Papers by Cindy Schaeffer
Issues in Clinical Child Psychology, 2002
Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2014
Juvenile offenders with substance use problems are at high risk for deleterious long-term outcome... more Juvenile offenders with substance use problems are at high risk for deleterious long-term outcomes. This study evaluated the capacity of a promising vocational and employment training program in the building sector (i.e., Community Restitution Apprenticeship-Focused Training, CRAFT) to mitigate such outcomes through enhanced employment and education. Participants were 97 high-risk juvenile offenders (mean age=15.8 years) randomized to CRAFT versus education as usual (EAU) intervention conditions. Multi-method procedures measured employment, education, substance use, mental health, and criminal outcomes through a 30-month post-baseline follow-up. CRAFT was significantly more effective than EAU at increasing rates of youth employment and GED attendance. Intervention effects were not observed, however, for months employed, hours worked, or hourly wage. Measures of youth substance use, mental health symptoms, and criminal activity showed no favorable or iatrogenic effects. The potential...
Clinical Handbook of Assessing and Treating Conduct Problems in Youth, 2010
Multisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland, &amp... more Multisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland, & Cunningham, 1998, 2009) is a comprehensive family- and community-based treatment for youth with serious conduct problems who are at imminent risk of out-of-home placement (e.g., detention, incarceration, residential treatment). The effectiveness of MST has been established with chronic and violent juvenile delinquents and substance abusing youth. Adapted versions of the MST model
The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 2013
The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1999
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2009
j Abstract This study modeled children's trajectories of teacher rated aggressive-disruptive beha... more j Abstract This study modeled children's trajectories of teacher rated aggressive-disruptive behavior problems assessed at six time points between the ages of 6 and 11 and explored the likelihood of being exposed to DSM-IV qualifying traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 837 urban first graders (71% African American) followed-up for 15 years. Childhood trajectories of chronic high or increasing aggressive-disruptive behavior distinguished males more likely to be exposed to an assaultive violence event as compared to males with a constant course of low behavior problems (OR chronic high = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3, 6.1 and OR increasing = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.3, 9.1, respectively). Among females, exposure to traumatic events and vulnerability to PTSD did not vary by behavioral trajectory. The findings illustrate that repeated assessments of disruptive classroom behavior during early school years identifies more fully males at increased risk for PTSD-level traumatic events, than a single measure at school entry does.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2005
The Center for School Mental Health Assistance at the University of Maryland recently completed a... more The Center for School Mental Health Assistance at the University of Maryland recently completed a review of evidence-based prevention and treatment programs that can be used by school men-tal health clinicians. Based on the review, a school-based program operating in 22 ...
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2010
Transactional theories of development suggest that displaying high levels of antisocial behavior ... more Transactional theories of development suggest that displaying high levels of antisocial behavior early in life and persistently over time causes disruption in multiple life domains, which in turn places individuals at risk for negative life outcomes. We used longitudinal data from 1,137 primarily African American urban youth (49.1% female) to determine whether different trajectories of aggressive and disruptive behavior problems were associated with a range of negative life outcomes in young adulthood. General growth mixture modeling was used to classify the youths' patterns of aggressive-disruptive behavior across elementary school. These trajectories were then used to predict early sexual activity, early pregnancy, school dropout, unemployment, and drug abuse in young adulthood. The trajectories predicted the number but not type of negative life outcomes experienced. Girls with the chronic high aggression-disruption (CHAD) pattern experienced more negative outcomes than girls with consistently moderate levels, who were at greater risk than nonaggressive-nondisruptive girls. Boys with CHAD and boys with an increasing pattern had equal levels of risk for experiencing negative outcomes. The findings are consistent with transactional models of development and have implications for preventive interventions.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
To evaluate the utility of a teacher-rating instrument (Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptati... more To evaluate the utility of a teacher-rating instrument (Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised [TOCA-R]) of aggressive behavior during elementary school years in identifying girls at risk of later criminal court violence. A community epidemiological sample of 845 urban public school girls was rated at six time points during elementary school regarding their level of aggressive/disruptive behavior (75% of whom were African American). Criminal violence was measured using juvenile court records. Logistic regression was used to study the strength of the association between early indicators of aggressive behavior and adolescent females' violent outcomes. An extension of the traditional receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to study the accuracy of identifying girls at risk of violence under three different screening and intervention scenarios. For girls, teacher ratings of aggression were a strong and consistent predictor of later violence across grades 1-5 and were strongest in fifth grade. Three screening scenarios were compared to determine the optimal identification threshold. The screening scenario with a focus on minimizing false negatives yielded the highest value (kappa = 0.803). This study supports other studies indicating that early levels of aggressive behavior are strong and robust predictors of later violence among girls but are of limited utility in the early identification of girls at risk, especially when the focus is on reducing both false positives and negatives.
