It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that all... more It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that allows you to view our content but may not work with every feature of our site. If you are using an older browser, please upgrade for the best experience. ... Provided below are links to ...
The ultimate sales letter will provide you a distinctive book to overcome you life to much greate... more The ultimate sales letter will provide you a distinctive book to overcome you life to much greater. Book, as one of the reference to get many sources can be considered as one that will connect the life to the experience to the knowledge. By having book to read, you have tried to connect your life to be better. It will encourage your quality not only for your life but also people around you.
Contemporaneous outlier blocks (additive or reallocation) caused by special events frequently occ... more Contemporaneous outlier blocks (additive or reallocation) caused by special events frequently occur in repeated business time series. When the time series have strong inter-series dependence, shrinkage estimation techniques provide improved estimates of the time series model parameters and of the outlier block. A bootstrap estimate of the covariance matrix of the vector of outlier magnitudes enables us to incorporate the dependence and obtain the shrinkage estimates. 1 Introduction American industry is characterized by constant change. Companies introduce new products and reorganize. In this environment of constant change, historical data on which forecasts are based are often short, comprising usually of not more than three or four years of monthly data. Frequently, companies are organized into smaller units or divisions and short data series are available for each division leading to a set of repeated time series. For example, in IBM, the division is in terms of geographic areas a...
You may browse and search the full, authoritative version for free; you may also purchase a print... more You may browse and search the full, authoritative version for free; you may also purchase a print or electronic version of the book. If you have questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, please contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373. Assessing Gender Differences in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.
Our world is increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors. Massive am... more Our world is increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors. Massive amounts of data are being captured in computer systems about our natural environment and man-made engineered structures, processes, and systems. But it is necessary to make sense out of all this data. With new computer methods computers can in effect become macroscopes, enabling us to see the world portrayed by our data. Already it is amazing how intelligent many of our structures, processes, and systems have become, but we are only beginning. Much of our smart world so far has been built using highly structured data; but a large portion of information today is unstructured; much is based on natural language which is often highly contextual and full of ambiguity. The sheer mass of this unstructured data makes it difficult for unassisted humans to assimilate, and we are just beginning to explore what computers can do to assist. Perhaps the Jeopardy playing machine Watson's natural langu...
Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) u... more Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) unknown future observations with a specified probability are derived. Our simultaneous intervals are based on two types of probability inequalities, i.e. the Bonferroni-and product-types. These differ from the marginal intervals in that they take into account the correlation structure between the forecast errors. For the forecasting methods commonly used with seasonal time series data, we show how to construct forecast error correlations and evaluate, using an example, the simultaneous and marginal prediction intervals. For all the methods, the simultaneous intervals are accurate with the accuracy increasing with the use of higher-order probability inequalities, whereas the marginal intervals are far too short in every case. Also, when L is greater than the seasonal period, the simultaneous intervals based on improved probability inequalities will be most accurate.
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) u... more Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) unknown future observations with a specified probability are derived. Our simultaneous intervals are based on two types of probability inequalities, i.e. the Bonferroni-and product-types. These differ from the marginal intervals in that they take into account the correlation structure between the forecast errors. For the forecasting methods commonly used with seasonal time series data, we show how to construct forecast error correlations and evaluate, using an example, the simultaneous and marginal prediction intervals. For all the methods, the simultaneous intervals are accurate with the accuracy increasing with the use of higher-order probability inequalities, whereas the marginal intervals are far too short in every case. Also, when L is greater than the seasonal period, the simultaneous intervals based on improved probability inequalities will be most accurate.
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
NSF Directorate for Education and Human Resources, 2014
In May 2013, the Director and Deputy Director of NSF and the Assistant Director of NSF for Educat... more In May 2013, the Director and Deputy Director of NSF and the Assistant Director of NSF for Education and Human Resources (EHR) requested the EHR Advisory Committee to draw on its unique perspectives from academia, policy, and industry to make recommendations for the priorities and directions of the EHR Directorate.
