Skip to main content

IJASR Journal

Followers

543

Following

24

Co-authors

16

Public Views

WELCOME TO IJASR International Journal (ISSN 2272-6446)

IJASR International Journal of Academic Scientific Research is an open access quality publication of peer reviewed and refereed international journals from diverse fields in sciences, engineering and technologies that emphasizes new research, development and their applications.

less

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Marimuthu Anandharaj

Academia Sinica

Wilhelm Holzapfel

Prof. Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Hassanien

Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

University of Ibadan

Uploads

Papers by IJASR Journal

Isolation bacteria from soaked chickpea using for bakery fermentation

The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the dominant and effective bacterial sp... more The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the dominant and effective bacterial species present in chickpea soak which is used in Syria and Middle East for fermentation during the preparation of the popular Kaak pastry as well as other baked products.Thirty isolates were isolated from three samples of soaked chickpea collected from a local bakery store in Aleppo. Of these, 19 isolates were aerobic and 11 isolates were anaerobic. All isolates were tested for biochemical tests (sugar fermentation, catalase, indol, nitrate, VP, starch hydrolysis and growth at 6.5 % NaCl). Isolates were then tested by P1/P2 primers and results showed a single band at about 1100 bp. The GenBank database was then used to compare 16S rDNA sequences and there were three bacterial species found: Clostridium (Clostridioides Prazmowski 1880) sartagoforme, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner 1915) and Enterococcus faecium ([Orla-Jensen 1919] Schleifer & Kilpper Bälz 1984). Each isolated species was then tested solely for dough fermentation and the results were compared with the control (fermented using soaked chickpea mixture). The results showed that Clostridium sartagoforme. isolate gave a very similar fermentation power as the control (chickpea soak), although incubated for a longer time. As the significance and impact of study, Clostridium sartagoforme. strains isolated from chickpea soak can be used for production of this famous traditional pastry in Syria and Middle East to avoid the problems of the very short shelf life of the soaked chickpea and instability of its properties according to the success of soaking process.

Spectrophotometric determination of Pefloxacin through ion-pair complexin pharmaceuticals

A Simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determin... more A Simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Pefloxacin (PEF), in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. This method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between the basic drug (PEF), and acid dye; bromocresol green (BCG). The formed complex was measured at 432 nm by using chloroform as solvent. The analytical parameters and their effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the rangeof2.000 – 14.668 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9999. The average recovery of Pefloxacin was between 98.50and 101.65%. The limit of detection was 17.84ng/mL and limit of quantification was 54.07ng/mL. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of PEF in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations.

Use of the FMS as a tool for evaluating and preventing injuries in professional football players

The basic motor sequences behind the seven Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests place athletes ... more The basic motor sequences behind the seven Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests place athletes in a condition that exposes the limitations of mobility, stability and balance. Since the number of football players is increasing, also the number of subjects likely to be injured could proportionately increase with it.The purpose of the study is to verify whether there is any correlation between the final FMS score and risk of non-traumatic injury in a group of professional football athletes.A group of athletes born in 1999/2000 playing in a professional football team were examined between March and September 2016 by use of the FMS (n = 18).All participants in the study were evaluated at half competitive season while incidences of muscular or articular injury were monitored during the rest of the season. Specifically, verifications were made as to whether any injuries that were not linked to direct trauma occurred to those who scored ≤14 in the FMS tests.Based on data reported in literature by Kiesel et all, which places the FMS score ≤ 14 as a risk value, the study revealed that 71% of athletes who suffered injury obtained a total score equal to or below the FMS risk value.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL IN TIRANA, ALBANIA

Backgournd: It was decided to carry out the first screening project on idiopathic scoliosis and p... more Backgournd: It was decided to carry out the first screening project on idiopathic scoliosis and possible comorbidity with temporomandibular joint dysfunction in Tirana. Methods: The cases of scoliosis previously diagnosed were subsequently subjected to diagnostic tests for comorbidity with the temporomandibular joint by referring to the Helkimo indexes. Results: Of the 26 females who were positive to the examination objective, only 11 had radiological examination and found that out of 11, 8 showed scoliosis, with a margin of error of 3 subjects. Of the 24 males, who were positive to the examination objective, 7 continued with the radiological investigation, to which they were all positive. Finally, 100% of subjects with concurrent diagnosis of scoliosis have at least one of the protomembrane symptoms of mandibular temporomandibular dysfunction. Conclusions: Eighteen of the 50 positive children on the target examination have performed the X-ray examination and in fifteen cases the diagnosis of scoliosis has been confirmed. Concerning the scoliosis ATM correlation, 100% of subjects with concurrent diagnosis of scoliosis have at least one of the protomembrane symptoms of mandibular temporomandibular dysfunction. Limitations: The socioeconomic impact has been the most important limit.

