The Korean minority is one of 55 ethnic minorities in China. The Korean-Chinese population was 1,... more The Korean minority is one of 55 ethnic minorities in China. The Korean-Chinese population was 1,830,929 in 2010, which was 0.14% of the total population in China 1). They mainly live in the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, which are located in northeastern China. The Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (Yanbian Area) of Jilin Province is the biggest settlement of Korean-Chinese, with a Korean-Chinese population of 801,088 in 2010. At the same time, this was 43.75% of the total Korean-Chinese population in all of China. Korean-Chinese have a long history of living in China and the last large migration from Korea to China began in the 1860s 2). In search of a better life, these Korean immigrants crossed the Tumen River and settled in the Yanbian Area 3). Many villages were formed here because of the increase in immigration from Korea. The early villages, located along the Tumen River, fronted the river, and backed onto the mountain, a position that conforms to the Korean FengshuiTheory 4). Korean-Chinese have a close relationship with forest resources; they use timber resources to build wooden houses and accessory structures, and collect non-timber forest products for daily use, such as fuelwood, mushrooms, pine nuts, wild vegetables, and medicinal plants 5)～9). We focus on timber resource use for wooden houses and accessory structures in this study. Generally, construction materials of Korean-Chinese traditional wooden houses are stone, timber, mud, and straw/ tile. Stone is used for the foundation; timber is used for the beams, columns, roof frame, windows, and doors; mud and straw are used for walls and the ceiling; mud and straw/tile are used for the roof 5), 10), 11). Wooden houses have white-colored walls, narrow doors, and thatched or tile roofs 5). The clear height of interior wooden houses is 2.2-2.4m and the height ratio of roof and wall are 1:1 viewed from the front elevation (Figure-1). This is because of the living habits of siting on the Ondol and having to deal with the cold climate 5). The Ondol is a Korean form of under floor heating that uses direct heat transfer from fuelwood smoke. The construction technologies of wooden houses are known as post and lintel roof framing (抬梁式 in Chinese) 10) and mortise and tenon (榫卯结构 in Chinese) 11) ; and the mud, in particular, is used for insulation materials to make the walls, ceiling, and roof 12). Because the immigrants came from Hamgyong of Korea, the Korean-Chinese village of Yanbian Area is also called Hamgyong Village 10) and the wooden houses of Hamgyong Village are named Hamgyong wooden houses 13). The Ondol of the Hamgyong wooden houses is spread out fully underneath the floor, while the Ondol of other Korean-Chinese wooden houses ＊ 京都大学農学研究科／延辺大学農学院 ＊＊ 京都大学大学院地球環境学堂
The effect of density control of tree growth on revegetation sites planted by the ecological tree... more The effect of density control of tree growth on revegetation sites planted by the ecological tree planting (ETP) method, one of the most common woodland creation methods devised in the 1970s in Japan, is analyzed. The ETP method is performed with the expectation of natural establishment of woodlands by planting saplings of native tree species composing potential natural vegetation in high density. The results show that the general growth condition of such woodlands is not inferior. Often, however, it is suggested that transition of the composition of the woodlands does not progress exactly along the transition expected, because of the characteristics of ETP sites, that is, even-aged forest despite the planting concept consisting of several tree species. Occasionally, expected natural selection does not occur. In such circumstances this is interpreted as suggesting that artificial density control, for example thinning, is necessary. A thinning trial was conducted on the ETP woodland in Himeji, Hyogo, Japan during the fourth year after planting, and tree growth was investigated in the third, seventh, and ninth years after thinning. The results show thinning has the potentiality to bring about substantial change in the establishment of multiple layered woodlands. When natural selection cannot be expected on ETP woodland, application of thinning as part of the management plan is important to establish ecological woodland with much ecological function.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2006
The prediction and healthiness of plant species structure of coastal vegetation on semi−natural a... more The prediction and healthiness of plant species structure of coastal vegetation on semi−natural and artificial coasts of the Seto Inland Sea.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
The "Niwaki chōhōki" is a technical book on garden plant nursing written by the Kyoto uekiya (gar... more The "Niwaki chōhōki" is a technical book on garden plant nursing written by the Kyoto uekiya (gardener/plant dealer) Heisuke in the mid-Edo period. This study aims to reveal the knowledge described in this book and identify planting trends from the plant species it refers to. The "Niwaki chōhōki" is thought to have been published in the first half of the 18th century. Since the book contains several work songs meant to be shared with others, it is likely that the knowledge contained in the book belongs not to an individual, but rather to a group of uekiya. The descriptions of grafting techniques show that some techniques later were discontinued and remain forgotten today. Comparison with a horticultural book published in Edo at the end of the 17th century, "Kadan jikinshō," revealed that there was a difference in plant nursing techniques between Edo and Kyoto. The "Niwaki chōhōki" mentions pine candling, one of the most important aspects of garden fostering in Kyoto today, which is not mentioned in the "Kadan jikinshō." Thus, it was revealed that "Niwaki chōhōki" is a highly valuable historical document that demonstrates the knowledge and technique of Kyoto uekiya in the 18th century and the plant species they handled.
