The most recent applications of hadron accelerators to tumor therapy are reviewed and the Italian... more The most recent applications of hadron accelerators to tumor therapy are reviewed and the Italian Hadrontherapy Programme is presented in the framework of what is done and planned in the rest of the world. This programme foresees three independent but coherent activities: (i) the construction in Milano of a large National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy based on a 22 m diameter synchrotron, with 3 rooms for proton treatment and 1 room for ion treatment (which can control radioresistant tumours); (ii) the construction (financed by Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome) of a novel 3 GHZ linac which will accelerate protons to 200 MeV. The second part of this linac can also be used as 200 MeV booster for protons accelerated to 60– 70 MeV by high current cyclotrons; (iii) a multimedia information network (RITA) connecting the Associated Centres with the Centres having hadron beams, so to select before any travelling the patients to be irradiated.
Foreword The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first proton collider and formed a ... more Foreword The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first proton collider and formed a bridge between the fixed-target experiments at the relatively low energies prior to the 1970s and the high-energy frontier at the colliders of today. The machine, which worked with protons, deuterons, alpha particles and anti-protons, was at the forefront of technology in many fields and catalysed a rapid advance in accelerator technologies and techniques, including vacuum systems, precision power converters, superconducting quadrupoles, and especially the renowned stochastic cooling. These developments have resulted in the ISR having had a profound legacy to its successor machines-the Super Proton Synchrotron, the first proton-antiproton collider, and the LHC, CERN's current flagship accelerator at the forefront of particle physics research at the highest energies. Moreover, owing to the challenges posed by the environment of the proton collisions for the physics under study, there were also many developments for particle detector techniques at the ISR. In particular, the use of 'Roman pots' for the positioning of detectors close to the circulating beams was demonstrated, as was the widespread use of multi-wire proportional chambers, cylindrical drift chambers and the use of liquid argon in calorimeters. Last but not least, the ISR made contributions to the understanding of fundamental particle physics processes. In particular, the study of hadronic interactions advanced QCD as the theory of strong interactions. The experiments also showed that the proton-proton total cross-section was not constant with energy. These results are still the subject of research today at the LHC. We are privileged to have had contributions at this colloquium from some of the key people of the ISR, 40 years after the first proton-proton collisions. We heard directly from them how the achievements at the ISR were realised, insight that will be of assistance in discovering new aspects relevant to the future of research in particle physics.
The first surprising ‘small-angle physics’ result produced at the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR... more The first surprising ‘small-angle physics’ result produced at the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the announcement that the proton–proton total cross-section was not constant over the newly opened energy range. Since the present report is not a review paper but a personal recollection on the beginnings of ISR physics, I start by underlining that, forty years later, it is difficult to describe and explain the surprise and scepticism with which the news of the ‘rising total cross-section’ was received by all knowledgeable physicists. Among the many episodes, I vividly recall what Daniele Amati told me while walking out of the CERN Auditorium after the seminar of March 1973 in which I had described the results obtained independently by the CERN–Rome and Pisa–Stony Brook Collaborations: ‘Ugo, you must be wrong, otherwise the pomeron trajectory would have to cut the axis above 1!’
Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics, 2015
The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) were the first hadron collider ever built, providing proton-... more The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) were the first hadron collider ever built, providing proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies as high as 62 GeV, almost five times larger than any previous accelerator. When in 1971 the ISR began operation the Reggepole approach dominated and the proton-proton total cross-section was expected to have already reached a finite asymptotic value. However, ISR experiments found that the cross-section was rising by 10% between 22 and 62 GeV, while the interaction radius was increasing by 5%, a trend that continues up to the hundred times larger energies available at the Large Hadron Collider. In order to accurately measure the total and elastic cross-sections, new experimental methods-uniquely adapted to the environment of a hadron collider-had to be developed; they are described in the central part of this paper, which closes with a review of the data obtained at the LHC since they put in a wider perspective the forty years old ISR results.
