Titanium alloys have been investigated for their application as an armor technology since the 195... more Titanium alloys have been investigated for their application as an armor technology since the 1950's and published technical papers in many forums describe the possible replacement of steel wrought plate with wrought titanium plate. The perceived high cost of titanium, however, has historically prevented greater application to military ground vehicles. The integration of titanium alloys into an armor system may offer greater ballistic advantages when the total performance is evaluated and this paper will examine potential applications of titanium in these systems. In recent years, the cost of titanium has fallen with new processing technology and the relative higher costs of composite and ceramic armors has made titanium a valid option for some applications, whether for weight reduction or improved ballistic performance. The distinct advantages of low density, high strength, a large competitive industrial base, and well established forming and shaping techniques establishes titanium as an excellent material for many military applications. Significant research efforts in understanding the material processing requirements for ground versus aerospace applications are documented and this paper will provide an overview of that research. A major concurrent effort has been amending existing military specifications to allow the use of lower cost, higher oxygen content titanium alloys that meet specific ground applications. This paper will review some documented armor applications of titanium, with emphasis on potential new titanium technologies and augments previous presentations given in this forum from 2007 to 2010.
General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloy... more General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloys make aluminum one of the most versatile, economical, and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of uses-from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. Aluminum alloys are second only to steels in use as structural metals.
This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steel... more This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steels for replacing the current rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) for ballistic application. High strength low alloy steel has been widely adapted as a ballistic plate in light armoured vehicle. However, the current used RHA plate is very heavy thus restricted the manoeuvrability of the armoured vehicle. The aim of this study is to find materials suitable to be used for production of composite protection panel which is lighter yet has similar mechanical properties to RHA. The tensile strength and hardness of AISI 4340 and AR500 steels were evaluated and compared to that of RHA and the results were analysed based on its chemical compositions and microstructural observation. Values of these properties are primarily reflected by its microstructures and chemical compositions. Therefore, microscopic observation of microstructural arrangement and phases are essential in understanding the hardness and stress-strain behaviour of these metals. Results indicate similar tensile properties were observed in RHA and AR500 but different properties obtained for AISI 4340. Tensile strength of RHA and AR500 were 1750 MPa and 1740 MPa respectively followed by AISI 4340 at 1020 MPa. AISI 4340 steel exhibited the highest elongation at 20.6% compared to RHA and AR500 at 13.3 and 12.5%, respectively. Higher degree of carbon content in fine martensitic structure of RHA and AR500 led to high hardness. Imperfections in RHA and AR500 were also removed by hot rolling process as indicated by white banding that cause higher in tensile strength. Retained austenite and coarse microstructure of AISI 4340 steel contributed to higher ductility compared to AR500 and RHA. Therefore the tensile properties of RHA and AR500 were found similar due to its microstructure behaviour. This similarity allows AR500 to be utilised as alternatives to RHA in armour plate application.
General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloy... more General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloys make aluminum one of the most versatile, economical, and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of uses-from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. Aluminum alloys are second only to steels in use as structural metals.
This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steel... more This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steels for replacing the current rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) for ballistic application. High strength low alloy steel has been widely adapted as a ballistic plate in light armoured vehicle. However, the current used RHA plate is very heavy thus restricted the manoeuvrability of the armoured vehicle. The aim of this study is to find materials suitable to be used for production of composite protection panel which is lighter yet has similar mechanical properties to RHA. The tensile strength and hardness of AISI 4340 and AR500 steels were evaluated and compared to that of RHA and the results were analysed based on its chemical compositions and microstructural observation. Values of these properties are primarily reflected by its microstructures and chemical compositions. Therefore, microscopic observation of microstructural arrangement and phases are essential in understanding the hardness and stress-strain behaviour of these metals. Results indicate similar tensile properties were observed in RHA and AR500 but different properties obtained for AISI 4340. Tensile strength of RHA and AR500 were 1750 MPa and 1740 MPa respectively followed by AISI 4340 at 1020 MPa. AISI 4340 steel exhibited the highest elongation at 20.6% compared to RHA and AR500 at 13.3 and 12.5%, respectively. Higher degree of carbon content in fine martensitic structure of RHA and AR500 led to high hardness. Imperfections in RHA and AR500 were also removed by hot rolling process as indicated by white banding that cause higher in tensile strength. Retained austenite and coarse microstructure of AISI 4340 steel contributed to higher ductility compared to AR500 and RHA. Therefore the tensile properties of RHA and AR500 were found similar due to its microstructure behaviour. This similarity allows AR500 to be utilised as alternatives to RHA in armour plate application.
