Sulfate and selenate compete for active transport across cell membranes via a common permease, su... more Sulfate and selenate compete for active transport across cell membranes via a common permease, suggesting that a significant interaction may exist between uptake of the two ions. The effect of sulfate on selenate uptake and toxicity in Selenastrum capricornutum was investigated using two sulfate levels (3.3 and 33 mg/L S, as SO4) and two selenate levels (10 and 100 txg/L Se, as SeO4). This provided four treatments: one with S:Se molar ratio of 75, two with molar ratios of 750, and one with a molar ratio of 7,500. Selenium uptake and toxicity analyses demonstrated antagonism between the two anions. Increasing sulfate resulted in significantly reduced selenate uptake and increased algal growth. There was a significant difference in selenate uptake between the two treatments with the same S:Se molar ratio suggesting different relative permease affinities for each of the ions at different substrate levels (i.e., above and below permease saturation levels) and/or the presence of two different permease systems. The environmental significance of sulfate and selenate antagonism is discussed.
... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days ... more ... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days 2,5, and 7 of the 10 d bioassay, the food was ... tive impairment at waterborne selenium levels too low to result in direct toxicity to the adult organisms (Cumbie and VanHorn 1978; Lemly ...
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1995
Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from the San Luis Drain (SLD), a major conveyance system fo... more Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from the San Luis Drain (SLD), a major conveyance system for seleniferous agricultural subsurface (tile) drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley, California, experienced lower reproductive success than did mosquitofish from a nearby reference area (Pond 26 at the Volta Wildlife Area, VOLTA) that had no history of receiving tile drainage. At birth, mean survival of SLD fry was 70% in 1984 and 77% in 1985, whereas mean survival of VOLTA fry was greater than 99% in 1984 and 97% in 1985. Measurements of total length (TL) of offspring born to SLD females in 1985 showed that stillborn fry (mean TL, 7.5 mm) were significantly shorter than live fry (mean TL, 9.4 mm). In addition, most stillborn fry were at earlier stages of development (contained prominent yolk sacs or occasionally resembled eyed embryos) than most live fry (yolk sacs were fully resorbed). In comparison, stillborn and live fry born to VOLTA females did not differ significantly in TL (mean for stillborn fry, 7.1 mm; mean for live fry, 7.5 mm), and nearly all fry had resorbed their yolk sacs. Mosquitofish from the SLD contained over 100 |Ag/g (whole-body concentration in dry weight) of selenium, whereas those from VOLTA averaged 1.5 jxg/g. Although experiments are still needed to establish cause and effect, the high incidence of abnormal births of mosquitofish from the SLD is seemingly a response to selenium toxicity.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of integrating a traditional sediment qu... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of integrating a traditional sediment quality triad approach with selected sublethal chronic indicators in resident species in assessing sediment quality in four salt marshes in northern California, USA. These included the highly contaminated (Stege Marsh) and relatively clean (China Camp) marshes in San Francisco Bay and two reference marshes in Tomales Bay. Toxicity potential of contaminants and benthic macroinvertebrate survey showed significant differences between contaminated and reference marshes. Sublethal responses (e.g., apoptotic DNA fragmentation, lipid accumulation, and glycogen depletion) in livers of longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis) and embryo abnormality in lined shore crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes) also clearly distinguished contaminated and reference marshes, while other responses (e.g., cytochrome P450, metallothionein) did not. This study demonstrates that additional chronic sublethal responses in resident species under field exposure conditions can be readily combined with sediment quality triads for an expanded multiple lines of evidence approach. This confirmatory step may be warranted in environments like salt marshes in which natural variables may affect interpretation of toxicity test data. Qualitative and quantitative integration of the portfolio of responses in resident species and traditional approach can support a more comprehensive and informative sediment quality assessment in salt marshes and possibly other habitat types as well.
Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce... more Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce erosion of soils. However, the toxicity of PAM to aquatic life, while often claimed to be low, has not been thoroughly evaluated. Five PAM formulations, including two oil-based products, one waterbased product, one granular product and one tablet product, were evaluated for acute and/or chronic toxicity to fi ve species commonly used for freshwater toxicity testing [Hyalella azteca (Saussure), Chironomus dilutus (Shobanov et al.), Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard), Pimephales promelas (Rafi nesque), and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz)]. When applied as an oilbased product, acute toxicity was seen to four of the fi ve species at concentrations less than the 10 mg/L that is often used for erosion control. Toxicity was diminished, but still remained, after passage of the irrigation water across an agricultural fi eld, indicating a potential impact to nearby surface waters. Results from the non-oil-based products indicated minimal toxicity associated with PAM even at concentrations 10 times those used in agriculture when applied in the granular form, as a tablet, or in a water-based liquid. Th ese data suggest that other agents in the oil-based products, such as surfactants or emulsifi ers, rather than the PAM itself, contribute to the toxicity. Care is required in selecting an appropriate PAM formulation when the potential exists for entry of tailwater to nearby surface waters.