••. Jn c.-.'l/Jcr p iMECT RECOVERY IN •SUPERCONDUCTING CO^-piy; lINACS WITHOUT PARTICLE RECOVERY*... more ••. Jn c.-.'l/Jcr p iMECT RECOVERY IN •SUPERCONDUCTING CO^-piy; lINACS WITHOUT PARTICLE RECOVERY* |f;o Asa Id I, CERN, Ccncva, Switzerland >V3 ' i66 CJON^V ~ '"T^lOlS^"" ' Pellegrini, Brookhaven Nations. Labra tory, Upton, New York OÂ BSTRACT MASTER A new type of electron-positron collider based on superconducting Unacs is proposed. As in other schemes, the bunch energy is recovered by deceleration in the opposite linac, but the spent bunches * r e du.-.ped after a single pass, thus avoiding many problems c.. nnec ted with their re-use. The needed low energy particK s are produced by the monochromatic photons radiated co»... rcnt ly by the high energy bunches in a wiggler magnet b«.f orc deceleration.
The linac booster (LIBO) project aims to build a 3 GHz proton linac to give the beam from 50-70 M... more The linac booster (LIBO) project aims to build a 3 GHz proton linac to give the beam from 50-70 MeV cyclotrons, which exist in several laboratories and hospitals, a final energy of 200 MeV. This will allow the treatment of deep-seated tumours. A prototype of the first LIBO module was designed, constructed and RF tested by a collaboration of CERN,
Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology, 2009
The use of radiofrequency linacs for hadrontherapy was proposed about 20 years ago, but only rece... more The use of radiofrequency linacs for hadrontherapy was proposed about 20 years ago, but only recently has it been understood that the high repetition rate together with the possibility of very rapid energy variations offers an optimal solution to the present challenge of hadrontherapy: "paint" a moving tumor target in three dimensions with a pencil beam. Moreover, the fact that the energy, and thus the particle range, can be electronically adjusted implies that no absorber-based energy selection system is needed, which, in the case of cyclotron-based centers, is the cause of material activation. On the other side, a linac consumes less power than a synchrotron. The first part of this article describes the main advantages of high frequency linacs in hadrontherapy, the early design studies, and the construction and test of the first high-gradient prototype which accelerated protons. The second part illustrates some technical issues relevant to the design of copper standing w...
Zeitschrift Fur Physik C-Particles and Fields, 1996
Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production... more Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production rate from hadronic Z 0 decays at LEP. The number of 0 decays per hadronic Z decay is found to be: < 0 + 0 >= 0 : 070 0:010 (stat:) 0:010 (syst:) : The production rate is similarly measured to be: < + + >= 0 : 0014 0:0002 (stat:) 0:0004 (syst:) by a combination of methods using constrained ts to the whole decay c hain and particle identication.
Searches for supersymmetric partners of top and bottom quarks are presented using data taken by t... more Searches for supersymmetric partners of top and bottom quarks are presented using data taken by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in 1997 and 1998. No deviations from standard model expectations are observed in these data sets, which are taken at centre-of-mass energies of 183 GeV and 189 GeV and correspond to integrated luminosities of 54 pb −1 and 158 pb −1. These results are used in combination with those obtained by DELPHI at lower centre-of-mass energies to exclude regions in the squark-neutralino mass plane at 95% confidence level.
Proc. of the 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and …, 2007
A cyclinac is a high-gradient linac which, driven by a large-current cyclotron, produces the low ... more A cyclinac is a high-gradient linac which, driven by a large-current cyclotron, produces the low hadron currents needed for tumour treatments.. For about 15 years TERA has been developing high-frequencies (3 GHz) and thus high-gradient structures. This paper introduces these novel fast-cycling accelerators, illustrates their advantages with respect to cyclotrons and synchrotronsin particular for the treatment of moving organs-and describes two applications: IDRA for protontherapy and CABOTO for carbon ion therapy.
