GSA Field Guide 5: Field Trips in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA, 2004
Page 1. Field Guides doi: 10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.69 2004;5;69-88 Field Guides Rolfe D. Mandel, Jac... more Page 1. Field Guides doi: 10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.69 2004;5;69-88 Field Guides Rolfe D. Mandel, Jack L. Hofman, Steven Holen and Jeanette M. Blackmar Kansas Buried Paleo-Indian landscapes and sites on the High Plains of northwestern ...
13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancie... more 13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancient biomolecules 37 due to natural resistance to post-mortem decay arising from a 38 unique combination of mechanical, structural, and chemical 39 properties. 1,2 While representing the standard source of ancient 40 DNA molecules, fossil bones have also delivered the first mass 41 spectrometry (MS)-based identification of ancient proteins. 3 42 This achievement adds proteins to the list of ancient biomarkers 43 amenable to molecular characterization, opening access to a 44 reservoir of previously unavailable genetic information for phy-45 logenetic inference. The organic bone matrix, 90% of which is 46 collagen, represents approximately 25% of the bone mass and is 47 believed to persist over long periods of time, supposedly even 48 over the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. 4À6 Initial claims of 49 identification of dinosaur collagen peptides 7 were soon after 50 partially reinterpreted by the authors themselves 8 and contested, 9,10 51 but they also received support from data reanalysis based on a 52 different algorithm. 11 The oldest MS-generated protein sequence 53 reported has been recovered from the 80 million year old Campanian 54 hadrosaur (Brachylophosaurus canadensis) by Schweitzer et al., 12 but 55 since this study, no further sequences of comparable age have been 56 reported so far. Experimental diagenesis predicts that some collagen 57 will persist into the Pleistocene in temperate climates. 13 Rates of 58 degradation will be accellerated at the higher burial temperatures of 59 these fossils (Ea ∼170 kJ mol À1 ). 60 Unlike DNA, proteins are a dominant and much longer 61 preserved constituent of bone. MS screening of species-specific ABSTRACT: We used high-sensitivity, high-resolution tandem 15 mass spectrometry to shotgun sequence ancient protein remains 16 extracted from a 43 000 year old woolly mammoth (Mammuthus 17 primigenius) bone preserved in the Siberian permafrost. For the 18 first time, 126 unique protein accessions, mostly low-abundance 19 extracellular matrix and plasma proteins, were confidently iden-20 tified by solid molecular evidence. Among the best characterized 21 was the carrier protein serum albumin, presenting two single 22 amino acid substitutions compared to extant African (Loxodonta 23 africana) and Indian (Elephas maximus) elephants. Strong evi-24 dence was observed of amino acid modifications due to post-25 mortem hydrolytic and oxidative damage. A consistent subset of 26 this permafrost bone proteome was also identified in more recent 27
Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Colum... more Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), were excavated from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) loess and fine-grained alluvial deposits, respectively. Taphonomic data from both sites indicate that the mammoth skeletons exhibit numerous spirally fractured limb elements. Dynamic loading points are present on midshafts of large limb bones. Bone flakes produced from the partial thickness of thick cortical bone are also present. Hypotheses of carnivore activity, mammoth trampling, and human-induced fracturing are evaluated as possible causes of the fractured limb bone. Testing the hypotheses using modern data from actualistic taphonomic studies of elephant skeletons, paleontological data from two proboscidean natural death sites, experimental data from elephant bone fracturing, and archaeologically derived data concerning late Pleistocene human modification of mammoth limb bone indicates that the first two hypotheses can be rejected, while the third hypothesis is supported. r
Remains of five mammoths have been excavated along the north shore of Lovewell Reservoir on White... more Remains of five mammoths have been excavated along the north shore of Lovewell Reservoir on White Rock Creek, Jewell County, Kansas. Two additional mammoths have been recorded as surface finds. These seven mammoths are clustered within a distance of 2 km and are contained within sediments dating to the transition from terminal mid Wisconsin to Last Glacial Maximum. This density of single adult mammoth death sites is uncommon elsewhere on the central Great Plains of North America. Radiocarbon ages from bone and decalcified organic carbon indicate the mammoths date between about 18,000 and 21,000 rcybp. A discussion of the stratigraphy, ages and taphonomy for the five excavated mammoth localities is presented including new taphonomic data collected from the Lovewell Mammoth Site during the 2004 excavation. New data indicate that the Lovewell Mammoth Site contains three mammoths where as previously only one mammoth was reported [Holen, S.R., 2006. Taphonomy of two last glacial maximum mammoth sites in the central Great Plains of North America: a preliminary report on La Sena and Lovewell. Quaternary International 142-143, 30-43].