Bamboo forests are distributed across sites with various natural and social properties, although ... more Bamboo forests are distributed across sites with various natural and social properties, although distribution patterns and site properties vary widely with regions and periods studied. Abandoned Bamboo Forests (ABFs) have been invading the adjacent lands since the bamboo industry had declined in 1980s. Bamboo can invade sites with various natural properties such as slope degree, slope position, land-use types and so on, leading that ABFs has increased their area largely. Expansion of ABFs also are affected by human impacts as well as the land-use types neighboring the ABFs. Studies on awareness about the expansion of bamboo forests for local residents showed that the many residents recognized that expanded bamboo forests have been abandoned but had less recognition that many bamboo forests have been expanding. Further, urban and suburban residents had different opinions about the ecosystem services bamboo forests provide. Ecosystem services such as habitats for wildlife and carbon stock have deteriorated in ABFs. To enhance ecosystem functions of ABFs, various techniques could be used such as constructing the new uses for bamboo culm and effective logging methods. In order to use ABFs as part of green infrastructure, establishment of long-term management systems that can be enhance ecosystem services of ABFs are important.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 2018
This research investigates the technique for cherry trees maintenance in the early 20th century b... more This research investigates the technique for cherry trees maintenance in the early 20th century by literature, especially articles of "Sakura-Japanese Cherry Blossoms (Journal)" (1918-1943) which was published by Society of Cherry Tress. As a result, the total number of articles was 444, and these included 47 articles about technique for cherry tree maintenance. These 47 articles mainly revealed the following 5 categories: "Pruning", "Fertilizing", "Planting", "Conservation", and "Pests Management". In addition, the contents of descriptions in 47 articles were fundamentally equivalent to the present recognition. However, some technique had been evolving from the early 20th century to present with diversifications of machinery and materials. The results and considerations in this research are important for keep improving the technique of cherry trees maintenance in the future. English abstract into Japanese. Three to six keywords should be presented next to the abstract.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2016
In this study, we aimed to determine an ideal form of resident-conducted river environment manage... more In this study, we aimed to determine an ideal form of resident-conducted river environment management. To this end, we conducted an investigation to identify fish that are indicator species of a healthy and diverse river environment, and also examined with a questionnaire to which degree local residents were aware of local fish species and of river environment management activities such as grass cutting and cleaning. Subsequent analysis of the actual state of the river environment and the awareness and intent of local residents indicated that while there was a big gap between residents' awareness of fish and the actual data, there was a clear tendency in activities to clean up the river environment among those residents who had a higher awareness of local fish species.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2016
and SHIBATA, Shozo: Evaluation of "transplanting method of top-soil blocks" by revegetation condi... more and SHIBATA, Shozo: Evaluation of "transplanting method of top-soil blocks" by revegetation condition on a cutting slope in years after construction.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 2017
Iriomote Island in Okinawa is now receiving a lot of attention because the National Park area was... more Iriomote Island in Okinawa is now receiving a lot of attention because the National Park area was recently expanded to cover almost the entire island. Being the next promising candidate for a World Natural Heritage Site title, an investigation was conducted. The purpose of this study is to investigate the history of land use in Iriomote from the 1960s and analyze the transition as well as its sociocultural backgrounds to extract the factors that may affect land use. Land use analysis and a field research were conducted, the former was conducted by analyzing topographical map with scale 1/50,000 and aerial photographs, and the latter was conducted to obtain actual land use data. Interviews were also used to reveal historical backgrounds. The results show that the changes in land use have been mainly affected by demographic changes, this is closely related to the changes in lifestyle and culture. Significant differences found in land use between the western and the eastern parts of the island were attributed to the history of the villages.