The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions in 1990. Kg, K **, A(K) and ... more The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions in 1990. Kg, K **, A(K) and E'(§+) have been identified by their characteristic 90,000 selected hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP son into multihadronic final states is presented. The analysis is based on about An analysis of the production of strange particles from the decays of the ZU bo
Production of Σ − and Λ(1520) in hadronic Z decays has been measured using the Delphi detector at... more Production of Σ − and Λ(1520) in hadronic Z decays has been measured using the Delphi detector at Lep. The Σ − is directly reconstructed as a charged track in the Delphi microvertex detector and is identified by its Σ → nπ decay leading to a kink between the Σ − and π-track. The reconstruction of the Λ(1520) resonance relies strongly on the particle identification capabilities of the barrel Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector and on the ionisation loss measurement of the TPC. Inclusive production spectra are measured for both particles. The production rates are measured to be N Σ − /N had Z
During the last 1995 data acquisition period at LEP, the DELPHI experiment collected an integrate... more During the last 1995 data acquisition period at LEP, the DELPHI experiment collected an integrated luminosity o f 5 : 9 p b 1 at centre-of-mass energies of 130 GeV and 136 GeV. Radiative leptonic events (e; ;) with high energy photons were studied and compared to Standard Model predictions. The data were used to search for charged excited leptons decaying through an electromagnetic transition. No signicant signal was found. From the search for pair produced excited leptons, the limits m e > 62:5 GeV/c 2 , m > 62:6 GeV/c 2 and m > 62:2 GeV/c 2 at 95% condence level were established. For single excited lepton production, upper limits on the ratio =m` of the coupling of the excited charged lepton to its mass were derived.
An update of the search for sleptons, neutralinos and charginos in the context of scenarios where... more An update of the search for sleptons, neutralinos and charginos in the context of scenarios where the lightest supersymmetric particle is the gravitino and the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle is a slepton, is presented, together with the update of the search for heavy stable charged particles in light gravitino scenarios and Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Models. Data collected in 1999 with the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies around 192, 196, 200 and 202 GeV were analysed. No evidence for the production of these supersymmetric particles was found. Hence, new mass limits were derived at 95 con dence level.
Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production... more Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production rate from hadronic Z 0 decays at LEP. The number of 0 decays per hadronic Z decay is found to be: < 0 + 0 >= 0 : 070 0:010 (stat:) 0:010 (syst:) : The production rate is similarly measured to be: < + + >= 0 : 0014 0:0002 (stat:) 0:0004 (syst:) by a combination of methods using constrained ts to the whole decay c hain and particle identication.
Only 1% of the 18'000 world accelerators are devoted to the production of radioisotopes for medic... more Only 1% of the 18'000 world accelerators are devoted to the production of radioisotopes for medical diagnostics. In fact at present about 85% of all the medical examinations use 99m Tc produced in nuclear reactors. But the development of Positron Emission Tomography and of its combination with Computer Tomography will boost the hospital use of cyclotrons. Much more general is the use of electron linacs in cancer therapy about 40% of the world accelerators are used for this so called "conventional" radiotherapy. In the developed countries every 10 million inhabitants about 20'000 oncological patients are irradiated every year with high-energy photons (called X-rays by radiotherapists) produced by electron linacs. Much less used is "hadrontherapy", the radiotherapy technique that employs protons, neutrons or carbon ions. Protons and ions are 'heavy' charged particles: they assure a more 'conformal' treatment than X-rays and thus spare better the surrounding healthy tissues allowing a larger dose and thus a larger control rate. By now about 40'000 patients have been treated worldwide with protons and 15 hospital based centres are either running or under construction. The frontier of radiotherapy is now the use of beams of carbon ions having energies up to 400 MeV/u. They deliver the dose as precisely as protons and have a larger biological effectiveness than X-rays and protons so to be particularly suited to treat radio resistant tumours, as proven by the very encouraging results obtained on about 2'000 patients in HIMAC (Chiba, Japan) and on about 250 patients at GSI (Darmstadt). A second Japanese centre is running in Hyogo and two Centres are under construction in Europe: one in Heidelberg (Germany) and the other in Pave (Italy). The Italian Centre, designed by TERA, is based on the optimised medical synchrotron designed in the framework of the 'Proton Ion Medical Machine Study' (PIMMS) carried out at CERN from 1996 to 1999. In fall 2004 the MedAustron project has been approved for construction in the town of Wiener Neustadt (Austria), Projects are getting close to the financing phase in France and in Sweden. Thus Europe is moving coherently towards this new frontier, as also proven by the fact that the five European projects are collaborating in the framework of ENLIGHT, the European Network for Light ion Therapy. In addition industry is getting involved in the construction of turn-key carbon ion centres.
Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields, 1994
The e + e − → e + e − hadrons reaction, where one of the two electrons is detected in a low polar... more The e + e − → e + e − hadrons reaction, where one of the two electrons is detected in a low polar-angle calorimeter, is analysed in order to measure the hadronic photon structure function F γ 2. The full high-energy and high-luminosity data set, collected with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies 189 GeV ≤ √ s ≤ 209 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 608 pb −1 is used. The Q 2 range 11 GeV 2 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 34 GeV 2 and the x range 0.006 ≤ x ≤ 0.556 are considered. The data are compared with recent parton density functions.
Double-tagged interactions of photons with virtualities Q 2 between 10 GeV 2 and 200 GeV 2 are st... more Double-tagged interactions of photons with virtualities Q 2 between 10 GeV 2 and 200 GeV 2 are studied with the data collected by DELPHI at LEPII from 1998 to 2000, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 550 pb −1. The γ * γ * → µ + µ − data agree with QED predictions. The cross-section of the reaction γ * γ * → hadrons is measured and compared to the LO and NLO BFKL calculations.
The most recent applications of hadron accelerators to tumor therapy are reviewed and the Italian... more The most recent applications of hadron accelerators to tumor therapy are reviewed and the Italian Hadrontherapy Programme is presented in the framework of what is done and planned in the rest of the world. This programme foresees three independent but coherent activities: (i) the construction in Milano of a large National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy based on a 22 m diameter synchrotron, with 3 rooms for proton treatment and 1 room for ion treatment (which can control radioresistant tumours); (ii) the construction (financed by Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome) of a novel 3 GHZ linac which will accelerate protons to 200 MeV. The second part of this linac can also be used as 200 MeV booster for protons accelerated to 60– 70 MeV by high current cyclotrons; (iii) a multimedia information network (RITA) connecting the Associated Centres with the Centres having hadron beams, so to select before any travelling the patients to be irradiated.
Foreword The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first proton collider and formed a ... more Foreword The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the world's first proton collider and formed a bridge between the fixed-target experiments at the relatively low energies prior to the 1970s and the high-energy frontier at the colliders of today. The machine, which worked with protons, deuterons, alpha particles and anti-protons, was at the forefront of technology in many fields and catalysed a rapid advance in accelerator technologies and techniques, including vacuum systems, precision power converters, superconducting quadrupoles, and especially the renowned stochastic cooling. These developments have resulted in the ISR having had a profound legacy to its successor machines-the Super Proton Synchrotron, the first proton-antiproton collider, and the LHC, CERN's current flagship accelerator at the forefront of particle physics research at the highest energies. Moreover, owing to the challenges posed by the environment of the proton collisions for the physics under study, there were also many developments for particle detector techniques at the ISR. In particular, the use of 'Roman pots' for the positioning of detectors close to the circulating beams was demonstrated, as was the widespread use of multi-wire proportional chambers, cylindrical drift chambers and the use of liquid argon in calorimeters. Last but not least, the ISR made contributions to the understanding of fundamental particle physics processes. In particular, the study of hadronic interactions advanced QCD as the theory of strong interactions. The experiments also showed that the proton-proton total cross-section was not constant with energy. These results are still the subject of research today at the LHC. We are privileged to have had contributions at this colloquium from some of the key people of the ISR, 40 years after the first proton-proton collisions. We heard directly from them how the achievements at the ISR were realised, insight that will be of assistance in discovering new aspects relevant to the future of research in particle physics.
