. Their biogenic synthesis utility is mainly interesting due to their biodegradability, nontoxic, non-mutagenic nature, natural availability, higher resistance to microbia...
Clinical & Medical Biochemistry: Open Access, 2015
Study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species, isola... more Study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species, isolated from animals with different disease conditions, revealed that citronella oil inhibited growth of only 10.6% strains. CEO inhibited Candida but of no Aspergillus strain. CEO inhibited 22 of 211 bacterial strains. Ampicillin was the least effective antibiotic but inhibited 41.2% bacterial strains. Gram positive bacteria (GPBs) were 4.5 more sensitive (p, 0.0006) to CEO than Gram negative bacteria (GNBs). More GNB strains (p, 0.02) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) type than GPB strains. Probability of CEO resistant was high in MDR strains (p, 0.006). Most of the Brucella abortus strains had MDR (83.3%). Strains of swamp buffalo origin were more (p, 0.08) commonly CEO (96.6%) resistant than strains of dog (81.3%) origin. MDR was the maximum in abortion associated (51.2%) strains and minimum in diarrhoea associated strains (25%). The study indicated that CEO is not an effective antimicrobial against veterinary clinical isolates. Antimicrobial drug resistance and CEO resistance patterns of bacteria were dependent on type of pathogen, its source and association with disease in animals and may be important for deciding an effective antimicrobial therapy.
Background: Fungal infections are often difficult to cure in animals due to cost of treatment and... more Background: Fungal infections are often difficult to cure in animals due to cost of treatment and emerging antifungal drug resistance. Herbal antifungals may be an alternate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine antifungal drug sensitivity pattern and activity of herbal antimicrobials on fungal isolates from clinical cases in animals and their associated environment. This study was conducted on 69 isolates comprised of yeasts (49) and moulds (20) isolated from clinical cases of animal (26) and environmental (22) samples and one reference strain for determining antifungal efficacy of common antimycotic drugs (amphotericin B, miconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole, itraconazole, ketconazole and fluconazole) and herbal antimicrobials viz., ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) seed oil, betel (Piper betle) leaf oil, guggul (Commiphora mukul) oil, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, marjoram (Origanum majorana) essential oil, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark oil, holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) oil, citral, cinnamledehyde, carvacrol, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) oil, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil, methanolic extract of Eupatorium odoratum leaves, Methanolic extract of Ageratum conizoides, essential oil of Zanthoxyllum rhetsa seed carp, agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) oil, and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil amphotericin B (100 units), miconazole (10 µg), nystatin (100 units), clotrimazole (10 µg), itraconazole (10 µg), ketconazole (30 µg) and fluconazole (10 µg). Most of the yeast isolates except six from soil (2) and water (4) were sensitive to nystatin. Amphotericin B inhibited almost two third of the yeast isolates and miconazole was the most effective (75%) imidazoles followed by clotrimazole (38.8%), itraconazole (32.65%), fluconazole (18.4%) and ketoconazole (12.25%). Among herbals, thyme oil, carvacrol, cinnamon oil and cinnamaledehyde inhibited the growth of all the yeast isolates tested with MIC ranging from 0.001 mg to 1.2 mg mL -1 . The next most effective herbal was holy basil oil (95.2%) followed by ajowan oil (87.75%), citral (87.75%) and lemongrass oil (77.75%). Lemongrass oil was equally antimycotic both on yeasts and moulds. The study revealed the promising antimycotic activity of herbs and prevalent antimycotic drug resistance among clinically important fungi in animals. The fungi associated with animal clinical infections and their environment were often resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs but some of the herbals as cinnamon oil, thyme oil, ajowan oil and lemongrass oil as well as their active components have shown potential antifungal activity and hope for the future drug development.