England and Wales, many people enjoy walking along National Trails and Rights of Way. Rights of W... more England and Wales, many people enjoy walking along National Trails and Rights of Way. Rights of Way are a network of footpaths separate from the network of automobile routes. This paper clarified the management system of the National Trail and of the Rights of Way in the Cotswolds, a hilly terrain in southwestern England, through document search, interviews with stakeholders, and participant observation. We found that National Trails are managed by the National Trail Team of Natural England (a public body), and maintained by Trail Partnerships consisting of various stakeholders including a National Trail Officer, Rights of Way Officers of local authorities, landowners, volunteers, users, and local businesses. Rights of Way are managed by officers and councilors of the Rights of Way departments of local authorities, and by landowners, conservation groups, volunteers, users, and residents. In the Cotswolds, the National Trail and Rights of Way are under combined management. The Cotswolds Conservation Board maintains not only the access to the trail, but also manages local traditions and the surrounding environment. Users and volunteers are systematically organized at the local and national level and play an important role in footpath management.
The Korean minority is one of 55 ethnic minorities in China. The Korean-Chinese population was 1,... more The Korean minority is one of 55 ethnic minorities in China. The Korean-Chinese population was 1,830,929 in 2010, which was 0.14% of the total population in China 1). They mainly live in the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, which are located in northeastern China. The Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (Yanbian Area) of Jilin Province is the biggest settlement of Korean-Chinese, with a Korean-Chinese population of 801,088 in 2010. At the same time, this was 43.75% of the total Korean-Chinese population in all of China. Korean-Chinese have a long history of living in China and the last large migration from Korea to China began in the 1860s 2). In search of a better life, these Korean immigrants crossed the Tumen River and settled in the Yanbian Area 3). Many villages were formed here because of the increase in immigration from Korea. The early villages, located along the Tumen River, fronted the river, and backed onto the mountain, a position that conforms to the Korean FengshuiTheory 4). Korean-Chinese have a close relationship with forest resources; they use timber resources to build wooden houses and accessory structures, and collect non-timber forest products for daily use, such as fuelwood, mushrooms, pine nuts, wild vegetables, and medicinal plants 5)～9). We focus on timber resource use for wooden houses and accessory structures in this study. Generally, construction materials of Korean-Chinese traditional wooden houses are stone, timber, mud, and straw/ tile. Stone is used for the foundation; timber is used for the beams, columns, roof frame, windows, and doors; mud and straw are used for walls and the ceiling; mud and straw/tile are used for the roof 5), 10), 11). Wooden houses have white-colored walls, narrow doors, and thatched or tile roofs 5). The clear height of interior wooden houses is 2.2-2.4m and the height ratio of roof and wall are 1:1 viewed from the front elevation (Figure-1). This is because of the living habits of siting on the Ondol and having to deal with the cold climate 5). The Ondol is a Korean form of under floor heating that uses direct heat transfer from fuelwood smoke. The construction technologies of wooden houses are known as post and lintel roof framing (抬梁式 in Chinese) 10) and mortise and tenon (榫卯结构 in Chinese) 11) ; and the mud, in particular, is used for insulation materials to make the walls, ceiling, and roof 12). Because the immigrants came from Hamgyong of Korea, the Korean-Chinese village of Yanbian Area is also called Hamgyong Village 10) and the wooden houses of Hamgyong Village are named Hamgyong wooden houses 13). The Ondol of the Hamgyong wooden houses is spread out fully underneath the floor, while the Ondol of other Korean-Chinese wooden houses ＊ 京都大学農学研究科／延辺大学農学院 ＊＊ 京都大学大学院地球環境学堂
