Books by Lee Panich
The Routledge Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous- Colonial Interaction in the Americas bri... more The Routledge Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous- Colonial Interaction in the Americas brings together scholars from across the hemisphere to examine how archaeology can highlight the myriad ways that Indigenous people have negotiated colonial systems from the fifteenth century through to today. This volume is the ideal starting point for students interested in how archaeology can illuminate Indigenous agency in colonial settings. Professionals, including academic and cultural resource management archaeologists, will find it a convenient reference for a range of topics related to the archaeology of colonialism in the Americas.
The Ohlone of the San Francisco Bay area and the Paipai of northern Baja California occupy opposi... more The Ohlone of the San Francisco Bay area and the Paipai of northern Baja California occupy opposite ends of the spectrum of Native Californian identities. Or so it would appear. While the Ohlone lack popular recognition and official acknowledgement from the United States government, the Paipai occupy a large reserve and celebrate their ongoing cultural traditions throughout Baja California and southern California. Yet the two groups share a similar colonial history: entanglements with early European explorers, labor and enculturation at Spanish missions, and sustained interactions with American and Mexican settler colonialism.
Based on fifteen years of archaeological and historical research in the two regions, Narratives of Persistence charts the remarkable persistence of the Ohlone and Paipai alongside a synthesis of Native Californian endurance over the past five centuries. As the case studies demonstrate, Ohlone and Paipai people made intelligent and culturally appropriate choices to cope with the impact of colonialism on their communities, even as they took different pathways to the present day.
Lee M. Panich illustrates how changes in Native identity and practice within these colonial contexts were made to best conduct the groups' lives within shifting sets of colonial constraints. He draws connections between the events and processes of the deeper past and the way the Ohlone and Paipai today understand their own histories and identities, offering a model for how scholars of Indigenous histories may think about the connections between the past and the present.
Spanish missions in North America were once viewed as confining and stagnant communities, with na... more Spanish missions in North America were once viewed as confining and stagnant communities, with native peoples on the margins of the colonial enterprise. Recent archaeological and ethnohistorical research challenges that notion. Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions considers how native peoples actively incorporated the mission system into their own dynamic existence. The book, written by diverse scholars and edited by Lee M. Panich and Tsim D. Schneider, covers missions in the Spanish borderlands from California to Texas to Georgia.
Offering thoughtful arguments and innovative perspectives, the editors organized the book around three interrelated themes. The first section explores power, politics, and belief, recognizing that Spanish missions were established within indigenous landscapes with preexisting tensions, alliances, and belief systems. The second part, addressing missions from the perspective of indigenous inhabitants, focuses on their social, economic, and historical connections to the surrounding landscapes. The final section considers the varied connections between mission communities and the world beyond the mission walls, including examinations of how mission neophytes, missionaries, and colonial elites vied for land and natural resources.
Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions offers a holistic view on the consequences of missionization and the active negotiation of missions by indigenous peoples, revealing cross-cutting perspectives into the complex and contested histories of the Spanish borderlands. This volume challenges readers to examine deeply the ways in which native peoples negotiated colonialism not just inside the missions themselves but also within broader indigenous landscapes. This book will be of interest to archaeologists, historians, tribal scholars, and anyone interested in indigenous encounters with colonial institutions.
Journal Articles by Lee Panich
American Antiquity, 2024
Archaeologists in North America and elsewhere are increasingly examining long-term Indigenous pre... more Archaeologists in North America and elsewhere are increasingly examining long-term Indigenous presence across multiple colonial systems, despite lingering conceptual and methodological challenges. We examine this issue in California, where archaeologists and others have traditionally overlooked Native persistence in the years between the official closing of the region's Franciscan missions in the 1830s and the onset of United States settler colonialism in the late 1840s. In particular, we advocate for the judicious use of the documentary record to ask new questions of Indigenous life during this short but critical period, when many Native Californians were freed from the missions and sought new lives in their homelands or in emerging urban areas. We offer examples from our individual and collective researchundertaken in collaboration with the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe-regarding long-term Native persistence in the San Francisco Bay Area to demonstrate how archival evidence can illuminate four interrelated areas of daily life that could be investigated archaeologically, including resistance, freedom, servitude, and personal adornment. By using the written record to regain a sense of subjective time, these topics and others could stimulate new, interdisciplinary, and collaborative research that more firmly accounts for Indigenous people's enduring presence across successive waves of Euro-American colonialism.
Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology, 2024
The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe has long been involved in the archaeology and stewardship of their ances... more The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe has long been involved in the archaeology and stewardship of their ancestral homelands, both through their own cultural resource management (CRM) firm and though collaborations with academic and CRM archaeologists. In this article, we build on the past 40 years of archaeological collaborations in the southern San Francisco Bay region and offer examples of how archaeologists can support tribal heritage and environmental stewardship by using the traditional purview of material culture in combination with a broader array of evidence and concerns. As presented in our brief case studies, the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and scholars are working together to reclaim tribal heritage and promote Native stewardship in a cultural landscape that has been marred by more than 250 years of dispossession. We examine this work in the context of the renaming of ancestral sites, the public interpretation of Native heritage associated with Mission Santa Clara de Asís, archival research into the history of Indigenous resistance, as well as collaborative efforts to awaken traditional ecological knowledge in service of the Tribe’s stewardship and land management goals.
Cadernos do Lepaarq, 2022
Although California lies on the Pacific Coast of North America, its colonial history has enduring... more Although California lies on the Pacific Coast of North America, its colonial history has enduring ties to the Atlantic. This paper examines the archaeology of these Atlantic connections with a consideration of the impacts of Euroamerican colonization and Indigenous persistence. The first European explorations of the region began in the sixteenth century, when the region was claimed by both England and Spain, but the contacts with Native Californian communities were isolated and of short duration. Later, in the eighteenth century, missionaries working for the Spanish Crown established a network of missions across California and the Baja California peninsula. Although the missions impacted nearly all areas of Indigenous life, archaeological and historical evidence demonstrates how Native people managed to maintain cultural traditions and ties to their ancestral homelands. After the United States gained control of California in the mid-nineteenth century, Native Californians faced new challenges including directed violence in many parts of the region. Despite methodological challenges, emerging archaeological approaches are providing insight into how Native people persevered under these changing conditions and how we can honor Indigenous persistence in the present day.
Journal of Social Archaeology, 2022
This paper explores how the materiality of the past has been mobilized to simultaneously erase In... more This paper explores how the materiality of the past has been mobilized to simultaneously erase Indigenous presence and create white public space at Spanish mission sites in California. As the site of present-day Santa Clara University, Mission Santa Clara de Asís presents an important case study. The documentary record associated with more than a century of archaeology at the mission reveals its intersections with heritage-making, particularly the maintenance of public memory that privileges and valorizes whiteness. These same records further detail how the university and local residents effectively erased the heritage of the thousands of Ohlone people and members of neighboring Indigenous groups who lived, worked, and died at Mission Santa Clara. Recognizing how archaeology has contributed to the current heritage landscape at Santa Clara and other California mission sites is a necessary first step in the creation of new archaeological and heritage practices that center the experiences and persistence of Native Californian communities.
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2021
Archaeological excavations at California mission sites have revealed diverse projectile points ma... more Archaeological excavations at California mission sites have revealed diverse projectile points manufactured and used by Indigenous people. Through the examination of assemblages from four central California missions—San José, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Carlos—this paper considers the potential of lithic technologies to illuminate the interrelated issues of tradition and resistance. Based on our case study, and a comparative discussion of similar projectile points from other missions in Alta and Baja California, we argue that these artifacts offer an opportunity to move beyond the idea that the persistence of cultural traditions equals passive resistance in colonial settings. In addition to strong continuities of arrow point types from precontact times into the colonial period, the data from California also demonstrate that Native people incorporated new materials into their lithic technologies and perhaps even created new point types after the Spanish invasion. These patterns speak to the dynamic nature of tradition as well as the varied ways that Indigenous people sought to repudiate the values of colonialism in their daily lives. Taken together, the projectile points from California mission sites encourage archaeologists to consider how lithic technologies may reflect the capacity (realized or not) for Indigenous autonomy and active refusal of colonialism.