The first surprising ‘small-angle physics’ result produced at the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR... more The first surprising ‘small-angle physics’ result produced at the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the announcement that the proton–proton total cross-section was not constant over the newly opened energy range. Since the present report is not a review paper but a personal recollection on the beginnings of ISR physics, I start by underlining that, forty years later, it is difficult to describe and explain the surprise and scepticism with which the news of the ‘rising total cross-section’ was received by all knowledgeable physicists. Among the many episodes, I vividly recall what Daniele Amati told me while walking out of the CERN Auditorium after the seminar of March 1973 in which I had described the results obtained independently by the CERN–Rome and Pisa–Stony Brook Collaborations: ‘Ugo, you must be wrong, otherwise the pomeron trajectory would have to cut the axis above 1!’
Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics, 2015
The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) were the first hadron collider ever built, providing proton-... more The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) were the first hadron collider ever built, providing proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies as high as 62 GeV, almost five times larger than any previous accelerator. When in 1971 the ISR began operation the Reggepole approach dominated and the proton-proton total cross-section was expected to have already reached a finite asymptotic value. However, ISR experiments found that the cross-section was rising by 10% between 22 and 62 GeV, while the interaction radius was increasing by 5%, a trend that continues up to the hundred times larger energies available at the Large Hadron Collider. In order to accurately measure the total and elastic cross-sections, new experimental methods-uniquely adapted to the environment of a hadron collider-had to be developed; they are described in the central part of this paper, which closes with a review of the data obtained at the LHC since they put in a wider perspective the forty years old ISR results.
••. Jn c.-.'l/Jcr p iMECT RECOVERY IN •SUPERCONDUCTING CO^-piy; lINACS WITHOUT PARTICLE RECOVERY*... more ••. Jn c.-.'l/Jcr p iMECT RECOVERY IN •SUPERCONDUCTING CO^-piy; lINACS WITHOUT PARTICLE RECOVERY* |f;o Asa Id I, CERN, Ccncva, Switzerland >V3 ' i66 CJON^V ~ '"T^lOlS^"" ' Pellegrini, Brookhaven Nations. Labra tory, Upton, New York OÂ BSTRACT MASTER A new type of electron-positron collider based on superconducting Unacs is proposed. As in other schemes, the bunch energy is recovered by deceleration in the opposite linac, but the spent bunches * r e du.-.ped after a single pass, thus avoiding many problems c.. nnec ted with their re-use. The needed low energy particK s are produced by the monochromatic photons radiated co»... rcnt ly by the high energy bunches in a wiggler magnet b«.f orc deceleration.
The linac booster (LIBO) project aims to build a 3 GHz proton linac to give the beam from 50-70 M... more The linac booster (LIBO) project aims to build a 3 GHz proton linac to give the beam from 50-70 MeV cyclotrons, which exist in several laboratories and hospitals, a final energy of 200 MeV. This will allow the treatment of deep-seated tumours. A prototype of the first LIBO module was designed, constructed and RF tested by a collaboration of CERN,
Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology, 2009
The use of radiofrequency linacs for hadrontherapy was proposed about 20 years ago, but only rece... more The use of radiofrequency linacs for hadrontherapy was proposed about 20 years ago, but only recently has it been understood that the high repetition rate together with the possibility of very rapid energy variations offers an optimal solution to the present challenge of hadrontherapy: "paint" a moving tumor target in three dimensions with a pencil beam. Moreover, the fact that the energy, and thus the particle range, can be electronically adjusted implies that no absorber-based energy selection system is needed, which, in the case of cyclotron-based centers, is the cause of material activation. On the other side, a linac consumes less power than a synchrotron. The first part of this article describes the main advantages of high frequency linacs in hadrontherapy, the early design studies, and the construction and test of the first high-gradient prototype which accelerated protons. The second part illustrates some technical issues relevant to the design of copper standing w...