The copper sensitivity of four saltwater invertebrates (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the... more The copper sensitivity of four saltwater invertebrates (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the oyster Crassostrea virginica, the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) was determined experimentally using chronic-estimator embryo-larval test procedures. The effect of sample dissolved organic matter (DOM) content on Cu bioavailability was determined for these species using commonly prescribed test procedures. Comparisons were made among these test results and test results reported previously for two other invertebrate species: the mussel Mytilus edulis and the copepod Eurytemora affinis. All six species exhibited a direct and significant relationship between the sample dissolved organic carbon (DOC; a surrogate measure of DOM) and either the dissolved Cu median lethal concentration (LC50) values or median effect concentration (EC50) values. This relationship is significant even when the DOM has different quality as evidenced by molecular fluorescence spectroscopy. Once normalized for the effects of DOM, the Cu sensitivity of these species from least to most sensitive were E. affinis < D. excitricus < C. virginica approximately S. purpuratus approximately M. edulis approximately M. galloprovincialis. This ranking of species sensitivity differs from the saltwater species sensitivity distribution proposed in 2003 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These results support the need to account for factors that modify Cu bioavailability in future saltwater Cu criteria development efforts. More specifically, Cu saltwater species sensitivity distribution data will need to be normalized by factors affecting Cu bioavailability to assure that accurate and protective criteria are subsequently developed for saltwater species and their uses.
The risk to adjacent aquatic systems posed by leachates from scrap tires used in engineering appl... more The risk to adjacent aquatic systems posed by leachates from scrap tires used in engineering applications has not been characterized adequately. Toxicity testing, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), and groundwater modeling were used to determine the circumstances under which tire shreds could be used as roadbed fill with negligible risk to aquatic organisms in adjacent water bodies. Elevated levels of iron, manganese, and several other chemicals were found in tire shred leachates. However, chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) showed no adverse effects caused by leachates collected from tire shreds installed above the water table. Exposure to leachates collected from tire shreds installed below the water table resulted in significant reductions to both survival and reproduction in C. dubia. The TIE results indicated that exposure to soluble metals (likely ferrous iron primarily) and the formation of iron hydroxide precipitates on this invertebrate species likely were the causes of the observed effects. The available chemistry data show that iron concentrations in the affected groundwater decreased substantially within a short distance (0.61 m) downgradient of tire shred fill. Based on geochemical modeling, the use of tire shreds in applications below the water table is appropriate in settings where dissolved oxygen is greater than 2.0 mg/L, pH is greater than 5.8, and a downgradient buffer of approximately 3.0 m exists between the fill and the surface water. For settings with lower dissolved oxygen concentrations or lower pH, results of groundwater modeling indicate that a greater buffer distance (ϳ11 m) is needed to dilute the leachate to nontoxic levels under various soil and groundwater conditions solely through advection and dispersion processes.
Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few s... more Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few studies have evaluated the toxicity of such particles using sediment, the likely reservoir of tire wear particles in the environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) was assessed in Pseudokirchneriella subcapita, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas using a sediment elutriate (100, 500, 1000 or 10000 mg/l TRWP). Under standard test temperature conditions, no concentration response was observed and EC/LC 50 values were greater than 10,000 mg/l. Additional tests using D. magna were performed both with and without sediment in elutriates collected under heated conditions designed to promote the release of chemicals from the rubber matrix to understand what environmental factors may influence the toxicity of TRWP. Toxicity was only observed for elutriates generated from TRWP leached under high-temperature conditions and the lowest EC/LC 50 value was 5,000 mg/l. In an effort to identify potential toxic chemical constituent(s) in the heated leachates, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies and chemical analysis of the leachate were conducted. The TIE coupled with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry [LC/MS/MS] and inductively coupled plasma/ mass spectrometry [ICP/MS]) of the leachate identified zinc and aniline as candidate toxicants. However, based on the high EC/LC 50 values and the limited conditions under which toxicity was observed, TRWP should be considered a low risk to aquatic ecosystems under acute exposure scenarios.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1993
... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days ... more ... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days 2,5, and 7 of the 10 d bioassay, the food was ... tive impairment at waterborne selenium levels too low to result in direct toxicity to the adult organisms (Cumbie and VanHorn 1978; Lemly ...
Acid mine waters from the Iron Mountain Superfund Site, Shasta County, California, flow through S... more Acid mine waters from the Iron Mountain Superfund Site, Shasta County, California, flow through Spring Creek Reservoir and into Keswick Reservoir on the Sacramento River. In Keswick Reservoir, the acid mine waters have neutralized on mixing with neutral-pH lake water, ...