California Archaeology, 2021
This paper considers a particular form of small, intricately serrated arrow points from central C... more This paper considers a particular form of small, intricately serrated arrow points from central California. Several examples of this point were recovered during recent archaeological mitigation work at Mission Santa Clara de Asís (CA-SCL-30/H), where researchers have referred to them as Mission Santa Clara Serrated points. Subsequent research indicates that similar points were recovered decades earlier from sites in the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills, but until now had not been formally considered within existing projectile point typologies or regional culture history. We review the known examples of these points, including their physical attributes, geographic distribution, temporal placement, and similarities to previously described serrate Desert Side-Notched points. Our analysis suggests that the MSCLS point style was developed during the colonial period and spread throughout the region via Native Californians' participation in and rejection of the Franciscan mission system.
Community Literacy Journal, 2021
Colleges and universities across the United States are recognizing the public memory function of ... more Colleges and universities across the United States are recognizing the public memory function of their campus spaces and facing difficult decisions about how to represent the ugly sides of their histories within their landscapes of remembrance. Official administrative responses to demands for greater inclusiveness are often slow and conservative in nature. Using our own institution and our work with local Indigenous community members as a case study, we argue that students and faculty can employ community-engaged, public-facing, digital composing projects to effectively challenge entrenched institutional interests that may elide or even misrepresent difficult histories in public memory works. Such projects are a nimble and accessible means of creating counter-narratives to intervene in public memory discourses. Additionally, by engaging in public discourses, such work helps promote meaningful student rhetorical learning in courses across disciplines.
Advances in Archaeological Practice, 2020
A consistent challenge in community and collaborative archaeologies has been the appropriate iden... more A consistent challenge in community and collaborative archaeologies has been the appropriate identification and understanding of project constituencies. A key step in stakeholder analysis is understanding and harmonizing the goals of archaeological work to the social role of the institutions for which we work. To illustrate the value of such a stance, we examine on-campus archaeology programs at colleges and universities, arguing that treating students as vital stakeholders is an important ethical obligation for both researchers and administrators. Including students as stakeholders in campus archaeology provides pedagogical benefits and a meaningful way to instill an appreciation of archaeology in an important constituency of potential voters and future decision-makers. We present a case study from Santa Clara University (SCU), reporting results of an online survey of undergraduates that was intended to gauge community interests in campus archaeology and heritage. We also detail activities undertaken by SCU's Community Heritage Lab in response to survey findings in order to raise the profile of the archaeological and other heritage resources on our campus.
Un reto constante con los estudios arqueológicos colaborativos y comunitarios ha sido la identificación y la comprensión apropiadas de las comunidades constitutivas del proyecto. La teoría de las partes interesadas ("stakeholders") ofrece una forma de especificar quién afecta y se ve afectado por el trabajo arqueológico. Para ilustrar el valor de aplicar la teoría de las partes interesadas, examinamos los programas de arqueología en los campus de colegios y universidades, argumentando que tratar a los estudiantes como partes interesadas vitales es una obligación ética importante tanto para los investigadores como para los administradores. La inclusión de los estudiantes como partes interesados en la arqueología del campus proporciona beneficios pedagógicos y una forma significativa de inculcar una apreciación de la arqueología en un grupo importante de votantes potenciales y futuros tomadores de decisiones. Presentamos un estudio de caso de la Universidad de Santa Clara (SCU), que informa los resultados de una encuesta en línea de estudiantes universitarios con la intención de evaluar los intereses de la comunidad en la arqueología y el patrimonio del campus. También detallamos las actividades realizadas por el Community Heritage Lab de SCU en respuesta a los resultados de la encuesta, con el fin de elevar el perfil de los recursos arqueológicos y otros recursos patrimoniales en nuestro campus. Palabras clave: arqueología del campus, arqueología comunitaria, arqueología pública, partes interesadas, estudiantes, administración.