Background and Objectives: Multiple-Drug-Resistance (MDR) among bacteria is an imminent problem a... more Background and Objectives: Multiple-Drug-Resistance (MDR) among bacteria is an imminent problem and alternative therapies are seen as a future abode. Agarwood Oil (AO) is described to possess antimicrobial activity besides many other medicinal utilities. This paper discusses the antimicrobial activity of AO on MDR and non-MDR strains of microbes of 69 genera isolated from clinical and non-clinical samples. Methods and Results: In this study sensitivity of microbes was determined for conventional antimicrobials and AO using disc diffusion assay followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar well dilution assay. A total of 18.5% (522) strains were found sensitive to AO. Carbapenem resistant bacterial strains were more often (p, ≤0.01) resistant to antibiotics with 4.2 times more odds (99% CI, 2.99-5.90) of being MDR than carbapenem sensitive strains but no difference in their AO sensitivity was observed. However, MDR strains were more often (p, <0.00...
Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 2015
Gallibacterium anatis though known since long as opportunistic pathogen of intensively reared pou... more Gallibacterium anatis though known since long as opportunistic pathogen of intensively reared poultry birds has emerged in last few years as multiple drug resistance pathogen causing heavy mortality outbreaks not only in poultry birds but also in other domiciled or domestic birds. Due to its fastidious nature, commensal status and with no pathgnomonic lesions in diseased birds G. anatis infection often remains obscure for diagnosis. Poor understanding of its epidemiology, virulence factors and pathogenesis work on development of effective vaccine obscured its importance; however, it is difficult to get rid of G. anatis infection on affected poultry farms. The present review summarises the current knowledge on G. anatis and its infections.
Eupatorium odoratum is an invasive weed in most parts of the world. Though toxic to human and ani... more Eupatorium odoratum is an invasive weed in most parts of the world. Though toxic to human and animals its leaf juice has been indicated for application on fresh wounds. In the study Eupatorium odoratum methanolic extract (EOME) and crushed leaf extract (EOE) from fresh leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against 893 strains belonging to more than 140 species of 40 genera. The EOME inhibited 31.9% and EOE inhibited only 5.36% strains. There was no significant ( p >0.05) correlation ( r, -0.02) between antimicrobial activity of EOE and EOME. Instead, strong ( p , 0.01) positive correlation ( r, 0.245) was evident between sensitivity of strains to EOME and tetracycline. More of the Bacillus, Brucella and Burhkolderia spp.strains were sensitive to EOME than strains of other bacteria. Pasteurellamultocida type B ( p, 0.01) and Salmonellaindica ( p, 0.009) strains were more frequently sensitive to EOME than strains of other species of the respective genera. Among bacterial strains of different origin sensitivity to EOME ranged from 12.5% to 50.4%. Bacteria of food (Axone) origin (50.4%) were more frequently sensitive to EOME than reference strains ( p, 0.002) and strains of pig ( p <0.001), cattle ( p, 0.001), human ( p, 0.009), horse ( p, 0.049), wall lizard ( p <0.001), environment ( p, 0.007) and zoo animal ( p< 0.001) origin. There was no difference in sensitivity to EOME in strains isolated from biotic and abiotic environment ( p, 0.11) irrespective of their G+ve ( p, 0.16) or G-ve ( p, 0.42) trait. Significantly more ( p, 0.046) number of bacteria of environmental origin were sensitive to EOME than those isolated from animal sources. Of the 287 G+ve and 579 G-ve bacterial strains tested, G+ve bacteria were more frequently ( p <0.001) sensitive (87.5%) to tetracycline than G-ve bacterial (69.61) strains. Source of G+ bacteria had no significant ( p, 0.4) bearing on their sensitivity to tetracycline (TetS). However, G-ve bacteria isolated from Axone were more commonly TetS type than strains of environmental (0.003) and animal origin ( p, 0.024) especially those associated with illness ( p, 0.036) and mortality ( p, 0.008). The study concluded that crushed leaf extract of E. odoratum (EOE) though effective on many of the bacteria associated with wound infection, was less effective antimicrobial than methanolic extract of the herb (EOME). There was good correlation between sensitivity of bacterial strains to tetracycline and EOME. Markedly good antibacterial activity of EOME on some of the important pathogens of animals including Brucella, Pasteurella and Burkholderia spp. indicated that the herb may be a potential source of useful antimicrobial component(s).