Outcomes of Second Trimester Abortion in Amhara Region, North Ethiopia: A cross sectional study

Background: Worldwide, about 42 million unintended pregnancies are terminated each year, an estim... more Background: Worldwide, about 42 million unintended pregnancies are terminated each year, an estimated 20 million of which are unsafe. WHO claims that unsafe abortions kill 68,000 women, which accounts for 13% of all pregnancy-related deaths. Two-thirds of major abortion related complications and half of abortion related maternal mortality occurs in pregnancies terminated after 13 weeks of gestation.The risk of complications increases with operator inexperience and gestational age and depends on the method chosen. Objective: The main aim of the present study is to assess the outcome of second trimester abortion in terms of effectiveness, and complication and side effects in five hospitals of Amhara Region.Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients seeking termination of pregnancy between 13 and 28 weeks of gestational age attended in five hospitals in Amhara region from July 01 to September 10, 2011. The data was collected using interviewer led questionnaire from all consecutive pregnant women who come to terminate their second trimester pregnancy in those hospitals. Ethical clearance was obtained from the concerned body. The data was coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS (16 th version). Results:A total of 231 pregnant women participated in this study with mean (± SD) age of 24.96 ± 5.843 years. Out of them132 (57%) were urban in their residence, 141 (61%) of them had unplanned pregnancy, 181(78.2%) second trimester abortion was done by Misoprostol alone / with mifepristone. Completeness of abortion was found to have statistically significant association (X 2 =25.589, P<0.002) with gestational age.With in medical method vomiting (9.3%), Nausea (14.9%) and Fever (11.5) was observed.Both abdominal pain and Pelvic infection was statistically significant with methods (P<0.05).Conclusion: The majority of the clients were urban in residence, students in occupation, and secondary school and above on their educational status. Medical methods were the commonly methods of termination of second trimester pregnancy. Financial problems, fear of other people, rape, incest and problems related to their partners were the main reasons of the clients for termination of pregnancy. Most of the pregnancies were unplanned and abortion was started induced.

Common injuries among athletes and non-athletes football players in Kuwait

Introduction: Football is the most common sport played not only in Kuwait but also worldwide. Thi... more Introduction: Football is the most common sport played not only in Kuwait but also worldwide. This sport is not limited to athletes only; many of non-athletes practice it regularly on a daily basis. Football injuries are very common, caused by different factors that can be eradicated by preventive measures .Aim: This study is conducted to find out the prevalence of most common football injuries among athletes and non-athletes in Kuwait, in order to prevent these injuries. Method: This study was held in several Kuwait clubs and 2 malls in Kuwait to include athletes and non-athletes players. Our study tool is a questionnaire distributed from June 2013 to September 2013. It is a cross sectional study with a sample size of 400 Kuwaitis including 200 athletes and 200 non-athletes. All samples were chosen randomly to capture the inclusion criteria. Result: From our results, we established that the most common injury among athletes is the ankle in both age groups (above 18 and under 18 years old) On the other hand, the most common injury in non-athletes differs in both age groups making the knee the most injured site in above 18 years old and the hand in under 18 years old. Also we found that,lack of warm up is the most common cause of these injuries in both, athletes and non-athletes.Conclusion and Recommendation: We have seen that the prevalence of football injuries in Kuwait this year is 79%.We recommend the Authority of Youth and Sports to educate the players about protective methods to prevent injuries.

Comparison between fasting and non-fasting serum levels of cholesterol and lipoproteins, either high density or low density

The study included 200 patients with an average age of 30 years. The mean fasting cholesterol lev... more The study included 200 patients with an average age of 30 years. The mean fasting cholesterol level was 179 mg/dL. The mean non-fasting cholesterol was 190 mg/dL, with a difference of 11 mg/dL from the fasting level with P <0.001, meaning that the difference was statistically significant. The two measurements'correspondenceinpatients' clinical classification was 76.5% (K = 0.5).Mean fasting HDL 38.8 mg/dL and non-fasting HDL 39.7 m /dL with a difference of 0.9 m/dL with P = 0.127. The two measurements' correspondence in patients' clinical classification was 80% (K = 0.58). Mean fasting LDL 113 mg/dl and mean non-fasting LDL 121 with a difference of 8 mg/dL with P <0.001. The difference between fasting and non-fasting total cholesterol was statistically significant in Patients with high blood pressure, heart failure patients, diabetic patients, hypothyroidism patients, hyperthyroidism patients and renal impairment patients, while the difference was statistically insignificant in the age group of patients who included men over the age of 35 and women aged More than 45 years old, and in smokers, sports practitioners, and obese patients. The difference between fasting and non-fasting LDL was statistically significant in patients with diabetes, hypothyroidism, and renal impairment. While the difference was statistically insignificant in this age subgroup. In smokers, patients with hypertension, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, sports practitioners and obese patients, the difference between fasting and non-fasting HDL was statistically significant among smokers and patients with diabetes. While it was not significant in the age subgroup and in patients with arterial hypertension, heart failure patients, patients with hypothyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism, sports practitioners, obese patients and patients with renal impairment. None of the following showed a significant difference between the fasting and non-fasting measurements of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL: patients above the age criterion and in both sports practitioners and obese patients.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia and comparison among six diagnostic methods