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2010
Using data from a recent randomized clinical trial involving juvenile drug court (JDC), youth mar... more Using data from a recent randomized clinical trial involving juvenile drug court (JDC), youth marijuana use trajectories and the predictors of treatment nonresponse were examined. Participants were 118 juvenile offenders meeting diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders assigned to JDC and their families. Urine drug screen results were gathered from weekly court visits for 6 months, and youth reported their marijuana use over 12 months. Semiparametric mixture modeling jointly estimated and classified trajectories of both marijuana use indices. Youth were classified into responder versus nonresponder trajectory groups based on both outcomes. Regression analyses examined pretreatment individual, family, and extrafamilial predictors of nonresponse. Results indicated that youth whose caregivers reported illegal drug use pretreatment were almost 10 times as likely to be classified into the nonresponder trajectory group. No other variable significantly distinguished drug use trajectory groups. Findings have implications for the design of interventions to improve JDC outcomes.
Journal of Health Psychology, 1997
We investigated maternal methods of enforcing helmet usage in children. Although the American Aca... more We investigated maternal methods of enforcing helmet usage in children. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recently called for stronger parenting strategies to increase bicycle-helmet use, there has been virtually no study of typical parenting strategies to influence children to wear their helmets. In the present study, mothers of second- and eighth-grade children responded to 12 vignettes portraying typical excuses children give for not wearing a helmet. Even after continued child refusal, mothers reported they would try to persuade, discuss or command their child to wear the helmet, more often than they would use consequences. Initially, there were no age or gender effects, but as the vignettes portrayed the child protesting, mothers of second-grade girls suggested the use of consequences more often than mothers of eighth-graders. The reverse was true for mothers of second-grade boys, although these differences typically did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the data support the American Academy of Pediatrics' suggestion for more effective parenting strategies, especially for children at highest risk for bicycle injury.
Journal of Family Violence, 2005
The present study examines the predictors of child abuse potential for at-risk fathers and mother... more The present study examines the predictors of child abuse potential for at-risk fathers and mothers serving as active duty Army members and their spouses. Although fathers are perpetrators of child physical abuse and neglect in a substantial portion of reported cases, ...
Journal of Family Psychology, 2010
Journal of Family Psychology, 1994
Data on abuse characteristics and family variables from 81 female adult incest survivors were sub... more Data on abuse characteristics and family variables from 81 female adult incest survivors were subject to cluster analysis. Three clusters emerged: (a) women with the least severe abuse (as measured by type, duration, onset age, coercion, and number of perpetrators), with no severe physical family violence and the least family pathology with respect to cohesion, control, and conflict; (b) women
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2006
Multiple group analysis and general growth mixture modeling was used to determine whether aggress... more Multiple group analysis and general growth mixture modeling was used to determine whether aggressive-disruptive behavior trajectories during elementary school, and their association with young adulthood antisocial outcomes, vary by gender. Participants were assessed longitudinally beginning at age 6 as part of an evaluation of 2 school-based preventive programs. Two analogous trajectories were found for girls and boys: chronic high aggression-disruption (CHAD) and stable low aggressiondisruption (LAD). A 3rd class of low moderate aggression-disruption (LMAD) for girls and increasing aggression-disruption (IAD) for boys also was found. Girls and boys in analogous CHAD classes did not differ in trajectory level and course, but girls in the CHAD and LAD classes had lower rates of antisocial outcomes than boys. Girls with the LMAD trajectory differed from boys with the IAD trajectory.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2009
A randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) versus usual co... more A randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) versus usual community services (UCS) for 48 juvenile sexual offenders at high risk of committing additional serious crimes. Results from multiagent assessment batteries conducted before and after treatment showed that MST was more effective than UCS in improving key family, peer, and academic correlates of juvenile sexual offending and in ameliorating adjustment problems in individual family members. Moreover, results from an 8.9-year follow-up of rearrest and incarceration data (obtained when participants were on average 22.9 years of age) showed that MST participants had lower recidivism rates than did UCS participants for sexual (8% vs. 46%, respectively) and nonsexual (29% vs. 58%, respectively) crimes. In addition, MST participants had 70% fewer arrests for all crimes and spent 80% fewer days confined in detention facilities than did their counterparts who received UCS. The clinical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2005
In this study, the authors examined the long-term criminal activity of 176 youths who had partici... more In this study, the authors examined the long-term criminal activity of 176 youths who had participated in either multisystemic therapy (MST) or individual therapy (IT) in a randomized clinical trial (C. M. Borduin et al., 1995). Arrest and incarceration data were obtained on average 13.7 (range = 10.2-15.9) years later when participants were on average 28.8 years old. Results show that MST participants had significantly lower recidivism rates at follow-up than did their counterparts who participated in IT (50% vs. 81%, respectively). Moreover, MST participants had 54% fewer arrests and 57% fewer days of confinement in adult detention facilities. This investigation represents the longest follow-up to date of a MST clinical trial and suggests that MST is relatively effective in reducing criminal activity among serious and violent juvenile offenders.
Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008
This article describes three community-based research projects that are designed to enhance the e... more This article describes three community-based research projects that are designed to enhance the effectiveness of real-world adolescent substance abuse treatment and prevention, and presents preliminary study results from each. The first project is examining statewide public sector practitioner interest in and implementation of contingency management in treating adolescent substance abuse. The second project is integrating the Community Reinforcement Approach for
Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 2002
Uploads
Papers by Cindy Schaeffer