Representing Indigenous Histories Using XR Technologies in the Classroom
Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy, 2020
In this article, we describe the major assignments from our team-taught course, Virtual Santa Cla... more In this article, we describe the major assignments from our team-taught course, Virtual Santa Clara, which drew on the affordances of extended reality (XR) technologies and public memory scholarship from the fields of rhetoric and anthropology to represent Native Ohlone history and culture on our campus. Based on our experience, we argue for the affordances of producing small-scale XR projects—using technologies such as 360° images and 3D models—to complement and contribute to larger-scale XR digital projects that are founded on deep community collaboration. In a landscape where exciting technological work so often tends to entail thoroughly developed, large-scale projects, we argue for the value of more modest contributions, both as scaffolded pathways into technology work for teachers and students and as a means of slowing down the process of technology adoption in order to better respond to ethical, humanistic, and decolonial considerations. Our own incremental process enabled us to proceed with more care, more caution, and, ultimately, a more collaborative framework going forward.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2021
As archaeology turns to the study of sustained colonialism, researchers are reassessing sites occ... more As archaeology turns to the study of sustained colonialism, researchers are reassessing sites occupied by Native people from the mid-nineteenth century onward. In California, this was a particularly crucial time, with many Indigenous people creating social and economic ties with newcomers in order to maintain connections to their ancestral homelands. One such locale was Toms Point, a landform on Tomales Bay, where Coast Miwok people worked at a trading post run by an American entrepreneur. This article explores the material evidence for their engagement with a broad array of social and economic connections, including the California coastal trade, the salvage of a local shipwreck, and persistent Indigenous exchange networks.
American Antiquity, 2019
To understand the implications of archaeological site recording practices and associated inventor... more To understand the implications of archaeological site recording practices and associated inventories for studying Indigenous persistence after the arrival of Europeans, we examined the documentary record associated with nearly 900 archaeological sites in Marin County, California. Beginning with the first regional surveys conducted during the early 1900s and continuing into the present, the paper trail created by archaeologists reveals an enduring emphasis on precontact materials to the exclusion of more recent patterns of Indigenous occupation and land use. In assessing sites occupied by Indigenous people from the late sixteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, we discuss how the use of multiple lines of evidence-including temporally diagnostic artifacts, chronometric dating techniques, and historical documentation-may help illuminate subtle but widespread patterns of Native presence that have been obscured by essentialist assumptions about Indigenous culture change. Our findings further reveal the shortcomings of traditional site recording systems, in which archaeologists typically categorize sites within the prehistoric-protohistoric-historic triad on the basis of commonsense decisions that conflate chronology with identity. Instead, we argue for recording practices that focus specifically on the calendric ages of occupation for any given site.
Archaeological investigations at Mission San José in Fremont, California, have revealed large are... more Archaeological investigations at Mission San José in Fremont, California, have revealed large areas of the mission landscape, including portions of two adobe dwellings in the mission's Native American neighborhood. Preliminary synthesis of previous and ongoing research at Mission San José focuses on the implications of archaeological evidence for understanding the persistence of indigenous cultural practices under missionization. Materials considered include flaked stone artifacts, shell and glass beads, modified ceramic disks, and faunal and floral remains. Our findings suggest that native people rearticulated various practices within the mission, but did so in ways that were consistent with existing traditions and cultural knowledge.
This paper examines the marine reservoir effect for Tomales Bay, a 25.5-km-long tidal estuary alo... more This paper examines the marine reservoir effect for Tomales Bay, a 25.5-km-long tidal estuary along the northern coast of California. We determined the regional ΔR through radiocarbon (14 C) measurements of pre-1950 shells from a museum collection as well as archaeologically recovered shell samples from a historical railroad grade of known construction date. These results are compared against four sets of paired shell and bone samples from two local archaeological sites. Our results indicate little spatial variation along the inner bay, but the proposed ΔR value is lower than those previously reported for nearby areas along the Pacific Coast. We also note potential variability in regional ΔR of approximately 200 14 C years for the late Holocene, and comparison with an older paired bone and shell sample points toward more significant temporal variation earlier in time.
In many regions, the mechanisms by which indigenous people acquired lithic materials during the c... more In many regions, the mechanisms by which indigenous people acquired lithic materials during the colonial period are only poorly understood. We take on these issues through the examination of more than 1100 obsidian artifacts recovered from the Native American neighborhood at Mission San José (ca. CE 1797-1840) in central California. We conducted a multifaceted analysis of the assemblage, with an eye toward understanding how indigenous people in this region acquired obsidian after the onset of missionary colonialism. Our study included analysis of technological attributes, geological provenance via x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and dating through obsidian hydration. Our results demonstrate that native people living at Mission San José acquired obsidian both through long-distance conveyance from source areas and through some recycling of archaeological artifacts. We compare our results to regional precontact patterns of obsidian acquisition and conveyance as well as obsidian assemblages from other colonial-era sites in central California. Taken together, our study indicates persistent yet modified pathways of obsidian acquisition in central California during the colonial period.