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection... more The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection among patients presenting with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) andnon-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) in Aleppo city, Syria and to compare the sensitivity and specificity of six diagnostic tests using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as gold standard.The study included 50patients with PUD and 25 patients withNUD who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at AL-RAZIhospital and ALEPPO UNIVERSITY hospital between May2015 and February 2017.Seven diagnostic tests for H.pylori were used and compared including: RT-PCR, Culture, Rapid Urease Test (RUT), Stool Antigen Test (SAT), Urea Breath Test (UBT), Serology IgG, test. The overall prevalence rate of H. pyloriinfectionamong50 patients with PUD was 70% by RT-PCR method,on the other hand,the prevalence was 52%among NUD patients,we noticed that Age and gender were not statistically significant in H.pylori infection, while smoking was an important risk factor. Serology IgG test had the highest sensitivity which was 100% followed by SAT (93.7%). The specificity of all diagnostic tests was 100% except serology IgG test (92.5%). We concluded that the frequency of H. pylori among the studied population is remarkably high. Stool antigen test showed high specificity and acceptable sensitivity compared to RT-PCR, therefore it i sconsidered reliable diagnostic methods when RT-PCR is unavailable.

A Simple and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Ofloxacin in pure form and Pharmaceutical Formulations

A Simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of a... more A Simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic Ofloxacin (OFL), in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. This method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between the basic drug (OFL), and acid dye; bromocresol green (BCG). The formed complex was measured at 430 nm by using chloroform as solvent. The analytical parameters and their effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0.434 – 11.564 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9998. The average recovery of Ofloxacin was between 98.61 and 101.61%. The limit of detection was 5.78 ng/mL and limit of quantification was 17.52 ng/mL. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drug in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

Are Parenting Interventions Effective in Improving Parental Functioning in Parents of Children with ASD? A Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis (M-A) evaluated the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental funct... more This meta-analysis (M-A) evaluated the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental functioning in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Electronic searches of Pub Med, Psyc INFO, and Web of Knowledge databases identified controlled and pre to post trials evaluating the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental functioning, Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this M-A. A random effect M-A estimated pooled standard mean difference (SMD) for parenting interventions on measures of stress, sense of competence, parenting practices, depression and anxiety. Analyses revealed medium but significant effects of interventions on parents' stress pre-post intervention. This effect remained medium and significant when controlled studies were analysed and also following sensitivity analyses removing non-randomised trials. Moreover, the analyses showed a large and significant effect of interventions on parental sense of competence pre-post intervention. The effect decreased to medium and significant for sense of competence when controlled studies were analysed and remained medium and significant after sensitivity analyses removing non-randomised trials.

The Needs of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): A Qualitative Study

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the unmet needs and experiences of mothers O... more The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the unmet needs and experiences of mothers Of ASD children in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study employed telephone interviews with eight Saudi mothers raising a child with autism. Questions from a researcher-developed interview guide elicited responses about challenges and unmet needs. Results indicated that the majority of respondents felt they had low to no knowledge of ASD prior to and after their child's diagnosis. Six themes were identified: i) Mothers' identification of their lack of information about their children with ASD, ii) Mother's perceptions about their mental and physical well-being, iii) Mothers' recognition of their constant challenges raising children with ASD,iv) Suggestions to increase public awareness about ASD, v) Mothers' identification of their training needs, and vi) Mothers' perceptions of their children's educational needs. Respondents insisted that cultural issues such as lack of transportation and fathers' involvement did add to their burden. This study recommended that professionals and academics in KSA should take into consideration the unmet needs of mothers of ASD children when designing interventions and services for children with ASD to ensure they are tailored to the cultural context and needs of mothers.