Abstract Objective To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sala... more Abstract Objective To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Salacia chinensis (S. chinensis) Linn. against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MTCC 96), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (MTCC 435), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) (MTCC 121), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (MTCC 443), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (MTCC 432), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (MTCC 1429), Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) (MTCC 735), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (MTCC 98), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) (MTCC 1457) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (MTCC 424), Candida albicans (C. albicans) (MTCC 183) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans ) (clinical isolate) were originally obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods against pathogens by using crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Results Ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (33.20 mm), C. albicans (30.40 mm) and C. neoformans (18.20 mm) mean values were documented. Aqueous extract of leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against C. neoformans (19.8 mm) and S. epidermidis (17.80 mm) were observed. Based on broth dilution method, the ethanolic extract of crude plant material showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against S. epidermidis, C. neoformans (256 μg/mL) and C. albicans (512 μg/mL), whereas the aqueous extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis (512 μg/mL) and C. neoformans (1024 μg/mL) were observed. Conclusions The present result revealed that ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. possesses significant antifungal activity when compared as the antibacterial activities.
2020 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP)
With the rapid increase in communication, correspondence and intuiting abilities of mobile device... more With the rapid increase in communication, correspondence and intuiting abilities of mobile devices, applications in such devices are getting highly diversified. Wireless mobile devices have various constraints like size, battery, and computational capabilities. As a solution to such restrictions technologies like mobile edge computing (MEC) came into existence. Computation offloading is a major attribute of mobile edge computing. Offloading of computationally exhaustive applications from mobile devices to the edge servers improves the battery life of mobile devices and enhances the functioning of applications. This paper introduces the existing computation offloading techniques. Secondly, comparing the performance of these techniques based on certain paradigms like power consumption and delay minimization. Thirdly, reviews some well-known simulator tools for the evaluation of new computation offloading approaches. Finally, highlights the issues faced and future work that is required to be accomplished to utilize the features of offloading in MEC in the best possible way.
2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), 2020
Wireless communications are constantly evolving to facilitate better access to information for th... more Wireless communications are constantly evolving to facilitate better access to information for the improvement of business, education, and technology around the world. Hence to overcome the lack of spectrum new bands like millimeter wave (mmWave) bands are needed to be utilized. The mmWave bands offer a huge spectrum due to which substantial attention is being given to exploit this frequency range for deploying 5G cellular systems. 5G wireless technology is expected to deliver multi-Gbps data rates, vast network capacity, low latency, and more reliability. Despite the provision of the spectrum, the new mmWave bands are prone to blockages and obstacles. Hence, these bands must be deployed with the help of an architecture that can overcome this drawback and can prevent any disruption of service in case of blockage. This paper implements a non-standalone (NSA) architecture using modified dual connectivity of user equipment (UE) to Long Term Evolution (LTE) module and mmWave module of ns-3 for more robust deployment of 5G New Radio (NR) network. It also includes a detailed discussion upon the design and functioning of 5G NR in NSA mode with the help of a simulation setup. Finally, the performance of the 5G network in standalone (SA) and non-standalone modes are compared both graphically and numerically based on the throughput measurements.
COVID-19 commonly known as Coronavirus is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. This pandemic can be pr... more COVID-19 commonly known as Coronavirus is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. This pandemic can be prevented by wearing a face mask after taking the vaccines that have arrived in the market, A vast trial led by researchers at Yale University and Stanford Medicine came up with the conclusion that if a person’s mouth and nose is covered by a face mask they would have a lesser chance of getting infected by COVID-19. To contribute towards global health, this project aims to develop an alert system for face mask detection in public places. Our system tries to achieve this using Keras, TensorFlow, MobileNet, OpenCV, PyTorch, and R-CNN. The proposed work also does Facial landmark detection which can be further extended in the future with face mask detection for applied in Biometric applications. This paper is aimed towards creating a real-time and highly precise technique which efficiently identifies faces that are masked, unmasked, and incorrectly masked and alerts in the case of anomalies to...