Journal of Field Archaeology, 2018
Historical maps have the potential to aid archaeological investigations into the persistence of N... more Historical maps have the potential to aid archaeological investigations into the persistence of Native American settlements during the mid-nineteenth century, a time when many Native communities disappear from archaeological view. Focusing on Tomales Bay in central California, we evaluate the usefulness of historical maps as a way to discover and interpret archaeological deposits dating to the period, with the aim of better understanding indigenous patterns of residence at the transition from missionary to settler colonialism. In particular, we focus on diseños and plats created to document Mexican-era land grants as well as early maps produced by the General Land Office and United States Coast Survey. Although we note inconsistencies regarding the inclusion of indigenous settlements on historical maps, our case study offers an example of how archaeologists can employ historical maps and targeted archaeological ground-truthing to discover sites that are poorly represented in the historical and archaeological records.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2017
Modified ceramic disks have been recovered from historic-era sites across the Americas. Small unp... more Modified ceramic disks have been recovered from historic-era sites across the Americas. Small unperforated disks are commonly interpreted as gaming pieces and larger perforated disks are often classified as spindle whorls. Here, we examine these interpretations in light of collections from three colonial-era sites in central California: Mission San Antonio de Padua, Mission San José, and the Rancho San Andrés Castro Adobe. We argue that the small unperforated disks from our study sites were two-sided dice. These gaming pieces facilitated the social cohesion of Native people living in the large, multiethnic Indigenous communities that formed around Spanish colonial missions and later Mexican-era ranchos.
This article offers a reassessment of the sources of archaeological obsidian found in southern Ca... more This article offers a reassessment of the sources of archaeological obsidian found in southern California and northern Baja California based on new information regarding the geological availability of obsidian in Baja California, Mexico. In particular, we demonstrate that a previously unknown obsidian chemical group, referred to here as Tinajas obsidian, was for decades misidentified as San Felipe obsidian in regional archaeological analyses. In light of new data derived from geological surveys, geochemical analyses, and regional archaeological research, previous obsidian provenance reports from both sides of the border are reviewed. Our findings indicate that the archaeological distribution of the Tinajas obsidian group extends throughout northern Baja California and into southern California. In contrast, San Felipe obsidian appears to have had a more restricted geographical distribution than previously thought.
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Books by Lee Panich
Based on fifteen years of archaeological and historical research in the two regions, Narratives of Persistence charts the remarkable persistence of the Ohlone and Paipai alongside a synthesis of Native Californian endurance over the past five centuries. As the case studies demonstrate, Ohlone and Paipai people made intelligent and culturally appropriate choices to cope with the impact of colonialism on their communities, even as they took different pathways to the present day.
Lee M. Panich illustrates how changes in Native identity and practice within these colonial contexts were made to best conduct the groups' lives within shifting sets of colonial constraints. He draws connections between the events and processes of the deeper past and the way the Ohlone and Paipai today understand their own histories and identities, offering a model for how scholars of Indigenous histories may think about the connections between the past and the present.
Offering thoughtful arguments and innovative perspectives, the editors organized the book around three interrelated themes. The first section explores power, politics, and belief, recognizing that Spanish missions were established within indigenous landscapes with preexisting tensions, alliances, and belief systems. The second part, addressing missions from the perspective of indigenous inhabitants, focuses on their social, economic, and historical connections to the surrounding landscapes. The final section considers the varied connections between mission communities and the world beyond the mission walls, including examinations of how mission neophytes, missionaries, and colonial elites vied for land and natural resources.
Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions offers a holistic view on the consequences of missionization and the active negotiation of missions by indigenous peoples, revealing cross-cutting perspectives into the complex and contested histories of the Spanish borderlands. This volume challenges readers to examine deeply the ways in which native peoples negotiated colonialism not just inside the missions themselves but also within broader indigenous landscapes. This book will be of interest to archaeologists, historians, tribal scholars, and anyone interested in indigenous encounters with colonial institutions.