The response of the Advisory Committee to this charge was to organize this response according to three major EHR themes:
1. STEM Learning and Learning Environments 2. Broadening Participation and Institutional Capacity 3. STEM Workforce Development
These themes, and the supporting recommendations from the Advisory Committee, inform a vision for the future of EHR programs. This report presents each theme and recommendations for its fulfillment, ending with a summary of cross-cutting themes and related commentary.
The Advisory Committee undertook the effort to generate this report independently. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Advisory Committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
BEST, an initiative of the Council on Competitiveness, was established as an independent 501 (c)(... more BEST, an initiative of the Council on Competitiveness, was established as an independent 501 (c)(3) in 2001 at the recommendation of the Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology. Our mission is to spur action to build a strong, more diverse U.S. technical workforce.The nation’s scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists comprise an indispensable strategic asset. Despite decades of effort, however, this pool of talent remains about three-quarters male and four-fifths white. The talent imperative we face is to prepare, attract and retain a larger share of all of our citizens in the technical fields that underpin U.S. economic strength, national security and quality of life. BEST’s objective has been to build a foundation for action through a two-year net assessment of best practices in pre-K-12,higher education and the workplace to increase the participation of women, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and persons with disabilities in the science, engineering and technology professions. Three blue-ribbon panels have worked in parallel across the whole continuum of education and workforce development with the guidance and support of BEST’s Board of Directors, National Leadership Council,Research Board and Project Integrators who are listed on theinside front and back covers of this report. Based on available research evidence and the professional judgment of 120 nationally recognized practitioners and researchers, the assessment: • Makes the case for national action to meet the U.S. talent imperative; • Rates pre-K-12 programs that have research evidence of effectiveness or are worthy of investment in further research; • Analyzes higher education and workplace exemplars; • Distills the design principles that underpin effective programs; and • Proposes an action agenda at the national and community levels engaging employers, educators, policy makers, professional societies and nonprofit organizations. BEST will report its findings and recommendations to members of Congress in the spring of 2004.
The electric power industry is going through deregulation. As a result, the load on the generatin... more The electric power industry is going through deregulation. As a result, the load on the generating units of a utility is becoming increasingly unpredictable. Furthermore, electric utilities may need to buy power or sell their production to a power pool that serves as a ...
We discuss the problem of hedging between the natural gas and electric power markets. Based on mu... more We discuss the problem of hedging between the natural gas and electric power markets. Based on multiple forecasts for natural gas prices, natural gas demand, and electricity prices, a stochastic optimization model advises a decision maker on when to buy or sell natural gas and when to transform gas into electricity. For relatively small models, branch-and-bound solves the problem to optimality. Larger models are solved using Benders decomposition and Lagrangian relaxation. We apply our approach to the system of an electric utility and succeed in solving problems with 50000 binary variables in less than 4 minutes to within 1.16% of the optimal value.
We describe an algorithm for estimating the parameters of time-series models expressed in state-s... more We describe an algorithm for estimating the parameters of time-series models expressed in state-space form. The algorithm is based on the EM algorithm, and generalizes an algorithm given by Shumway and Stoffer (1982).
It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that all... more It appears that you are using either an older, classic Web browser or a hand-held device that allows you to view our content but may not work with every feature of our site. If you are using an older browser, please upgrade for the best experience. ... Provided below are links to ...
The ultimate sales letter will provide you a distinctive book to overcome you life to much greate... more The ultimate sales letter will provide you a distinctive book to overcome you life to much greater. Book, as one of the reference to get many sources can be considered as one that will connect the life to the experience to the knowledge. By having book to read, you have tried to connect your life to be better. It will encourage your quality not only for your life but also people around you.