Sulfate and selenate compete for active transport across cell membranes via a common permease, su... more Sulfate and selenate compete for active transport across cell membranes via a common permease, suggesting that a significant interaction may exist between uptake of the two ions. The effect of sulfate on selenate uptake and toxicity in Selenastrum capricornutum was investigated using two sulfate levels (3.3 and 33 mg/L S, as SO4) and two selenate levels (10 and 100 txg/L Se, as SeO4). This provided four treatments: one with S:Se molar ratio of 75, two with molar ratios of 750, and one with a molar ratio of 7,500. Selenium uptake and toxicity analyses demonstrated antagonism between the two anions. Increasing sulfate resulted in significantly reduced selenate uptake and increased algal growth. There was a significant difference in selenate uptake between the two treatments with the same S:Se molar ratio suggesting different relative permease affinities for each of the ions at different substrate levels (i.e., above and below permease saturation levels) and/or the presence of two different permease systems. The environmental significance of sulfate and selenate antagonism is discussed.
... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days ... more ... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days 2,5, and 7 of the 10 d bioassay, the food was ... tive impairment at waterborne selenium levels too low to result in direct toxicity to the adult organisms (Cumbie and VanHorn 1978; Lemly ...
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1995
Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from the San Luis Drain (SLD), a major conveyance system fo... more Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from the San Luis Drain (SLD), a major conveyance system for seleniferous agricultural subsurface (tile) drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley, California, experienced lower reproductive success than did mosquitofish from a nearby reference area (Pond 26 at the Volta Wildlife Area, VOLTA) that had no history of receiving tile drainage. At birth, mean survival of SLD fry was 70% in 1984 and 77% in 1985, whereas mean survival of VOLTA fry was greater than 99% in 1984 and 97% in 1985. Measurements of total length (TL) of offspring born to SLD females in 1985 showed that stillborn fry (mean TL, 7.5 mm) were significantly shorter than live fry (mean TL, 9.4 mm). In addition, most stillborn fry were at earlier stages of development (contained prominent yolk sacs or occasionally resembled eyed embryos) than most live fry (yolk sacs were fully resorbed). In comparison, stillborn and live fry born to VOLTA females did not differ significantly in TL (mean for stillborn fry, 7.1 mm; mean for live fry, 7.5 mm), and nearly all fry had resorbed their yolk sacs. Mosquitofish from the SLD contained over 100 |Ag/g (whole-body concentration in dry weight) of selenium, whereas those from VOLTA averaged 1.5 jxg/g. Although experiments are still needed to establish cause and effect, the high incidence of abnormal births of mosquitofish from the SLD is seemingly a response to selenium toxicity.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of integrating a traditional sediment qu... more The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of integrating a traditional sediment quality triad approach with selected sublethal chronic indicators in resident species in assessing sediment quality in four salt marshes in northern California, USA. These included the highly contaminated (Stege Marsh) and relatively clean (China Camp) marshes in San Francisco Bay and two reference marshes in Tomales Bay. Toxicity potential of contaminants and benthic macroinvertebrate survey showed significant differences between contaminated and reference marshes. Sublethal responses (e.g., apoptotic DNA fragmentation, lipid accumulation, and glycogen depletion) in livers of longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis) and embryo abnormality in lined shore crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes) also clearly distinguished contaminated and reference marshes, while other responses (e.g., cytochrome P450, metallothionein) did not. This study demonstrates that additional chronic sublethal responses in resident species under field exposure conditions can be readily combined with sediment quality triads for an expanded multiple lines of evidence approach. This confirmatory step may be warranted in environments like salt marshes in which natural variables may affect interpretation of toxicity test data. Qualitative and quantitative integration of the portfolio of responses in resident species and traditional approach can support a more comprehensive and informative sediment quality assessment in salt marshes and possibly other habitat types as well.
Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce... more Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce erosion of soils. However, the toxicity of PAM to aquatic life, while often claimed to be low, has not been thoroughly evaluated. Five PAM formulations, including two oil-based products, one waterbased product, one granular product and one tablet product, were evaluated for acute and/or chronic toxicity to fi ve species commonly used for freshwater toxicity testing [Hyalella azteca (Saussure), Chironomus dilutus (Shobanov et al.), Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard), Pimephales promelas (Rafi nesque), and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz)]. When applied as an oilbased product, acute toxicity was seen to four of the fi ve species at concentrations less than the 10 mg/L that is often used for erosion control. Toxicity was diminished, but still remained, after passage of the irrigation water across an agricultural fi eld, indicating a potential impact to nearby surface waters. Results from the non-oil-based products indicated minimal toxicity associated with PAM even at concentrations 10 times those used in agriculture when applied in the granular form, as a tablet, or in a water-based liquid. Th ese data suggest that other agents in the oil-based products, such as surfactants or emulsifi ers, rather than the PAM itself, contribute to the toxicity. Care is required in selecting an appropriate PAM formulation when the potential exists for entry of tailwater to nearby surface waters.