Zeitschrift Fur Physik C-Particles and Fields, 1996
Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production... more Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production rate from hadronic Z 0 decays at LEP. The number of 0 decays per hadronic Z decay is found to be: < 0 + 0 >= 0 : 070 0:010 (stat:) 0:010 (syst:) : The production rate is similarly measured to be: < + + >= 0 : 0014 0:0002 (stat:) 0:0004 (syst:) by a combination of methods using constrained ts to the whole decay c hain and particle identication.
Searches for supersymmetric partners of top and bottom quarks are presented using data taken by t... more Searches for supersymmetric partners of top and bottom quarks are presented using data taken by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in 1997 and 1998. No deviations from standard model expectations are observed in these data sets, which are taken at centre-of-mass energies of 183 GeV and 189 GeV and correspond to integrated luminosities of 54 pb −1 and 158 pb −1. These results are used in combination with those obtained by DELPHI at lower centre-of-mass energies to exclude regions in the squark-neutralino mass plane at 95% confidence level.
Proc. of the 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and …, 2007
A cyclinac is a high-gradient linac which, driven by a large-current cyclotron, produces the low ... more A cyclinac is a high-gradient linac which, driven by a large-current cyclotron, produces the low hadron currents needed for tumour treatments.. For about 15 years TERA has been developing high-frequencies (3 GHz) and thus high-gradient structures. This paper introduces these novel fast-cycling accelerators, illustrates their advantages with respect to cyclotrons and synchrotronsin particular for the treatment of moving organs-and describes two applications: IDRA for protontherapy and CABOTO for carbon ion therapy.
The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions in 1990. Kg, K **, A(K) and ... more The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions in 1990. Kg, K **, A(K) and E'(§+) have been identified by their characteristic 90,000 selected hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP son into multihadronic final states is presented. The analysis is based on about An analysis of the production of strange particles from the decays of the ZU bo
Production of Σ − and Λ(1520) in hadronic Z decays has been measured using the Delphi detector at... more Production of Σ − and Λ(1520) in hadronic Z decays has been measured using the Delphi detector at Lep. The Σ − is directly reconstructed as a charged track in the Delphi microvertex detector and is identified by its Σ → nπ decay leading to a kink between the Σ − and π-track. The reconstruction of the Λ(1520) resonance relies strongly on the particle identification capabilities of the barrel Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector and on the ionisation loss measurement of the TPC. Inclusive production spectra are measured for both particles. The production rates are measured to be N Σ − /N had Z
During the last 1995 data acquisition period at LEP, the DELPHI experiment collected an integrate... more During the last 1995 data acquisition period at LEP, the DELPHI experiment collected an integrated luminosity o f 5 : 9 p b 1 at centre-of-mass energies of 130 GeV and 136 GeV. Radiative leptonic events (e; ;) with high energy photons were studied and compared to Standard Model predictions. The data were used to search for charged excited leptons decaying through an electromagnetic transition. No signicant signal was found. From the search for pair produced excited leptons, the limits m e > 62:5 GeV/c 2 , m > 62:6 GeV/c 2 and m > 62:2 GeV/c 2 at 95% condence level were established. For single excited lepton production, upper limits on the ratio =m` of the coupling of the excited charged lepton to its mass were derived.
An update of the search for sleptons, neutralinos and charginos in the context of scenarios where... more An update of the search for sleptons, neutralinos and charginos in the context of scenarios where the lightest supersymmetric particle is the gravitino and the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle is a slepton, is presented, together with the update of the search for heavy stable charged particles in light gravitino scenarios and Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Models. Data collected in 1999 with the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies around 192, 196, 200 and 202 GeV were analysed. No evidence for the production of these supersymmetric particles was found. Hence, new mass limits were derived at 95 con dence level.
Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production... more Reconstructed baryon decays and photon conversions in DELPHI are used to measure the 0 production rate from hadronic Z 0 decays at LEP. The number of 0 decays per hadronic Z decay is found to be: < 0 + 0 >= 0 : 070 0:010 (stat:) 0:010 (syst:) : The production rate is similarly measured to be: < + + >= 0 : 0014 0:0002 (stat:) 0:0004 (syst:) by a combination of methods using constrained ts to the whole decay c hain and particle identication.
Only 1% of the 18'000 world accelerators are devoted to the production of radioisotopes for medic... more Only 1% of the 18'000 world accelerators are devoted to the production of radioisotopes for medical diagnostics. In fact at present about 85% of all the medical examinations use 99m Tc produced in nuclear reactors. But the development of Positron Emission Tomography and of its combination with Computer Tomography will boost the hospital use of cyclotrons. Much more general is the use of electron linacs in cancer therapy about 40% of the world accelerators are used for this so called "conventional" radiotherapy. In the developed countries every 10 million inhabitants about 20'000 oncological patients are irradiated every year with high-energy photons (called X-rays by radiotherapists) produced by electron linacs. Much less used is "hadrontherapy", the radiotherapy technique that employs protons, neutrons or carbon ions. Protons and ions are 'heavy' charged particles: they assure a more 'conformal' treatment than X-rays and thus spare better the surrounding healthy tissues allowing a larger dose and thus a larger control rate. By now about 40'000 patients have been treated worldwide with protons and 15 hospital based centres are either running or under construction. The frontier of radiotherapy is now the use of beams of carbon ions having energies up to 400 MeV/u. They deliver the dose as precisely as protons and have a larger biological effectiveness than X-rays and protons so to be particularly suited to treat radio resistant tumours, as proven by the very encouraging results obtained on about 2'000 patients in HIMAC (Chiba, Japan) and on about 250 patients at GSI (Darmstadt). A second Japanese centre is running in Hyogo and two Centres are under construction in Europe: one in Heidelberg (Germany) and the other in Pave (Italy). The Italian Centre, designed by TERA, is based on the optimised medical synchrotron designed in the framework of the 'Proton Ion Medical Machine Study' (PIMMS) carried out at CERN from 1996 to 1999. In fall 2004 the MedAustron project has been approved for construction in the town of Wiener Neustadt (Austria), Projects are getting close to the financing phase in France and in Sweden. Thus Europe is moving coherently towards this new frontier, as also proven by the fact that the five European projects are collaborating in the framework of ENLIGHT, the European Network for Light ion Therapy. In addition industry is getting involved in the construction of turn-key carbon ion centres.
Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields, 1994
The e + e − → e + e − hadrons reaction, where one of the two electrons is detected in a low polar... more The e + e − → e + e − hadrons reaction, where one of the two electrons is detected in a low polar-angle calorimeter, is analysed in order to measure the hadronic photon structure function F γ 2. The full high-energy and high-luminosity data set, collected with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies 189 GeV ≤ √ s ≤ 209 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 608 pb −1 is used. The Q 2 range 11 GeV 2 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 34 GeV 2 and the x range 0.006 ≤ x ≤ 0.556 are considered. The data are compared with recent parton density functions.
Double-tagged interactions of photons with virtualities Q 2 between 10 GeV 2 and 200 GeV 2 are st... more Double-tagged interactions of photons with virtualities Q 2 between 10 GeV 2 and 200 GeV 2 are studied with the data collected by DELPHI at LEPII from 1998 to 2000, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 550 pb −1. The γ * γ * → µ + µ − data agree with QED predictions. The cross-section of the reaction γ * γ * → hadrons is measured and compared to the LO and NLO BFKL calculations.
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