Contemporaneous outlier blocks (additive or reallocation) caused by special events frequently occ... more Contemporaneous outlier blocks (additive or reallocation) caused by special events frequently occur in repeated business time series. When the time series have strong inter-series dependence, shrinkage estimation techniques provide improved estimates of the time series model parameters and of the outlier block. A bootstrap estimate of the covariance matrix of the vector of outlier magnitudes enables us to incorporate the dependence and obtain the shrinkage estimates. 1 Introduction American industry is characterized by constant change. Companies introduce new products and reorganize. In this environment of constant change, historical data on which forecasts are based are often short, comprising usually of not more than three or four years of monthly data. Frequently, companies are organized into smaller units or divisions and short data series are available for each division leading to a set of repeated time series. For example, in IBM, the division is in terms of geographic areas a...
You may browse and search the full, authoritative version for free; you may also purchase a print... more You may browse and search the full, authoritative version for free; you may also purchase a print or electronic version of the book. If you have questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, please contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373. Assessing Gender Differences in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.
Our world is increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors. Massive am... more Our world is increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors. Massive amounts of data are being captured in computer systems about our natural environment and man-made engineered structures, processes, and systems. But it is necessary to make sense out of all this data. With new computer methods computers can in effect become macroscopes, enabling us to see the world portrayed by our data. Already it is amazing how intelligent many of our structures, processes, and systems have become, but we are only beginning. Much of our smart world so far has been built using highly structured data; but a large portion of information today is unstructured; much is based on natural language which is often highly contextual and full of ambiguity. The sheer mass of this unstructured data makes it difficult for unassisted humans to assimilate, and we are just beginning to explore what computers can do to assist. Perhaps the Jeopardy playing machine Watson's natural langu...
Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) u... more Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) unknown future observations with a specified probability are derived. Our simultaneous intervals are based on two types of probability inequalities, i.e. the Bonferroni-and product-types. These differ from the marginal intervals in that they take into account the correlation structure between the forecast errors. For the forecasting methods commonly used with seasonal time series data, we show how to construct forecast error correlations and evaluate, using an example, the simultaneous and marginal prediction intervals. For all the methods, the simultaneous intervals are accurate with the accuracy increasing with the use of higher-order probability inequalities, whereas the marginal intervals are far too short in every case. Also, when L is greater than the seasonal period, the simultaneous intervals based on improved probability inequalities will be most accurate.
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) u... more Simultaneous prediction intervals for forecasts from time series models that contain L ( L 2 1) unknown future observations with a specified probability are derived. Our simultaneous intervals are based on two types of probability inequalities, i.e. the Bonferroni-and product-types. These differ from the marginal intervals in that they take into account the correlation structure between the forecast errors. For the forecasting methods commonly used with seasonal time series data, we show how to construct forecast error correlations and evaluate, using an example, the simultaneous and marginal prediction intervals. For all the methods, the simultaneous intervals are accurate with the accuracy increasing with the use of higher-order probability inequalities, whereas the marginal intervals are far too short in every case. Also, when L is greater than the seasonal period, the simultaneous intervals based on improved probability inequalities will be most accurate.
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) ... more ... m(0,1), (ib)) and let q-1(b,,b1_,) denote the probability of a female in state (a - 1, bo-i) at time t - 1 reaching state (abow) at time t, (ie, ql[bbei-] = M((Y bog) (ore boy 1)) THEOREM C. M is positive regular if and only if the greatest common divisor of the differences {k - k1, k, - k2, ... ...
NSF Directorate for Education and Human Resources, 2014
In May 2013, the Director and Deputy Director of NSF and the Assistant Director of NSF for Educat... more In May 2013, the Director and Deputy Director of NSF and the Assistant Director of NSF for Education and Human Resources (EHR) requested the EHR Advisory Committee to draw on its unique perspectives from academia, policy, and industry to make recommendations for the priorities and directions of the EHR Directorate.