Journal Articles by Lee Panich
Un reto constante con los estudios arqueológicos colaborativos y comunitarios ha sido la identificación y la comprensión apropiadas de las comunidades constitutivas del proyecto. La teoría de las partes interesadas ("stakeholders") ofrece una forma de especificar quién afecta y se ve afectado por el trabajo arqueológico. Para ilustrar el valor de aplicar la teoría de las partes interesadas, examinamos los programas de arqueología en los campus de colegios y universidades, argumentando que tratar a los estudiantes como partes interesadas vitales es una obligación ética importante tanto para los investigadores como para los administradores. La inclusión de los estudiantes como partes interesados en la arqueología del campus proporciona beneficios pedagógicos y una forma significativa de inculcar una apreciación de la arqueología en un grupo importante de votantes potenciales y futuros tomadores de decisiones. Presentamos un estudio de caso de la Universidad de Santa Clara (SCU), que informa los resultados de una encuesta en línea de estudiantes universitarios con la intención de evaluar los intereses de la comunidad en la arqueología y el patrimonio del campus. También detallamos las actividades realizadas por el Community Heritage Lab de SCU en respuesta a los resultados de la encuesta, con el fin de elevar el perfil de los recursos arqueológicos y otros recursos patrimoniales en nuestro campus. Palabras clave: arqueología del campus, arqueología comunitaria, arqueología pública, partes interesadas, estudiantes, administración.
Based on fifteen years of archaeological and historical research in the two regions, Narratives of Persistence charts the remarkable persistence of the Ohlone and Paipai alongside a synthesis of Native Californian endurance over the past five centuries. As the case studies demonstrate, Ohlone and Paipai people made intelligent and culturally appropriate choices to cope with the impact of colonialism on their communities, even as they took different pathways to the present day.
Lee M. Panich illustrates how changes in Native identity and practice within these colonial contexts were made to best conduct the groups' lives within shifting sets of colonial constraints. He draws connections between the events and processes of the deeper past and the way the Ohlone and Paipai today understand their own histories and identities, offering a model for how scholars of Indigenous histories may think about the connections between the past and the present.
Offering thoughtful arguments and innovative perspectives, the editors organized the book around three interrelated themes. The first section explores power, politics, and belief, recognizing that Spanish missions were established within indigenous landscapes with preexisting tensions, alliances, and belief systems. The second part, addressing missions from the perspective of indigenous inhabitants, focuses on their social, economic, and historical connections to the surrounding landscapes. The final section considers the varied connections between mission communities and the world beyond the mission walls, including examinations of how mission neophytes, missionaries, and colonial elites vied for land and natural resources.
Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions offers a holistic view on the consequences of missionization and the active negotiation of missions by indigenous peoples, revealing cross-cutting perspectives into the complex and contested histories of the Spanish borderlands. This volume challenges readers to examine deeply the ways in which native peoples negotiated colonialism not just inside the missions themselves but also within broader indigenous landscapes. This book will be of interest to archaeologists, historians, tribal scholars, and anyone interested in indigenous encounters with colonial institutions.
Un reto constante con los estudios arqueológicos colaborativos y comunitarios ha sido la identificación y la comprensión apropiadas de las comunidades constitutivas del proyecto. La teoría de las partes interesadas ("stakeholders") ofrece una forma de especificar quién afecta y se ve afectado por el trabajo arqueológico. Para ilustrar el valor de aplicar la teoría de las partes interesadas, examinamos los programas de arqueología en los campus de colegios y universidades, argumentando que tratar a los estudiantes como partes interesadas vitales es una obligación ética importante tanto para los investigadores como para los administradores. La inclusión de los estudiantes como partes interesados en la arqueología del campus proporciona beneficios pedagógicos y una forma significativa de inculcar una apreciación de la arqueología en un grupo importante de votantes potenciales y futuros tomadores de decisiones. Presentamos un estudio de caso de la Universidad de Santa Clara (SCU), que informa los resultados de una encuesta en línea de estudiantes universitarios con la intención de evaluar los intereses de la comunidad en la arqueología y el patrimonio del campus. También detallamos las actividades realizadas por el Community Heritage Lab de SCU en respuesta a los resultados de la encuesta, con el fin de elevar el perfil de los recursos arqueológicos y otros recursos patrimoniales en nuestro campus. Palabras clave: arqueología del campus, arqueología comunitaria, arqueología pública, partes interesadas, estudiantes, administración.
found that the use of pXRF was suitable for assigning small artifacts (N0.3 cm) to regional obsidian sources. The results illuminate the connections that native people living in mission contexts may have maintained to outside resources and provide the basis for further investigation into indigenous stone tool traditions in colonial contexts.