Carbapenems are beta (β)-lactam antibiotics active against wide range of bacteria. Carbapenem res... more Carbapenems are beta (β)-lactam antibiotics active against wide range of bacteria. Carbapenem resistance may be outcome of efflux pump activation, alteration in protein binding proteins, production of carbapenemases which degrade carbapenems. There are number of bacteria producing different types of carbapenemases like NDM (Enterobacteriaceae), IMP (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), IMI (Enterobacter cloacae), KPC (Klebsiella pneumonia), OXA-23, OXA-24/40, OXA-58-type (Acinetobacter baumannii), VIM (Acinetobacter baumannii) etc. Carbapenem resistance is emerging throughout the world due to interspecies transfer of genetic elements carrying genes for carbapenemase production. It is very difficult to control spread of resistant strains because of the continuous threshold of selection present in forms of presence of carbapenems in environment created through wide spread clinical use. To control infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria there are limited options available for treatment. Many a time carbapenem resistant bacteria show pan-resistance and such bacterial infection become life-threatening and cannot be treated with available last resort antibiotics like polymin B, tigecyclin and colistin. Infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria can be controlled using two or more antibiotics or antibiotic+ herbal drug combination or herbal drugs like (carvacrol, cinnamon, holy-basil oil, lemon grass oil) etc. The herbal drugs may be used as first line of treatment against carbapenem resistant bacteria instead of antibiotics. But, how? It is still not very lucid. Besides it, probiotics and homeopathic therapy has also been recommended with no sufficient data to establish their efficacy.
Edible gums are tears or flakes of dried sap (exudates) of many (mostly thorny) trees and shrubs ... more Edible gums are tears or flakes of dried sap (exudates) of many (mostly thorny) trees and shrubs either after natural or manmade injuries to wooden stem and branches. They are ionic, natural, complex polymers of glycopeptides containing several other compounds and mineral salts. Many of the gums are edible specifically those obtained from trees/ shrubs of Fabaceae family including Acacia, Sterculia, Astragalus, Balanites, Buchnania and Anogeissus species. Gums have been used since centuries for their nutritional, culinary and therapeutic properties in food, pharmacy and refining industries. In recent past gums have became very important starting material for green synthesis of nanomaterials including metallic (silver, copper, palladium etc.) nanoparticles and nanotubes due to their reductant and stabilizer activity. Their biogenic synthesis utility is mainly interesting due to their biodegradability, nontoxic, non-mutagenic nature, natural availability, higher resistance to microbia...
Clinical & Medical Biochemistry: Open Access, 2015
Study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species, isola... more Study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species, isolated from animals with different disease conditions, revealed that citronella oil inhibited growth of only 10.6% strains. CEO inhibited Candida but of no Aspergillus strain. CEO inhibited 22 of 211 bacterial strains. Ampicillin was the least effective antibiotic but inhibited 41.2% bacterial strains. Gram positive bacteria (GPBs) were 4.5 more sensitive (p, 0.0006) to CEO than Gram negative bacteria (GNBs). More GNB strains (p, 0.02) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) type than GPB strains. Probability of CEO resistant was high in MDR strains (p, 0.006). Most of the Brucella abortus strains had MDR (83.3%). Strains of swamp buffalo origin were more (p, 0.08) commonly CEO (96.6%) resistant than strains of dog (81.3%) origin. MDR was the maximum in abortion associated (51.2%) strains and minimum in diarrhoea associated strains (25%). The study indicated that CEO is not an effective antimicrobial against veterinary clinical isolates. Antimicrobial drug resistance and CEO resistance patterns of bacteria were dependent on type of pathogen, its source and association with disease in animals and may be important for deciding an effective antimicrobial therapy.