The response of the Advisory Committee to this charge was to organize this response according to three major EHR themes:
1. STEM Learning and Learning Environments 2. Broadening Participation and Institutional Capacity 3. STEM Workforce Development
These themes, and the supporting recommendations from the Advisory Committee, inform a vision for the future of EHR programs. This report presents each theme and recommendations for its fulfillment, ending with a summary of cross-cutting themes and related commentary.
The Advisory Committee undertook the effort to generate this report independently. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Advisory Committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
BEST, an initiative of the Council on Competitiveness, was established as an independent 501 (c)(... more BEST, an initiative of the Council on Competitiveness, was established as an independent 501 (c)(3) in 2001 at the recommendation of the Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology. Our mission is to spur action to build a strong, more diverse U.S. technical workforce.The nation’s scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists comprise an indispensable strategic asset. Despite decades of effort, however, this pool of talent remains about three-quarters male and four-fifths white. The talent imperative we face is to prepare, attract and retain a larger share of all of our citizens in the technical fields that underpin U.S. economic strength, national security and quality of life. BEST’s objective has been to build a foundation for action through a two-year net assessment of best practices in pre-K-12,higher education and the workplace to increase the participation of women, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and persons with disabilities in the science, engineering and technology professions. Three blue-ribbon panels have worked in parallel across the whole continuum of education and workforce development with the guidance and support of BEST’s Board of Directors, National Leadership Council,Research Board and Project Integrators who are listed on theinside front and back covers of this report. Based on available research evidence and the professional judgment of 120 nationally recognized practitioners and researchers, the assessment: • Makes the case for national action to meet the U.S. talent imperative; • Rates pre-K-12 programs that have research evidence of effectiveness or are worthy of investment in further research; • Analyzes higher education and workplace exemplars; • Distills the design principles that underpin effective programs; and • Proposes an action agenda at the national and community levels engaging employers, educators, policy makers, professional societies and nonprofit organizations. BEST will report its findings and recommendations to members of Congress in the spring of 2004.
The electric power industry is going through deregulation. As a result, the load on the generatin... more The electric power industry is going through deregulation. As a result, the load on the generating units of a utility is becoming increasingly unpredictable. Furthermore, electric utilities may need to buy power or sell their production to a power pool that serves as a ...
We discuss the problem of hedging between the natural gas and electric power markets. Based on mu... more We discuss the problem of hedging between the natural gas and electric power markets. Based on multiple forecasts for natural gas prices, natural gas demand, and electricity prices, a stochastic optimization model advises a decision maker on when to buy or sell natural gas and when to transform gas into electricity. For relatively small models, branch-and-bound solves the problem to optimality. Larger models are solved using Benders decomposition and Lagrangian relaxation. We apply our approach to the system of an electric utility and succeed in solving problems with 50000 binary variables in less than 4 minutes to within 1.16% of the optimal value.
We describe an algorithm for estimating the parameters of time-series models expressed in state-s... more We describe an algorithm for estimating the parameters of time-series models expressed in state-space form. The algorithm is based on the EM algorithm, and generalizes an algorithm given by Shumway and Stoffer (1982).