... 1996) and Barnes in the Great Lakes region (Roosa 1965, 1977; Wright and Roosa 1966). ... 199... more ... 1996) and Barnes in the Great Lakes region (Roosa 1965, 1977; Wright and Roosa 1966). ... 1990;Kay 1996; Keeley 1980; Vaughn 1985; Young and Bamforth 1990), this kind of information is crucial to evalu ating the efficacy of a microscopic use-wear analy sis. ...
13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancie... more 13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancient biomolecules 37 due to natural resistance to post-mortem decay arising from a 38 unique combination of mechanical, structural, and chemical 39 properties. 1,2 While representing the standard source of ancient 40 DNA molecules, fossil bones have also delivered the first mass 41 spectrometry (MS)-based identification of ancient proteins. 3 42 This achievement adds proteins to the list of ancient biomarkers 43 amenable to molecular characterization, opening access to a 44 reservoir of previously unavailable genetic information for phy-45 logenetic inference. The organic bone matrix, 90% of which is 46 collagen, represents approximately 25% of the bone mass and is 47 believed to persist over long periods of time, supposedly even 48 over the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. 4À6 Initial claims of 49 identification of dinosaur collagen peptides 7 were soon after 50 partially reinterpreted by the authors themselves 8 and contested, 9,10 51 but they also received support from data reanalysis based on a 52 different algorithm. 11 The oldest MS-generated protein sequence 53 reported has been recovered from the 80 million year old Campanian 54 hadrosaur (Brachylophosaurus canadensis) by Schweitzer et al., 12 but 55 since this study, no further sequences of comparable age have been 56 reported so far. Experimental diagenesis predicts that some collagen 57 will persist into the Pleistocene in temperate climates. 13 Rates of 58 degradation will be accellerated at the higher burial temperatures of 59 these fossils (Ea ∼170 kJ mol À1 ). 60 Unlike DNA, proteins are a dominant and much longer 61 preserved constituent of bone. MS screening of species-specific ABSTRACT: We used high-sensitivity, high-resolution tandem 15 mass spectrometry to shotgun sequence ancient protein remains 16 extracted from a 43 000 year old woolly mammoth (Mammuthus 17 primigenius) bone preserved in the Siberian permafrost. For the 18 first time, 126 unique protein accessions, mostly low-abundance 19 extracellular matrix and plasma proteins, were confidently iden-20 tified by solid molecular evidence. Among the best characterized 21 was the carrier protein serum albumin, presenting two single 22 amino acid substitutions compared to extant African (Loxodonta 23 africana) and Indian (Elephas maximus) elephants. Strong evi-24 dence was observed of amino acid modifications due to post-25 mortem hydrolytic and oxidative damage. A consistent subset of 26 this permafrost bone proteome was also identified in more recent 27
... a poster session at the Fifty-Sixth Annual Society for American Archaeology meeting (Hoard ..... more ... a poster session at the Fifty-Sixth Annual Society for American Archaeology meeting (Hoard ...Neutron activation analysis of Flattop chalce-dony from a Clovis multi-use site in the Central ... Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Research and Creative Activities Forum, College of Arts ...