The effect of density control of tree growth on revegetation sites planted by the ecological tree... more The effect of density control of tree growth on revegetation sites planted by the ecological tree planting (ETP) method, one of the most common woodland creation methods devised in the 1970s in Japan, is analyzed. The ETP method is performed with the expectation of natural establishment of woodlands by planting saplings of native tree species composing potential natural vegetation in high density. The results show that the general growth condition of such woodlands is not inferior. Often, however, it is suggested that transition of the composition of the woodlands does not progress exactly along the transition expected, because of the characteristics of ETP sites, that is, even-aged forest despite the planting concept consisting of several tree species. Occasionally, expected natural selection does not occur. In such circumstances this is interpreted as suggesting that artificial density control, for example thinning, is necessary. A thinning trial was conducted on the ETP woodland in Himeji, Hyogo, Japan during the fourth year after planting, and tree growth was investigated in the third, seventh, and ninth years after thinning. The results show thinning has the potentiality to bring about substantial change in the establishment of multiple layered woodlands. When natural selection cannot be expected on ETP woodland, application of thinning as part of the management plan is important to establish ecological woodland with much ecological function.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2006
The prediction and healthiness of plant species structure of coastal vegetation on semi−natural a... more The prediction and healthiness of plant species structure of coastal vegetation on semi−natural and artificial coasts of the Seto Inland Sea.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
The "Niwaki chōhōki" is a technical book on garden plant nursing written by the Kyoto uekiya (gar... more The "Niwaki chōhōki" is a technical book on garden plant nursing written by the Kyoto uekiya (gardener/plant dealer) Heisuke in the mid-Edo period. This study aims to reveal the knowledge described in this book and identify planting trends from the plant species it refers to. The "Niwaki chōhōki" is thought to have been published in the first half of the 18th century. Since the book contains several work songs meant to be shared with others, it is likely that the knowledge contained in the book belongs not to an individual, but rather to a group of uekiya. The descriptions of grafting techniques show that some techniques later were discontinued and remain forgotten today. Comparison with a horticultural book published in Edo at the end of the 17th century, "Kadan jikinshō," revealed that there was a difference in plant nursing techniques between Edo and Kyoto. The "Niwaki chōhōki" mentions pine candling, one of the most important aspects of garden fostering in Kyoto today, which is not mentioned in the "Kadan jikinshō." Thus, it was revealed that "Niwaki chōhōki" is a highly valuable historical document that demonstrates the knowledge and technique of Kyoto uekiya in the 18th century and the plant species they handled.