Although more women than men participate in higher education in the United States, the same is no... more Although more women than men participate in higher education in the United States, the same is not true of careers in U.S. science and engineering (S&E). Women students and faculty in S&E experience higher attrition rates than men. Women students are awarded a large portion of S&E baccalaureate degrees, but at each subsequent stage the percentages drop. As a result, women faculty are scarce in S&E. As for women who do reach that level, studies have found that they are subject to gender disparities in salaries and workload (e.g., women have less time for research because more time is spent on counseling and service committees). Meanwhile, women advance more slowly through the academic hierarchy, and a higher proportion leaves academic employment. Although their numbers are increasing, women also are underrepresented at the highest tiers of administrative positions. Many women have succeeded, as demonstrated by enrollments, degrees completed, and the presence of women faculty, deans, and university presidents. But their success also reveals the challenges that women face in trying to do so. This guide is about enhancing women’s participation in academia in science and engineering. In compiling this guide the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering of the National Academies sought to move beyond yet another catalog of challenges facing the advancement of women in academic S&E to provide a document describing actions actually taken by universities to improve the situation for women. In addition, the committee sought to show that the increase in participation of women can be achieved at research universities with stellar reputations—or to quote one university president, “Diversity versus quality is a false tradeoff.” This guide, then, is a compendium of solutions that may be of use to other universities and colleges seeking to advance women in science and engineering. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Robert Barnhill, University of Kansas; Joan Brennecke, University of Notre Dame; Susan Fiske, Princeton University; Linda Katehi, Purdue University; Maria Klawe, Princeton University; Melanie Leitner, Washington University; Laurie McNeil, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; JoAnn Silverstein, University of Colorado; Crispin Taylor, American Society of Plant Biologists; and Diane Renee Wagner, Stanford University. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mildred Dresselhaus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Appointed by the National Academies, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. Lilian Wu Chair
The exploding cost of health care in the United States is a source of widespread alarm. Similarly... more The exploding cost of health care in the United States is a source of widespread alarm. Similarly, the upward spiral of college tuition fees is cause for serious concern. In this concise and illuminating book, the well-known economist William J. Baumol and co-authors explores the causes of these seemingly intractable problems and offers a surprisingly simple explanation. Baumol identifies the "cost disease" as a major source of rapidly rising costs in service sectors of the economy. Once we understand that disease, he explains, effective responses become apparent.
Baumol presents his analysis with characteristic clarity, tracing the fast-rising prices of health care and education in the United States and other major industrial nations, then examining the underlying causes, which have to do with the nature of providing labor-intensive services. The news is good, Baumol reassures us, because the nature of the disease is such that society will be able to afford the rising costs.
... John P. Holdren, t Robert W. Conn, 2 Diana MacArthur, 3 Lawrence T. Papay, 4 Stewart C. Prage... more ... John P. Holdren, t Robert W. Conn, 2 Diana MacArthur, 3 Lawrence T. Papay, 4 Stewart C. Prager, s Andrew M. Sessler, 6 ... Reactor (TFTR) is shut down, and continue mod-est funding to pursue energy applications of the inertial-confinement fusion effort heine fimded Reactor ...
The White House, June 1999: A Report from THE PRESIDENT’S COMMITTEE OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PANEL ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, AND DEPLOYMENT
This report summarizes the discussions, ideas, and recommendations of the Women & Science: Celebr... more This report summarizes the discussions, ideas, and recommendations of the Women & Science: Celebrating Achievements, Charting Challenges conference.The purpose of the conference was to take stock of the achievements that women have made, assess what works best in the classroom and workplace, and chart a new course to address the challenges that remain. The report makes the following seven recommendations: 1.Communicate with women and girls about the importance of being scientifically literate. Increase public understanding of the role that women do and can play in science and engineering while dispelling myths and stereotypes.2.Rather than relying on quick fixes to local problems, seek to transform the systems of education and the sciences by holding institutions account-able for their performance as employers and places of learning for all people.3.Recognize and reinforce the importance of mentoring and being mentored at all levels of education and career.4.Enable women and girls to participate fully in science and engineering by making available a greater variety of resources. These resources include career awareness and career planning assistance and opportunities to interact within and across disciplinary fields and sectors of the economy.5.Accommodate the needs of women by recognizing a diversity of approaches to learning and the multiple paths women take to becoming literate citizens and career professionals in science and engineering.T 6.Strengthen connections between organizations that have a stake in the participation of women in the sciences and engineering, such as the corporate and academic worlds, the formal and informal education sectors, associations of women and associations of sciences, and between higher education and K-12 schools.7.Place greater emphasis on determining what works best in increasing opportunities for women and girls and how this knowledge can be shared and used by others.
Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematic... more Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity.
This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.