The copper sensitivity of four saltwater invertebrates (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the... more The copper sensitivity of four saltwater invertebrates (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the oyster Crassostrea virginica, the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) was determined experimentally using chronic-estimator embryo-larval test procedures. The effect of sample dissolved organic matter (DOM) content on Cu bioavailability was determined for these species using commonly prescribed test procedures. Comparisons were made among these test results and test results reported previously for two other invertebrate species: the mussel Mytilus edulis and the copepod Eurytemora affinis. All six species exhibited a direct and significant relationship between the sample dissolved organic carbon (DOC; a surrogate measure of DOM) and either the dissolved Cu median lethal concentration (LC50) values or median effect concentration (EC50) values. This relationship is significant even when the DOM has different quality as evidenced by molecular fluorescence spectroscopy. Once normalized for the effects of DOM, the Cu sensitivity of these species from least to most sensitive were E. affinis < D. excitricus < C. virginica approximately S. purpuratus approximately M. edulis approximately M. galloprovincialis. This ranking of species sensitivity differs from the saltwater species sensitivity distribution proposed in 2003 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These results support the need to account for factors that modify Cu bioavailability in future saltwater Cu criteria development efforts. More specifically, Cu saltwater species sensitivity distribution data will need to be normalized by factors affecting Cu bioavailability to assure that accurate and protective criteria are subsequently developed for saltwater species and their uses.
The risk to adjacent aquatic systems posed by leachates from scrap tires used in engineering appl... more The risk to adjacent aquatic systems posed by leachates from scrap tires used in engineering applications has not been characterized adequately. Toxicity testing, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), and groundwater modeling were used to determine the circumstances under which tire shreds could be used as roadbed fill with negligible risk to aquatic organisms in adjacent water bodies. Elevated levels of iron, manganese, and several other chemicals were found in tire shred leachates. However, chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) showed no adverse effects caused by leachates collected from tire shreds installed above the water table. Exposure to leachates collected from tire shreds installed below the water table resulted in significant reductions to both survival and reproduction in C. dubia. The TIE results indicated that exposure to soluble metals (likely ferrous iron primarily) and the formation of iron hydroxide precipitates on this invertebrate species likely were the causes of the observed effects. The available chemistry data show that iron concentrations in the affected groundwater decreased substantially within a short distance (0.61 m) downgradient of tire shred fill. Based on geochemical modeling, the use of tire shreds in applications below the water table is appropriate in settings where dissolved oxygen is greater than 2.0 mg/L, pH is greater than 5.8, and a downgradient buffer of approximately 3.0 m exists between the fill and the surface water. For settings with lower dissolved oxygen concentrations or lower pH, results of groundwater modeling indicate that a greater buffer distance (ϳ11 m) is needed to dilute the leachate to nontoxic levels under various soil and groundwater conditions solely through advection and dispersion processes.
Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few s... more Previous studies have indicated that tire tread particles are toxic to aquatic species, but few studies have evaluated the toxicity of such particles using sediment, the likely reservoir of tire wear particles in the environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) was assessed in Pseudokirchneriella subcapita, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas using a sediment elutriate (100, 500, 1000 or 10000 mg/l TRWP). Under standard test temperature conditions, no concentration response was observed and EC/LC 50 values were greater than 10,000 mg/l. Additional tests using D. magna were performed both with and without sediment in elutriates collected under heated conditions designed to promote the release of chemicals from the rubber matrix to understand what environmental factors may influence the toxicity of TRWP. Toxicity was only observed for elutriates generated from TRWP leached under high-temperature conditions and the lowest EC/LC 50 value was 5,000 mg/l. In an effort to identify potential toxic chemical constituent(s) in the heated leachates, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies and chemical analysis of the leachate were conducted. The TIE coupled with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry [LC/MS/MS] and inductively coupled plasma/ mass spectrometry [ICP/MS]) of the leachate identified zinc and aniline as candidate toxicants. However, based on the high EC/LC 50 values and the limited conditions under which toxicity was observed, TRWP should be considered a low risk to aquatic ecosystems under acute exposure scenarios.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1993
... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days ... more ... Anne M. Brasher 1 and R. Scott Ogle 2 ... While rabbit food was fed to the H. azteca on days 2,5, and 7 of the 10 d bioassay, the food was ... tive impairment at waterborne selenium levels too low to result in direct toxicity to the adult organisms (Cumbie and VanHorn 1978; Lemly ...
Acid mine waters from the Iron Mountain Superfund Site, Shasta County, California, flow through S... more Acid mine waters from the Iron Mountain Superfund Site, Shasta County, California, flow through Spring Creek Reservoir and into Keswick Reservoir on the Sacramento River. In Keswick Reservoir, the acid mine waters have neutralized on mixing with neutral-pH lake water, ...
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