This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Anal... more This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. Using Nigerian MODA as the baseline study, we introduced three sets of parametric changes to the analysis: a change in poverty cutoffs (k); adjustments of indicators in dimensions, and inclusion of new dimensions as per the relevance for the national context. The rank correlation coefficient method is adopted to test for the robustness of MODA using Kendall Tau rank and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The analysis is conducted for children aged 0-17 and for children of different age groups (0-4, 5-11, and 12-17), and across four profiling variables: regions, wealth index, education level of household head, and education level of mother. Findings show that rankings of dimensions across the four profile variables are overall stable when parametric changes apply. The adjustment of indicators in dimensions resulted in a slight increase in the deprivation headcount for housing for all age groups, and for water for children 12-17 years old. Minor decreases in headcounts were observed for sanitation, water, housing, health, and nutrition for children 0-4 years old; for information, sanitation, water, and education for children 5-11 years old; and for sanitation and education for children 12-17 years old. The multidimensional deprivation rate increased compared to that of the baseline Nigeria MODA (53.9%) when the poverty cutoff (k) was changed from three to two dimensions (78.7%), when indicators were adjusted in dimensions (58.2%), and when new dimensions of child labour, physical development, and HIV/AIDS were added to reflect specifics in the national context (65.8%). These results vary across regions, with the northern part of the country showing higher deprivation rates. This study confirms the robustness of MODA methodology to parametric changes, and highlights the importance of contextualising the evidence in the national realm. spriglobal.org DISCUSSIONPAPER A robustness check to Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. The case of Nigeria Teju Fagbeja 1 and Victor Cebotari 2 Introduction Children make up about a third of the world's population, yet make up more than half of the world's poor (Newhouse, Suarez Becerra, & Evans, 2016). Poverty is defined as a "pronounced deprivation in well-being" and also multidimensional in its nature (Haughton & Khandker, 2009). The United Nations also recognizes poverty as being multidimensional, and the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to reduce poverty in all its dimensions (United Nations, 2015). Central to poverty eradication are the concepts of identification and aggregation (Roelen & Gassmann, 2008) because they help to answer two key questions: "Who are the poor?" and "How poor are the poor?". For a long while, poverty measures and analyses have been carried out using the money-metrics approaches based on income and consumption. According to Achille & Gianni (2006): Traditionally, poverty has been defined as a lack of income and has been associated with the study of personal income…the poverty concept has considerably evolved during the last three decades. New definitions have emerged…These new approaches underline the multidimensional and the vague aspects imbedded in the poverty concept. (p. 139) There have also been arguments to focus on child poverty as distinct from poverty in general. Roelen & Gassmann (2008) argued that children, not being economic actors by themselves, are not in control of how monetary resources are distributed within households, making them more vulnerable. Moreover, children have peculiar needs that are different from those of adults, and these needs, when unfulfilled, have farther-reaching implications for children
This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Anal... more This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. Using Nigerian MODA as the baseline study, we introduced three sets of parametric changes to the analysis: a change in poverty cutoffs (k); adjustments of indicators in dimensions, and inclusion of new dimensions as per the relevance for the national context. The rank correlation coefficient method is adopted to test for the robustness of MODA using Kendall Tau rank and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The analysis is conducted for children aged 0-17 and for children of different age groups (0-4, 5-11, and 12-17), and across four profiling variables: regions, wealth index, education level of household head, and education level of mother. Findings show that rankings of dimensions across the four profile variables are overall stable when parametric changes apply. The adjustment of indicators in dimensions resulted in a slight increase in the deprivation headcount for housing for all age groups, and for water for children 12-17 years old. Minor decreases in headcounts were observed for sanitation, water, housing, health, and nutrition for children 0-4 years old; for information, sanitation, water, and education for children 5-11 years old; and for sanitation and education for children 12-17 years old. The multidimensional deprivation rate increased compared to that of the baseline Nigeria MODA (53.9%) when the poverty cutoff (k) was changed from three to two dimensions (78.7%), when indicators were adjusted in dimensions (58.2%), and when new dimensions of child labour, physical development, and HIV/AIDS were added to reflect specifics in the national context (65.8%). These results vary across regions, with the northern part of the country showing higher deprivation rates. This study confirms the robustness of MODA methodology to parametric changes, and highlights the importance of contextualising the evidence in the national realm.