Education has always been vital to the success of individuals and the science and engineering ent... more Education has always been vital to the success of individuals and the science and engineering enterprise. In the technology- and knowledge-based economy of the 21st century, science, engineering, and technology education is also an investment in the United States’ collective future as a nation and as a society. For decades, the United States has excelled in building and sustaining institutions of higher education that attract science and engineering talent from all over the world. The Nation has done less well in encouraging and developing the mostly untapped potential of underrepresented minorities, women, and persons with disabilities. Developing this potential will lead to expanded opportunities for individuals as well as improving national competitiveness and prosperity.
To address these concerns, the National Science Board Committee on Education and Human Resources hosted a group of distinguished panelists to participate in a workshop entitled, “Broadening Participation in Science and Engineering Research and Education” on August 12, 2003. The workshop was very well attended by people concerned with diversity in U.S. academic institutions and the workforce. The workshop had two objectives: first, to celebrate the progress that American universities have made in bringing diversity to science and engineering; and second, to identify strategies for further increasing the diversity of the nation’s science and engineering workforce
Career Choices of Female Engineers: A Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014
Despite decades of government, university, and employer efforts to close the gender gap in engine... more Despite decades of government, university, and employer efforts to close the gender gap in engineering, women make up only 11 percent of practicing engineers in the United States. What factors influence women graduates' decisions to enter the engineering workforce and either to stay in or leave the field as their careers progress? Researchers are both tapping existing data and fielding new surveys to help answer these questions.
On April 24, 2013, the National Research Council Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop to explore emerging research and to discuss career pathways and outcomes for women who have received bachelor's degrees in engineering. Participants included academic researchers and representatives from the Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, and Census Bureau, as well as several engineering professional societies. Career Choices of Female Engineers summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
An ad hoc planning committee, under the auspices of the National Academies' standing Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM), convened a public workshop to examine the career outcomes of women recipients of bachelor’s degrees in engineering. The importance of educating and training a technical workforce has received significant public interest lately, but there has been much less on the subject of retaining scientific and technical employees in the workforce. The retention of workers in these areas is particularly challenging for women and underrepresented minorities. The workshop that is the focus of this report was organized to address career pathways and advancement, areas of priority for the CWSEM. The committee is interested in (1) understanding gender differences in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women at critical transition points and (2) investigating and disseminating the best practices to facilitate career transitions and advancement for all.
The workshop discussions uncovered interesting, puzzling, and even alarming trends. For instance, the B&B data showed that the retention rates for all cohorts of men in engineering remained fairly steady one year after graduation, whereas there was dramatic variation in the retention rates for women, depending on the cohort population (defined by the year of graduation): female retention rates one year after graduation were 67.8 percent for Cohort 1 in 1994, 51.6 percent in 2001 (Cohort 2), and a comparatively dismal 36.4 percent in 2009 (Cohort 3). The survey data for Cohort 3 indicate that for these women it was harder to find jobs they wanted in locations they desired in comparison to men. In addition, more women in Cohort 3 cited poor working conditions as a factor for leaving engineering (8.5 percent) compared to men (only 0.5 percent), indicating that climate and work opportunities remain important problems to be addressed to reduce gender differences in retention in engineering.
Lilian Wu, program executive for IBM’s Global University Program and former CWSEM chair, opened the workshop. She proclaimed it an exciting time to be an engineer or computer scientist as the world is becoming increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors, developments that have made it possible to capture massive amounts of data on natural systems, manufactured structures, and social systems. This information can in turn be used to improve the delivery of public services, such as education, public safety, and health care, as well as the way cities operate. She observed that another important development is that people and systems are much more interconnected and there is an emerging capacity to look at systems in much greater depth. The healthcare system is not improved in isolation, for example, and the new data and interconnected technologies are changing the nature of physical manufacturing as well. Engineers and computer scientists are at the center of this new world, and women and minority groups must fully participate in the design and building of it, Wu said. Efforts at this workshop to examine women’s career paths and obstacles can point the way to ensuring that this new world has a system in which women and minority groups can fully participate.