Bamboo forests are distributed across sites with various natural and social properties, although ... more Bamboo forests are distributed across sites with various natural and social properties, although distribution patterns and site properties vary widely with regions and periods studied. Abandoned Bamboo Forests (ABFs) have been invading the adjacent lands since the bamboo industry had declined in 1980s. Bamboo can invade sites with various natural properties such as slope degree, slope position, land-use types and so on, leading that ABFs has increased their area largely. Expansion of ABFs also are affected by human impacts as well as the land-use types neighboring the ABFs. Studies on awareness about the expansion of bamboo forests for local residents showed that the many residents recognized that expanded bamboo forests have been abandoned but had less recognition that many bamboo forests have been expanding. Further, urban and suburban residents had different opinions about the ecosystem services bamboo forests provide. Ecosystem services such as habitats for wildlife and carbon stock have deteriorated in ABFs. To enhance ecosystem functions of ABFs, various techniques could be used such as constructing the new uses for bamboo culm and effective logging methods. In order to use ABFs as part of green infrastructure, establishment of long-term management systems that can be enhance ecosystem services of ABFs are important.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 2018
This research investigates the technique for cherry trees maintenance in the early 20th century b... more This research investigates the technique for cherry trees maintenance in the early 20th century by literature, especially articles of "Sakura-Japanese Cherry Blossoms (Journal)" (1918-1943) which was published by Society of Cherry Tress. As a result, the total number of articles was 444, and these included 47 articles about technique for cherry tree maintenance. These 47 articles mainly revealed the following 5 categories: "Pruning", "Fertilizing", "Planting", "Conservation", and "Pests Management". In addition, the contents of descriptions in 47 articles were fundamentally equivalent to the present recognition. However, some technique had been evolving from the early 20th century to present with diversifications of machinery and materials. The results and considerations in this research are important for keep improving the technique of cherry trees maintenance in the future. English abstract into Japanese. Three to six keywords should be presented next to the abstract.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2016
In this study, we aimed to determine an ideal form of resident-conducted river environment manage... more In this study, we aimed to determine an ideal form of resident-conducted river environment management. To this end, we conducted an investigation to identify fish that are indicator species of a healthy and diverse river environment, and also examined with a questionnaire to which degree local residents were aware of local fish species and of river environment management activities such as grass cutting and cleaning. Subsequent analysis of the actual state of the river environment and the awareness and intent of local residents indicated that while there was a big gap between residents' awareness of fish and the actual data, there was a clear tendency in activities to clean up the river environment among those residents who had a higher awareness of local fish species.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology, 2016
and SHIBATA, Shozo: Evaluation of "transplanting method of top-soil blocks" by revegetation condi... more and SHIBATA, Shozo: Evaluation of "transplanting method of top-soil blocks" by revegetation condition on a cutting slope in years after construction.
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, 2017
Iriomote Island in Okinawa is now receiving a lot of attention because the National Park area was... more Iriomote Island in Okinawa is now receiving a lot of attention because the National Park area was recently expanded to cover almost the entire island. Being the next promising candidate for a World Natural Heritage Site title, an investigation was conducted. The purpose of this study is to investigate the history of land use in Iriomote from the 1960s and analyze the transition as well as its sociocultural backgrounds to extract the factors that may affect land use. Land use analysis and a field research were conducted, the former was conducted by analyzing topographical map with scale 1/50,000 and aerial photographs, and the latter was conducted to obtain actual land use data. Interviews were also used to reveal historical backgrounds. The results show that the changes in land use have been mainly affected by demographic changes, this is closely related to the changes in lifestyle and culture. Significant differences found in land use between the western and the eastern parts of the island were attributed to the history of the villages.
England and Wales, many people enjoy walking along National Trails and Rights of Way. Rights of W... more England and Wales, many people enjoy walking along National Trails and Rights of Way. Rights of Way are a network of footpaths separate from the network of automobile routes. This paper clarified the management system of the National Trail and of the Rights of Way in the Cotswolds, a hilly terrain in southwestern England, through document search, interviews with stakeholders, and participant observation. We found that National Trails are managed by the National Trail Team of Natural England (a public body), and maintained by Trail Partnerships consisting of various stakeholders including a National Trail Officer, Rights of Way Officers of local authorities, landowners, volunteers, users, and local businesses. Rights of Way are managed by officers and councilors of the Rights of Way departments of local authorities, and by landowners, conservation groups, volunteers, users, and residents. In the Cotswolds, the National Trail and Rights of Way are under combined management. The Cotswolds Conservation Board maintains not only the access to the trail, but also manages local traditions and the surrounding environment. Users and volunteers are systematically organized at the local and national level and play an important role in footpath management.
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Papers by Shozo Shibata