This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Anal... more This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. Using Nigerian MODA as the baseline study, we introduced three sets of parametric changes to the analysis: a change in poverty cutoffs (k); adjustments of indicators in dimensions, and inclusion of new dimensions as per the relevance for the national context. The rank correlation coefficient method is adopted to test for the robustness of MODA using Kendall Tau rank and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The analysis is conducted for children aged 0-17 and for children of different age groups (0-4, 5-11, and 12-17), and across four profiling variables: regions, wealth index, education level of household head, and education level of mother. Findings show that rankings of dimensions across the four profile variables are overall stable when parametric changes apply. The adjustment of indicators in dimensions resulted in a slight increase in the deprivation headcount for housing for all age groups, and for water for children 12-17 years old. Minor decreases in headcounts were observed for sanitation, water, housing, health, and nutrition for children 0-4 years old; for information, sanitation, water, and education for children 5-11 years old; and for sanitation and education for children 12-17 years old. The multidimensional deprivation rate increased compared to that of the baseline Nigeria MODA (53.9%) when the poverty cutoff (k) was changed from three to two dimensions (78.7%), when indicators were adjusted in dimensions (58.2%), and when new dimensions of child labour, physical development, and HIV/AIDS were added to reflect specifics in the national context (65.8%). These results vary across regions, with the northern part of the country showing higher deprivation rates. This study confirms the robustness of MODA methodology to parametric changes, and highlights the importance of contextualising the evidence in the national realm. spriglobal.org DISCUSSIONPAPER A robustness check to Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. The case of Nigeria Teju Fagbeja 1 and Victor Cebotari 2 Introduction Children make up about a third of the world's population, yet make up more than half of the world's poor (Newhouse, Suarez Becerra, & Evans, 2016). Poverty is defined as a "pronounced deprivation in well-being" and also multidimensional in its nature (Haughton & Khandker, 2009). The United Nations also recognizes poverty as being multidimensional, and the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to reduce poverty in all its dimensions (United Nations, 2015). Central to poverty eradication are the concepts of identification and aggregation (Roelen & Gassmann, 2008) because they help to answer two key questions: "Who are the poor?" and "How poor are the poor?". For a long while, poverty measures and analyses have been carried out using the money-metrics approaches based on income and consumption. According to Achille & Gianni (2006): Traditionally, poverty has been defined as a lack of income and has been associated with the study of personal income…the poverty concept has considerably evolved during the last three decades. New definitions have emerged…These new approaches underline the multidimensional and the vague aspects imbedded in the poverty concept. (p. 139) There have also been arguments to focus on child poverty as distinct from poverty in general. Roelen & Gassmann (2008) argued that children, not being economic actors by themselves, are not in control of how monetary resources are distributed within households, making them more vulnerable. Moreover, children have peculiar needs that are different from those of adults, and these needs, when unfulfilled, have farther-reaching implications for children
This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Anal... more This study is the first to employ a robustness check to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology. Using Nigerian MODA as the baseline study, we introduced three sets of parametric changes to the analysis: a change in poverty cutoffs (k); adjustments of indicators in dimensions, and inclusion of new dimensions as per the relevance for the national context. The rank correlation coefficient method is adopted to test for the robustness of MODA using Kendall Tau rank and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The analysis is conducted for children aged 0-17 and for children of different age groups (0-4, 5-11, and 12-17), and across four profiling variables: regions, wealth index, education level of household head, and education level of mother. Findings show that rankings of dimensions across the four profile variables are overall stable when parametric changes apply. The adjustment of indicators in dimensions resulted in a slight increase in the deprivation headcount for housing for all age groups, and for water for children 12-17 years old. Minor decreases in headcounts were observed for sanitation, water, housing, health, and nutrition for children 0-4 years old; for information, sanitation, water, and education for children 5-11 years old; and for sanitation and education for children 12-17 years old. The multidimensional deprivation rate increased compared to that of the baseline Nigeria MODA (53.9%) when the poverty cutoff (k) was changed from three to two dimensions (78.7%), when indicators were adjusted in dimensions (58.2%), and when new dimensions of child labour, physical development, and HIV/AIDS were added to reflect specifics in the national context (65.8%). These results vary across regions, with the northern part of the country showing higher deprivation rates. This study confirms the robustness of MODA methodology to parametric changes, and highlights the importance of contextualising the evidence in the national realm.
Uploads
Papers by Teju Fagbeja