After Wu’s introductory remarks, attendees heard presentations on the research commissioned for the workshop. Gail Greenfield, principal with Mercer Consulting, reviewed her findings on “Career Outcomes of Women Engineering Bachelor’s Degree Recipients,” followed by Nadya Fouad and Romila Singh of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, who detailed the results of their study investigating why women leave engineering. Tom Perry then led a discussion of data needs, critical transitions, and career pathways for women in engineering that yielded numerous insights and ideas for further research. A special feature of the workshop was the presentations by graduate students in public policy and management at Carnegie Mellon University’s H. John Heinz College who surveyed small and medium-sized businesses about women on their technical staff. The workshop closed with a general discussion of the issues presented and of other areas that warrant further exploration as well as a call to the attendees to incorporate the workshop observations and lessons in their actions going forward.
Uploads
Papers by Lilian Wu
The response of the Advisory Committee to this charge was to organize this response according to three major EHR themes:
1. STEM Learning and Learning Environments 2. Broadening Participation and Institutional Capacity 3. STEM Workforce Development
These themes, and the supporting recommendations from the Advisory Committee, inform a vision for the future of EHR programs. This report presents each theme and recommendations for its fulfillment, ending with a summary of cross-cutting themes and related commentary.
The Advisory Committee undertook the effort to generate this report independently. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Advisory Committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
BEST will report its findings and recommendations to members of Congress in the spring of 2004.
The response of the Advisory Committee to this charge was to organize this response according to three major EHR themes:
1. STEM Learning and Learning Environments 2. Broadening Participation and Institutional Capacity 3. STEM Workforce Development
These themes, and the supporting recommendations from the Advisory Committee, inform a vision for the future of EHR programs. This report presents each theme and recommendations for its fulfillment, ending with a summary of cross-cutting themes and related commentary.
The Advisory Committee undertook the effort to generate this report independently. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Advisory Committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
BEST will report its findings and recommendations to members of Congress in the spring of 2004.
Although their numbers are increasing, women also are underrepresented at the highest tiers of administrative positions. Many women have succeeded, as demonstrated by enrollments, degrees completed, and the presence of women faculty, deans, and university presidents. But their success also reveals the challenges that women face in trying to do so. This guide is about enhancing women’s participation in academia in science and engineering.
In compiling this guide the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering of the National Academies sought to move beyond yet another catalog of challenges facing the advancement of women in academic S&E to provide a document describing actions actually taken by universities to improve the situation for women. In addition, the committee sought to show that the increase in participation of women can be achieved at research universities with stellar reputations—or to quote one university president, “Diversity versus quality is a false tradeoff.” This guide, then, is a compendium of solutions that may be of use to other universities and colleges seeking to advance women in science and engineering.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Robert Barnhill, University of Kansas; Joan Brennecke, University of Notre Dame; Susan Fiske, Princeton University; Linda Katehi, Purdue University; Maria Klawe, Princeton University; Melanie Leitner, Washington University; Laurie McNeil, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; JoAnn Silverstein, University of Colorado; Crispin Taylor, American Society of Plant Biologists; and Diane Renee Wagner, Stanford University.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mildred Dresselhaus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Appointed by the National Academies, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Lilian Wu
Chair
Baumol presents his analysis with characteristic clarity, tracing the fast-rising prices of health care and education in the United States and other major industrial nations, then examining the underlying causes, which have to do with the nature of providing labor-intensive services. The news is good, Baumol reassures us, because the nature of the disease is such that society will be able to afford the rising costs.
6.Strengthen connections between organizations that have a stake in the participation of women in the sciences and engineering, such as the corporate and academic worlds, the formal and informal education sectors, associations of women and associations of sciences, and between higher education and K-12 schools.7.Place greater emphasis on determining what works best in increasing opportunities for women and girls and how this knowledge can be shared and used by others.
This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.