Background: Fungal infections are often difficult to cure in animals due to cost of treatment and... more Background: Fungal infections are often difficult to cure in animals due to cost of treatment and emerging antifungal drug resistance. Herbal antifungals may be an alternate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine antifungal drug sensitivity pattern and activity of herbal antimicrobials on fungal isolates from clinical cases in animals and their associated environment. This study was conducted on 69 isolates comprised of yeasts (49) and moulds (20) isolated from clinical cases of animal (26) and environmental (22) samples and one reference strain for determining antifungal efficacy of common antimycotic drugs (amphotericin B, miconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole, itraconazole, ketconazole and fluconazole) and herbal antimicrobials viz., ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) seed oil, betel (Piper betle) leaf oil, guggul (Commiphora mukul) oil, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, marjoram (Origanum majorana) essential oil, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark oil, holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) oil, citral, cinnamledehyde, carvacrol, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) oil, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil, methanolic extract of Eupatorium odoratum leaves, Methanolic extract of Ageratum conizoides, essential oil of Zanthoxyllum rhetsa seed carp, agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) oil, and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil amphotericin B (100 units), miconazole (10 µg), nystatin (100 units), clotrimazole (10 µg), itraconazole (10 µg), ketconazole (30 µg) and fluconazole (10 µg). Most of the yeast isolates except six from soil (2) and water (4) were sensitive to nystatin. Amphotericin B inhibited almost two third of the yeast isolates and miconazole was the most effective (75%) imidazoles followed by clotrimazole (38.8%), itraconazole (32.65%), fluconazole (18.4%) and ketoconazole (12.25%). Among herbals, thyme oil, carvacrol, cinnamon oil and cinnamaledehyde inhibited the growth of all the yeast isolates tested with MIC ranging from 0.001 mg to 1.2 mg mL -1 . The next most effective herbal was holy basil oil (95.2%) followed by ajowan oil (87.75%), citral (87.75%) and lemongrass oil (77.75%). Lemongrass oil was equally antimycotic both on yeasts and moulds. The study revealed the promising antimycotic activity of herbs and prevalent antimycotic drug resistance among clinically important fungi in animals. The fungi associated with animal clinical infections and their environment were often resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs but some of the herbals as cinnamon oil, thyme oil, ajowan oil and lemongrass oil as well as their active components have shown potential antifungal activity and hope for the future drug development.
Background and Objectives: Multiple-Drug-Resistance (MDR) among bacteria is an imminent problem a... more Background and Objectives: Multiple-Drug-Resistance (MDR) among bacteria is an imminent problem and alternative therapies are seen as a future abode. Agarwood Oil (AO) is described to possess antimicrobial activity besides many other medicinal utilities. This paper discusses the antimicrobial activity of AO on MDR and non-MDR strains of microbes of 69 genera isolated from clinical and non-clinical samples. Methods and Results: In this study sensitivity of microbes was determined for conventional antimicrobials and AO using disc diffusion assay followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar well dilution assay. A total of 18.5% (522) strains were found sensitive to AO. Carbapenem resistant bacterial strains were more often (p, ≤0.01) resistant to antibiotics with 4.2 times more odds (99% CI, 2.99-5.90) of being MDR than carbapenem sensitive strains but no difference in their AO sensitivity was observed. However, MDR strains were more often (p, <0.00...
Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 2015
Gallibacterium anatis though known since long as opportunistic pathogen of intensively reared pou... more Gallibacterium anatis though known since long as opportunistic pathogen of intensively reared poultry birds has emerged in last few years as multiple drug resistance pathogen causing heavy mortality outbreaks not only in poultry birds but also in other domiciled or domestic birds. Due to its fastidious nature, commensal status and with no pathgnomonic lesions in diseased birds G. anatis infection often remains obscure for diagnosis. Poor understanding of its epidemiology, virulence factors and pathogenesis work on development of effective vaccine obscured its importance; however, it is difficult to get rid of G. anatis infection on affected poultry farms. The present review summarises the current knowledge on G. anatis and its infections.