Titanium alloys have been investigated for their application as an armor technology since the 195... more Titanium alloys have been investigated for their application as an armor technology since the 1950's and published technical papers in many forums describe the possible replacement of steel wrought plate with wrought titanium plate. The perceived high cost of titanium, however, has historically prevented greater application to military ground vehicles. The integration of titanium alloys into an armor system may offer greater ballistic advantages when the total performance is evaluated and this paper will examine potential applications of titanium in these systems. In recent years, the cost of titanium has fallen with new processing technology and the relative higher costs of composite and ceramic armors has made titanium a valid option for some applications, whether for weight reduction or improved ballistic performance. The distinct advantages of low density, high strength, a large competitive industrial base, and well established forming and shaping techniques establishes titanium as an excellent material for many military applications. Significant research efforts in understanding the material processing requirements for ground versus aerospace applications are documented and this paper will provide an overview of that research. A major concurrent effort has been amending existing military specifications to allow the use of lower cost, higher oxygen content titanium alloys that meet specific ground applications. This paper will review some documented armor applications of titanium, with emphasis on potential new titanium technologies and augments previous presentations given in this forum from 2007 to 2010.
General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloy... more General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloys make aluminum one of the most versatile, economical, and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of uses-from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. Aluminum alloys are second only to steels in use as structural metals.
This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steel... more This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steels for replacing the current rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) for ballistic application. High strength low alloy steel has been widely adapted as a ballistic plate in light armoured vehicle. However, the current used RHA plate is very heavy thus restricted the manoeuvrability of the armoured vehicle. The aim of this study is to find materials suitable to be used for production of composite protection panel which is lighter yet has similar mechanical properties to RHA. The tensile strength and hardness of AISI 4340 and AR500 steels were evaluated and compared to that of RHA and the results were analysed based on its chemical compositions and microstructural observation. Values of these properties are primarily reflected by its microstructures and chemical compositions. Therefore, microscopic observation of microstructural arrangement and phases are essential in understanding the hardness and stress-strain behaviour of these metals. Results indicate similar tensile properties were observed in RHA and AR500 but different properties obtained for AISI 4340. Tensile strength of RHA and AR500 were 1750 MPa and 1740 MPa respectively followed by AISI 4340 at 1020 MPa. AISI 4340 steel exhibited the highest elongation at 20.6% compared to RHA and AR500 at 13.3 and 12.5%, respectively. Higher degree of carbon content in fine martensitic structure of RHA and AR500 led to high hardness. Imperfections in RHA and AR500 were also removed by hot rolling process as indicated by white banding that cause higher in tensile strength. Retained austenite and coarse microstructure of AISI 4340 steel contributed to higher ductility compared to AR500 and RHA. Therefore the tensile properties of RHA and AR500 were found similar due to its microstructure behaviour. This similarity allows AR500 to be utilised as alternatives to RHA in armour plate application.
General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloy... more General Characteristics. The unique combinations of properties provided by aluminum and its alloys make aluminum one of the most versatile, economical, and attractive metallic materials for a broad range of uses-from soft, highly ductile wrapping foil to the most demanding engineering applications. Aluminum alloys are second only to steels in use as structural metals.
This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steel... more This paper present the study about the mechanical properties of two high strength low alloy steels for replacing the current rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) for ballistic application. High strength low alloy steel has been widely adapted as a ballistic plate in light armoured vehicle. However, the current used RHA plate is very heavy thus restricted the manoeuvrability of the armoured vehicle. The aim of this study is to find materials suitable to be used for production of composite protection panel which is lighter yet has similar mechanical properties to RHA. The tensile strength and hardness of AISI 4340 and AR500 steels were evaluated and compared to that of RHA and the results were analysed based on its chemical compositions and microstructural observation. Values of these properties are primarily reflected by its microstructures and chemical compositions. Therefore, microscopic observation of microstructural arrangement and phases are essential in understanding the hardness and stress-strain behaviour of these metals. Results indicate similar tensile properties were observed in RHA and AR500 but different properties obtained for AISI 4340. Tensile strength of RHA and AR500 were 1750 MPa and 1740 MPa respectively followed by AISI 4340 at 1020 MPa. AISI 4340 steel exhibited the highest elongation at 20.6% compared to RHA and AR500 at 13.3 and 12.5%, respectively. Higher degree of carbon content in fine martensitic structure of RHA and AR500 led to high hardness. Imperfections in RHA and AR500 were also removed by hot rolling process as indicated by white banding that cause higher in tensile strength. Retained austenite and coarse microstructure of AISI 4340 steel contributed to higher ductility compared to AR500 and RHA. Therefore the tensile properties of RHA and AR500 were found similar due to its microstructure behaviour. This similarity allows AR500 to be utilised as alternatives to RHA in armour plate application.
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