Cryptocrystalline silicates from the Chadron Formation were widely used by prehistoric human grou... more Cryptocrystalline silicates from the Chadron Formation were widely used by prehistoric human groups in the Great Plains of North America. There are two documented quarry areas: Flattop Butte in Colorado and the White River Badlands of South Dakota. Cryptocrystalline ...
Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Colum... more Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), were excavated from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) loess and fine-grained alluvial deposits, respectively. Taphonomic data from both sites indicate that the mammoth skeletons exhibit numerous spirally fractured limb elements. Dynamic loading points are present on midshafts of large limb bones. Bone flakes produced from the partial thickness of thick cortical bone are also present. Hypotheses of carnivore activity, mammoth trampling, and human-induced fracturing are evaluated as possible causes of the fractured limb bone. Testing the hypotheses using modern data from actualistic taphonomic studies of elephant skeletons, paleontological data from two proboscidean natural death sites, experimental data from elephant bone fracturing, and archaeologically derived data concerning late Pleistocene human modification of mammoth limb bone indicates that the first two hypotheses can be rejected, while the third hypothesis is supported. r
High-quality cryptocrystalline silicates from the Oligocene-age White River Group of the central ... more High-quality cryptocrystalline silicates from the Oligocene-age White River Group of the central Great Plains (referred to here as White River Group Silicates [WRGS]) were widely used prehistorically for chipped-stone tools. There are three known source areas for WRGS: Flattop Butte in ...
soon became enmeshed in a controversy based on a geological interpretation that the deposits were... more soon became enmeshed in a controversy based on a geological interpretation that the deposits were much too old for a mammoth-human association. This controversy was not resolved during the 80 years following discovery of the site. Consequently, the Angus Mammoth site has been relegated to a footnote in American archaeology. Research over the last 35 years, including archival research, oral interviews, test excavations, geomorphic studies, and the dating of alluvium at the site has finally resolved the controversy over the antiquity of the site.
GSA Field Guide 5: Field Trips in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA, 2004
Page 1. Field Guides doi: 10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.69 2004;5;69-88 Field Guides Rolfe D. Mandel, Jac... more Page 1. Field Guides doi: 10.1130/0-8137-0005-1.69 2004;5;69-88 Field Guides Rolfe D. Mandel, Jack L. Hofman, Steven Holen and Jeanette M. Blackmar Kansas Buried Paleo-Indian landscapes and sites on the High Plains of northwestern ...
13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancie... more 13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancient biomolecules 37 due to natural resistance to post-mortem decay arising from a 38 unique combination of mechanical, structural, and chemical 39 properties. 1,2 While representing the standard source of ancient 40 DNA molecules, fossil bones have also delivered the first mass 41 spectrometry (MS)-based identification of ancient proteins. 3 42 This achievement adds proteins to the list of ancient biomarkers 43 amenable to molecular characterization, opening access to a 44 reservoir of previously unavailable genetic information for phy-45 logenetic inference. The organic bone matrix, 90% of which is 46 collagen, represents approximately 25% of the bone mass and is 47 believed to persist over long periods of time, supposedly even 48 over the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. 4À6 Initial claims of 49 identification of dinosaur collagen peptides 7 were soon after 50 partially reinterpreted by the authors themselves 8 and contested, 9,10 51 but they also received support from data reanalysis based on a 52 different algorithm. 