To address these concerns, the National Science Board Committee on Education and Human Resources hosted a group of distinguished panelists to participate in a workshop entitled, “Broadening Participation in Science and Engineering Research and Education” on August 12, 2003. The workshop was very well attended by people concerned with diversity in U.S. academic institutions and the workforce. The workshop had two objectives: first, to celebrate the progress that American universities have made in bringing diversity to science and engineering; and second, to identify strategies for further increasing the diversity of the nation’s science and engineering workforce
On April 24, 2013, the National Research Council Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop to explore emerging research and to discuss career pathways and outcomes for women who have received bachelor's degrees in engineering. Participants included academic researchers and representatives from the Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, and Census Bureau, as well as several engineering professional societies. Career Choices of Female Engineers summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
An ad hoc planning committee, under the auspices of the National Academies' standing Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM), convened a public workshop to examine the career outcomes of women recipients of bachelor’s degrees in engineering. The importance of educating and training a technical workforce has received significant public interest lately, but there has been much less on the subject of retaining scientific and technical employees in the workforce. The retention of workers in these areas is particularly challenging for women and underrepresented minorities. The workshop that is the focus of this report was organized to address career pathways and advancement, areas of priority for the CWSEM. The committee is interested in (1) understanding gender differences in the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women at critical transition points and (2) investigating and disseminating the best practices to facilitate career transitions and advancement for all.
The workshop discussions uncovered interesting, puzzling, and even alarming trends. For instance, the B&B data showed that the retention rates for all cohorts of men in engineering remained fairly steady one year after graduation, whereas there was dramatic variation in the retention rates for women, depending on the cohort population (defined by the year of graduation): female retention rates one year after graduation were 67.8 percent for Cohort 1 in 1994, 51.6 percent in 2001 (Cohort 2), and a comparatively dismal 36.4 percent in 2009 (Cohort 3). The survey data for Cohort 3 indicate that for these women it was harder to find jobs they wanted in locations they desired in comparison to men. In addition, more women in Cohort 3 cited poor working conditions as a factor for leaving engineering (8.5 percent) compared to men (only 0.5 percent), indicating that climate and work opportunities remain important problems to be addressed to reduce gender differences in retention in engineering.
Lilian Wu, program executive for IBM’s Global University Program and former CWSEM chair, opened the workshop. She proclaimed it an exciting time to be an engineer or computer scientist as the world is becoming increasingly computerized, interconnected, and instrumented with sensors, developments that have made it possible to capture massive amounts of data on natural systems, manufactured structures, and social systems. This information can in turn be used to improve the delivery of public services, such as education, public safety, and health care, as well as the way cities operate. She observed that another important development is that people and systems are much more interconnected and there is an emerging capacity to look at systems in much greater depth. The healthcare system is not improved in isolation, for example, and the new data and interconnected technologies are changing the nature of physical manufacturing as well. Engineers and computer scientists are at the center of this new world, and women and minority groups must fully participate in the design and building of it, Wu said. Efforts at this workshop to examine women’s career paths and obstacles can point the way to ensuring that this new world has a system in which women and minority groups can fully participate.
After Wu’s introductory remarks, attendees heard presentations on the research commissioned for the workshop. Gail Greenfield, principal with Mercer Consulting, reviewed her findings on “Career Outcomes of Women Engineering Bachelor’s Degree Recipients,” followed by Nadya Fouad and Romila Singh of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, who detailed the results of their study investigating why women leave engineering. Tom Perry then led a discussion of data needs, critical transitions, and career pathways for women in engineering that yielded numerous insights and ideas for further research. A special feature of the workshop was the presentations by graduate students in public policy and management at Carnegie Mellon University’s H. John Heinz College who surveyed small and medium-sized businesses about women on their technical staff. The workshop closed with a general discussion of the issues presented and of other areas that warrant further exploration as well as a call to the attendees to incorporate the workshop observations and lessons in their actions going forward.