Prioritizing some outsourcing functions of government is increasingly considered as a strategic n... more Prioritizing some outsourcing functions of government is increasingly considered as a strategic necessity for developing nations. In recent decades, outsourcing management has been one of the main concerns for running public organizations, effectively and efficiently; the more there is citizen satisfaction and fewer costs, the more there will be emergence and expansion of outsourcing. In the complex environment of decision making (opposing criteria and alternatives), we need to utilize multicriteria decision making (MCDM) techniques. Among them, analytic network process (ANP), as the most comprehensive framework of the analysis of public, governmental, and corporate decisions, is able to evaluate complex decision making problems through considering interdependences among criteria and alternatives. Yet, there is no sufficient published works concerning the use of ANP in defining outsourcing priorities of public organizations with typical examples. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to go a step further by applying ANP to solving public problems. This paper also contributes to the common knowledge of outsourcing by providing a new approach to the field. ANP was used for outsourcing decision making as a multi-criteria problem based on four main dimensions of citizen satisfaction, namely; accountability, social justice, effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of helping officials to choose the best functions being outsourced in order to improve citizen satisfaction. We have discussed that educational, health, service, productive and cultural activities are the priorities to be outsourced respectively based on experts ideas. Some recommendations for future research are also given.
This work is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: The purpose of this st... more This work is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of spelling and types of errors through grade-level word and sentence dictation tasks for general children in lower grade elementary school (grades 1-3). Methods: The subjects of this study were 60 TD children in grades 1 to 3 (20 students in each grade) from elementary schools. The spelling test was constructed to include words implemented in word-level tasks at the sentence level based on textbooks revised in 2017 and 2018 that were being used in grades 1 to 3 used in actual school sites. Results: First, The spelling accuracy at the word level was significantly lower than the whole word segment accuracy at the sentence level. There was no significant difference between task types in the accuracy at the word level and the target word for the sentence level. Second, All grades showed orthographic errors, morphological errors, and phonological errors. When analyzed according to task types, the error level was similar at the word and sentence level in the order of orthographic errors, morphological errors, and phonological errors. Conclusion: Spelling ability is active in the lower grade of elementary school, confirming that it is an important ability to develop during this period. Therefore, if writing grade characteristics are considered in the evaluation and setting of intervention goals for children who have difficulty spelling, this suggests that a positive writing instruction is achieved.
Prioritizing some outsourcing functions of government is increasingly considered as a strategic n... more Prioritizing some outsourcing functions of government is increasingly considered as a strategic necessity for developing nations. In recent decades, outsourcing management has been one of the main concerns for running public organizations, effectively and efficiently; the more there is citizen satisfaction and fewer costs, the more there will be emergence and expansion of outsourcing. In the complex environment of decision making (opposing criteria and alternatives), we need to utilize multicriteria decision making (MCDM) techniques. Among them, analytic network process (ANP), as the most comprehensive framework of the analysis of public, governmental, and corporate decisions, is able to evaluate complex decision making problems through considering interdependences among criteria and alternatives. Yet, there is no sufficient published works concerning the use of ANP in defining outsourcing priorities of public organizations with typical examples. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to go a step further by applying ANP to solving public problems. This paper also contributes to the common knowledge of outsourcing by providing a new approach to the field. ANP was used for outsourcing decision making as a multi-criteria problem based on four main dimensions of citizen satisfaction, namely; accountability, social justice, effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of helping officials to choose the best functions being outsourced in order to improve citizen satisfaction. We have discussed that educational, health, service, productive and cultural activities are the priorities to be outsourced respectively based on experts ideas. Some recommendations for future research are also given.
This work is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: The purpose of this st... more This work is based on the master's thesis of the first author. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of spelling and types of errors through grade-level word and sentence dictation tasks for general children in lower grade elementary school (grades 1-3). Methods: The subjects of this study were 60 TD children in grades 1 to 3 (20 students in each grade) from elementary schools. The spelling test was constructed to include words implemented in word-level tasks at the sentence level based on textbooks revised in 2017 and 2018 that were being used in grades 1 to 3 used in actual school sites. Results: First, The spelling accuracy at the word level was significantly lower than the whole word segment accuracy at the sentence level. There was no significant difference between task types in the accuracy at the word level and the target word for the sentence level. Second, All grades showed orthographic errors, morphological errors, and phonological errors. When analyzed according to task types, the error level was similar at the word and sentence level in the order of orthographic errors, morphological errors, and phonological errors. Conclusion: Spelling ability is active in the lower grade of elementary school, confirming that it is an important ability to develop during this period. Therefore, if writing grade characteristics are considered in the evaluation and setting of intervention goals for children who have difficulty spelling, this suggests that a positive writing instruction is achieved.
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