11 The oldest MS-generated protein sequence 53 reported has been recovered from the 80 million year old Campanian 54 hadrosaur (Brachylophosaurus canadensis) by Schweitzer et al., 12 but 55 since this study, no further sequences of comparable age have been 56 reported so far. Experimental diagenesis predicts that some collagen 57 will persist into the Pleistocene in temperate climates. 13 Rates of 58 degradation will be accellerated at the higher burial temperatures of 59 these fossils (Ea ∼170 kJ mol À1 ). 60 Unlike DNA, proteins are a dominant and much longer 61 preserved constituent of bone. MS screening of species-specific ABSTRACT: We used high-sensitivity, high-resolution tandem 15 mass spectrometry to shotgun sequence ancient protein remains 16 extracted from a 43 000 year old woolly mammoth (Mammuthus 17 primigenius) bone preserved in the Siberian permafrost. For the 18 first time, 126 unique protein accessions, mostly low-abundance 19 extracellular matrix and plasma proteins, were confidently iden-20 tified by solid molecular evidence. Among the best characterized 21 was the carrier protein serum albumin, presenting two single 22 amino acid substitutions compared to extant African (Loxodonta 23 africana) and Indian (Elephas maximus) elephants. Strong evi-24 dence was observed of amino acid modifications due to post-25 mortem hydrolytic and oxidative damage. A consistent subset of 26 this permafrost bone proteome was also identified in more recent 27
Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Colum... more Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), were excavated from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) loess and fine-grained alluvial deposits, respectively. Taphonomic data from both sites indicate that the mammoth skeletons exhibit numerous spirally fractured limb elements. Dynamic loading points are present on midshafts of large limb bones. Bone flakes produced from the partial thickness of thick cortical bone are also present. Hypotheses of carnivore activity, mammoth trampling, and human-induced fracturing are evaluated as possible causes of the fractured limb bone. Testing the hypotheses using modern data from actualistic taphonomic studies of elephant skeletons, paleontological data from two proboscidean natural death sites, experimental data from elephant bone fracturing, and archaeologically derived data concerning late Pleistocene human modification of mammoth limb bone indicates that the first two hypotheses can be rejected, while the third hypothesis is supported. r
Remains of five mammoths have been excavated along the north shore of Lovewell Reservoir on White... more Remains of five mammoths have been excavated along the north shore of Lovewell Reservoir on White Rock Creek, Jewell County, Kansas. Two additional mammoths have been recorded as surface finds. These seven mammoths are clustered within a distance of 2 km and are contained within sediments dating to the transition from terminal mid Wisconsin to Last Glacial Maximum. This density of single adult mammoth death sites is uncommon elsewhere on the central Great Plains of North America. Radiocarbon ages from bone and decalcified organic carbon indicate the mammoths date between about 18,000 and 21,000 rcybp. A discussion of the stratigraphy, ages and taphonomy for the five excavated mammoth localities is presented including new taphonomic data collected from the Lovewell Mammoth Site during the 2004 excavation. New data indicate that the Lovewell Mammoth Site contains three mammoths where as previously only one mammoth was reported [Holen, S.R., 2006. Taphonomy of two last glacial maximum mammoth sites in the central Great Plains of North America: a preliminary report on La Sena and Lovewell. Quaternary International 142-143, 30-43].
... 1996) and Barnes in the Great Lakes region (Roosa 1965, 1977; Wright and Roosa 1966). ... 199... more ... 1996) and Barnes in the Great Lakes region (Roosa 1965, 1977; Wright and Roosa 1966). ... 1990;Kay 1996; Keeley 1980; Vaughn 1985; Young and Bamforth 1990), this kind of information is crucial to evalu ating the efficacy of a microscopic use-wear analy sis. ...