Eupatorium odoratum is an invasive weed in most parts of the world. Though toxic to human and ani... more Eupatorium odoratum is an invasive weed in most parts of the world. Though toxic to human and animals its leaf juice has been indicated for application on fresh wounds. In the study Eupatorium odoratum methanolic extract (EOME) and crushed leaf extract (EOE) from fresh leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity against 893 strains belonging to more than 140 species of 40 genera. The EOME inhibited 31.9% and EOE inhibited only 5.36% strains. There was no significant ( p >0.05) correlation ( r, -0.02) between antimicrobial activity of EOE and EOME. Instead, strong ( p , 0.01) positive correlation ( r, 0.245) was evident between sensitivity of strains to EOME and tetracycline. More of the Bacillus, Brucella and Burhkolderia spp.strains were sensitive to EOME than strains of other bacteria. Pasteurellamultocida type B ( p, 0.01) and Salmonellaindica ( p, 0.009) strains were more frequently sensitive to EOME than strains of other species of the respective genera. Among bacterial strains of different origin sensitivity to EOME ranged from 12.5% to 50.4%. Bacteria of food (Axone) origin (50.4%) were more frequently sensitive to EOME than reference strains ( p, 0.002) and strains of pig ( p <0.001), cattle ( p, 0.001), human ( p, 0.009), horse ( p, 0.049), wall lizard ( p <0.001), environment ( p, 0.007) and zoo animal ( p< 0.001) origin. There was no difference in sensitivity to EOME in strains isolated from biotic and abiotic environment ( p, 0.11) irrespective of their G+ve ( p, 0.16) or G-ve ( p, 0.42) trait. Significantly more ( p, 0.046) number of bacteria of environmental origin were sensitive to EOME than those isolated from animal sources. Of the 287 G+ve and 579 G-ve bacterial strains tested, G+ve bacteria were more frequently ( p <0.001) sensitive (87.5%) to tetracycline than G-ve bacterial (69.61) strains. Source of G+ bacteria had no significant ( p, 0.4) bearing on their sensitivity to tetracycline (TetS). However, G-ve bacteria isolated from Axone were more commonly TetS type than strains of environmental (0.003) and animal origin ( p, 0.024) especially those associated with illness ( p, 0.036) and mortality ( p, 0.008). The study concluded that crushed leaf extract of E. odoratum (EOE) though effective on many of the bacteria associated with wound infection, was less effective antimicrobial than methanolic extract of the herb (EOME). There was good correlation between sensitivity of bacterial strains to tetracycline and EOME. Markedly good antibacterial activity of EOME on some of the important pathogens of animals including Brucella, Pasteurella and Burkholderia spp. indicated that the herb may be a potential source of useful antimicrobial component(s).
Abstract Objective To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sala... more Abstract Objective To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Salacia chinensis (S. chinensis) Linn. against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MTCC 96), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (MTCC 435), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) (MTCC 121), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (MTCC 443), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (MTCC 432), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (MTCC 1429), Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) (MTCC 735), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (MTCC 98), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) (MTCC 1457) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (MTCC 424), Candida albicans (C. albicans) (MTCC 183) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans ) (clinical isolate) were originally obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods against pathogens by using crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Results Ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (33.20 mm), C. albicans (30.40 mm) and C. neoformans (18.20 mm) mean values were documented. Aqueous extract of leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against C. neoformans (19.8 mm) and S. epidermidis (17.80 mm) were observed. Based on broth dilution method, the ethanolic extract of crude plant material showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against S. epidermidis, C. neoformans (256 μg/mL) and C. albicans (512 μg/mL), whereas the aqueous extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis (512 μg/mL) and C. neoformans (1024 μg/mL) were observed. Conclusions The present result revealed that ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. possesses significant antifungal activity when compared as the antibacterial activities.
2020 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP)
With the rapid increase in communication, correspondence and intuiting abilities of mobile device... more With the rapid increase in communication, correspondence and intuiting abilities of mobile devices, applications in such devices are getting highly diversified. Wireless mobile devices have various constraints like size, battery, and computational capabilities. As a solution to such restrictions technologies like mobile edge computing (MEC) came into existence. Computation offloading is a major attribute of mobile edge computing. Offloading of computationally exhaustive applications from mobile devices to the edge servers improves the battery life of mobile devices and enhances the functioning of applications. This paper introduces the existing computation offloading techniques. Secondly, comparing the performance of these techniques based on certain paradigms like power consumption and delay minimization. Thirdly, reviews some well-known simulator tools for the evaluation of new computation offloading approaches. Finally, highlights the issues faced and future work that is required to be accomplished to utilize the features of offloading in MEC in the best possible way.