13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancie... more 13 b S Supporting Information 34 35 ' INTRODUCTION 36 Bones can be an abundant reservoir of ancient biomolecules 37 due to natural resistance to post-mortem decay arising from a 38 unique combination of mechanical, structural, and chemical 39 properties. 1,2 While representing the standard source of ancient 40 DNA molecules, fossil bones have also delivered the first mass 41 spectrometry (MS)-based identification of ancient proteins. 3 42 This achievement adds proteins to the list of ancient biomarkers 43 amenable to molecular characterization, opening access to a 44 reservoir of previously unavailable genetic information for phy-45 logenetic inference. The organic bone matrix, 90% of which is 46 collagen, represents approximately 25% of the bone mass and is 47 believed to persist over long periods of time, supposedly even 48 over the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. 4À6 Initial claims of 49 identification of dinosaur collagen peptides 7 were soon after 50 partially reinterpreted by the authors themselves 8 and contested, 9,10 51 but they also received support from data reanalysis based on a 52 different algorithm. 11 The oldest MS-generated protein sequence 53 reported has been recovered from the 80 million year old Campanian 54 hadrosaur (Brachylophosaurus canadensis) by Schweitzer et al., 12 but 55 since this study, no further sequences of comparable age have been 56 reported so far. Experimental diagenesis predicts that some collagen 57 will persist into the Pleistocene in temperate climates. 13 Rates of 58 degradation will be accellerated at the higher burial temperatures of 59 these fossils (Ea ∼170 kJ mol À1 ). 60 Unlike DNA, proteins are a dominant and much longer 61 preserved constituent of bone. MS screening of species-specific ABSTRACT: We used high-sensitivity, high-resolution tandem 15 mass spectrometry to shotgun sequence ancient protein remains 16 extracted from a 43 000 year old woolly mammoth (Mammuthus 17 primigenius) bone preserved in the Siberian permafrost. For the 18 first time, 126 unique protein accessions, mostly low-abundance 19 extracellular matrix and plasma proteins, were confidently iden-20 tified by solid molecular evidence. Among the best characterized 21 was the carrier protein serum albumin, presenting two single 22 amino acid substitutions compared to extant African (Loxodonta 23 africana) and Indian (Elephas maximus) elephants. Strong evi-24 dence was observed of amino acid modifications due to post-25 mortem hydrolytic and oxidative damage. A consistent subset of 26 this permafrost bone proteome was also identified in more recent 27
... a poster session at the Fifty-Sixth Annual Society for American Archaeology meeting (Hoard ..... more ... a poster session at the Fifty-Sixth Annual Society for American Archaeology meeting (Hoard ...Neutron activation analysis of Flattop chalce-dony from a Clovis multi-use site in the Central ... Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Research and Creative Activities Forum, College of Arts ...
Cryptocrystalline silicates from the Chadron Formation were widely used by prehistoric human grou... more Cryptocrystalline silicates from the Chadron Formation were widely used by prehistoric human groups in the Great Plains of North America. There are two documented quarry areas: Flattop Butte in Colorado and the White River Badlands of South Dakota. Cryptocrystalline ...
Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Colum... more Two mammoth sites from the central Great Plains of North America, each containing one adult Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), were excavated from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) loess and fine-grained alluvial deposits, respectively. Taphonomic data from both sites indicate that the mammoth skeletons exhibit numerous spirally fractured limb elements. Dynamic loading points are present on midshafts of large limb bones. Bone flakes produced from the partial thickness of thick cortical bone are also present. Hypotheses of carnivore activity, mammoth trampling, and human-induced fracturing are evaluated as possible causes of the fractured limb bone. Testing the hypotheses using modern data from actualistic taphonomic studies of elephant skeletons, paleontological data from two proboscidean natural death sites, experimental data from elephant bone fracturing, and archaeologically derived data concerning late Pleistocene human modification of mammoth limb bone indicates that the first two hypotheses can be rejected, while the third hypothesis is supported. r
High-quality cryptocrystalline silicates from the Oligocene-age White River Group of the central ... more High-quality cryptocrystalline silicates from the Oligocene-age White River Group of the central Great Plains (referred to here as White River Group Silicates [WRGS]) were widely used prehistorically for chipped-stone tools. There are three known source areas for WRGS: Flattop Butte in ...
soon became enmeshed in a controversy based on a geological interpretation that the deposits were... more soon became enmeshed in a controversy based on a geological interpretation that the deposits were much too old for a mammoth-human association. This controversy was not resolved during the 80 years following discovery of the site. Consequently, the Angus Mammoth site has been relegated to a footnote in American archaeology. Research over the last 35 years, including archival research, oral interviews, test excavations, geomorphic studies, and the dating of alluvium at the site has finally resolved the controversy over the antiquity of the site.
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