2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), 2020
Wireless communications are constantly evolving to facilitate better access to information for th... more Wireless communications are constantly evolving to facilitate better access to information for the improvement of business, education, and technology around the world. Hence to overcome the lack of spectrum new bands like millimeter wave (mmWave) bands are needed to be utilized. The mmWave bands offer a huge spectrum due to which substantial attention is being given to exploit this frequency range for deploying 5G cellular systems. 5G wireless technology is expected to deliver multi-Gbps data rates, vast network capacity, low latency, and more reliability. Despite the provision of the spectrum, the new mmWave bands are prone to blockages and obstacles. Hence, these bands must be deployed with the help of an architecture that can overcome this drawback and can prevent any disruption of service in case of blockage. This paper implements a non-standalone (NSA) architecture using modified dual connectivity of user equipment (UE) to Long Term Evolution (LTE) module and mmWave module of ns-3 for more robust deployment of 5G New Radio (NR) network. It also includes a detailed discussion upon the design and functioning of 5G NR in NSA mode with the help of a simulation setup. Finally, the performance of the 5G network in standalone (SA) and non-standalone modes are compared both graphically and numerically based on the throughput measurements.
COVID-19 commonly known as Coronavirus is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. This pandemic can be pr... more COVID-19 commonly known as Coronavirus is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. This pandemic can be prevented by wearing a face mask after taking the vaccines that have arrived in the market, A vast trial led by researchers at Yale University and Stanford Medicine came up with the conclusion that if a person’s mouth and nose is covered by a face mask they would have a lesser chance of getting infected by COVID-19. To contribute towards global health, this project aims to develop an alert system for face mask detection in public places. Our system tries to achieve this using Keras, TensorFlow, MobileNet, OpenCV, PyTorch, and R-CNN. The proposed work also does Facial landmark detection which can be further extended in the future with face mask detection for applied in Biometric applications. This paper is aimed towards creating a real-time and highly precise technique which efficiently identifies faces that are masked, unmasked, and incorrectly masked and alerts in the case of anomalies to...
Carbapenems are beta (β)-lactam antibiotics active against wide range of bacteria. Carbapenem res... more Carbapenems are beta (β)-lactam antibiotics active against wide range of bacteria. Carbapenem resistance may be outcome of efflux pump activation, alteration in protein binding proteins, production of carbapenemases which degrade carbapenems. There are number of bacteria producing different types of carbapenemases like NDM (Enterobacteriaceae), IMP (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), IMI (Enterobacter cloacae), KPC (Klebsiella pneumonia), OXA-23, OXA-24/40, OXA-58-type (Acinetobacter baumannii), VIM (Acinetobacter baumannii) etc. Carbapenem resistance is emerging throughout the world due to interspecies transfer of genetic elements carrying genes for carbapenemase production. It is very difficult to control spread of resistant strains because of the continuous threshold of selection present in forms of presence of carbapenems in environment created through wide spread clinical use. To control infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria there are limited options available for treatment. Many a time carbapenem resistant bacteria show pan-resistance and such bacterial infection become life-threatening and cannot be treated with available last resort antibiotics like polymin B, tigecyclin and colistin. Infection of carbapenem resistant bacteria can be controlled using two or more antibiotics or antibiotic+ herbal drug combination or herbal drugs like (carvacrol, cinnamon, holy-basil oil, lemon grass oil) etc. The herbal drugs may be used as first line of treatment against carbapenem resistant bacteria instead of antibiotics. But, how? It is still not very lucid. Besides it, probiotics and homeopathic therapy has also been recommended with no sufficient data to establish their efficacy.
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