ANALYTICAL SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL IN TABLETS FORMULATIONS

Spectrophotometric method was developed and applied for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil (C... more Spectrophotometric method was developed and applied for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil (CDC) in tablets formulations. This new method was applied for determination (CDC) in several Syrian trademark drugs. The proposed method is based on the formation of colored complex between 2, 6-Dichloroquinone chlorimide (DCQC) with CDC. Under optimized conditions, it shows a maximum absorption at 467nm. The analytical parameters and theirs effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 20 – 100 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9988. The average recovery of CDC was between 98.09 and 102.86%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of qualification (LOQ) were 2.49 and 7.55 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drug in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

New electrochemical methods for the determination of Prasugrel using drug selective membranes

Prasugrel ion selective electrodes were constructed from PVC matrix containing Prasugrel HCl and ... more Prasugrel ion selective electrodes were constructed from PVC matrix containing Prasugrel HCl and [ ammonium Reineckate (PRS-RNK)] or [ sodium Tungstate (PRS-TUN) as the sensing elements in presence of din -butyl phthalate (DBP) as the plasticizing solvent mediator. the best PVC membrane electrodes were made of 4% ion pair for both (PRS-RNK) and (PRS-TUN) , 48% PVC , 48% DBP. the two electrodes showed a fast , stable and Nernstian response. the electrodes exhibit linear response over concentration range 10-6-10-2 mol /l with Nernstian slope 59.08 or 55.09 for sensor 1 and sensor 2 respectively with detection limit (LOD) 0.035µM-0.09µM and quantification limit (LOQ) 0.108 µM-0.3µM for sensor 1 and 2 respectively. the both electrodes were effective at pH range between 1-4. the electrodes showed very good selectivity for Prasugrel in presence of different inorganic cations and pharmacological related compounds. the electrodes exhibited a fast dynamic response of (15± 2sec / 20±2 sec) for a period of 8 days/2days without significant change in electrode parameters , the methods are precise as shown by mean recoveries range of (98.8-101 %)– (97-102 %) with mean relative standard deviation less than 3.94 and 4.9% for sensor 1 and 2respectively. Prasugrel is determined successfully in pure and pharmaceutical preparations by this described methods .

LIFE QUALITY OF PATIENTS SUFFERING CEREBRAL STROKE

BACKGROUND: A cerebral stroke occurs when the brain's blood supply is either interrupted or reduc... more BACKGROUND: A cerebral stroke occurs when the brain's blood supply is either interrupted or reduced. When it happens, the brain does not get enough oxygen or nutrients, causing brain cell dysfunction or death. Cerebral Stroke in the majority of cases is a serious cerebro-vascular event that causes, if not leading directly to death, a devastating psycho-physical impact on the affected patient, consequently this patient is destined to die or suffer a qualitative health living. About 35-40% of those who survived by a Stroke report a serious disability, while almost 50-60% have less limitations but still are affected by a normal functioning on regard to daily life activities. Amongst them, 30%show spasticity or flaccidity of the limbs, depression, cognitive impoverishment, disorientation, pain, malnutrition and sleep disturbances, as well as disability to express their own needs or feelings. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of life among adults suffering troke effects and analyze the socio-demographic, clinical and functional factors that influenced the different areas of QOL of these patients.METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted of data results of three questionnaires, (asked 60 patients suffering a Stroke Unit in Tirana-Albania) which successfully fulfilled inclusive and exclusive criteria of this study. RESULTS: Female patients were n = 32; male n = 28. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are the following: Average age is 68.17 years old (± 10.68), and the time elapsed since the lesion is predominantly within 6.2 months (± 17.43). Amongst the types of stroke, the most predominant was ischemic stroke (61.67%). As well as (58.33%) of patients were involved in a post-stroke rehab procedure for 1-6 months of treatment. Multivariate regression analysis showed that patients with a lower duration of Stroke lesion but who were younger and more independent had better QOL than physical functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Research has led to consider beyond the aspects of physical health and cognitive functioning, psychic aspects, as well as psychological deterioration which can be highly important in terms of perception of satisfaction of one's life by the respondents.

Stress among Female Undergraduate Students at University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia (2012)

Researchers have studied Stress among university students over the years. Because of the effects ... more Researchers have studied Stress among university students over the years. Because of the effects it has on health and academic performance. The aim of this study was to study stress by measuring its level, identifying its sources and how to cope with it among female students in the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia in the year of 2012. A cross-sectional study design was used. The data was collected by administering questionnaires to the students. The results indicated that students experienced moderate levels of stress and faced stressors from three sources: academic, social and financial, but mainly from the academic source. The levels of stress differed between different specialties with medical students scoring higher levels of stress than non-medical students. Coping with stress responses showed that sleeping was the preferred method for coping followed by surfing the Internet and watching TV. The stress level in University of Dammam needs attention and intervention. Offering students counseling programs for social, academic and psychological stressors will help reduce the stress level and leave them in a healthy mental state.

$Research paper thumbnail of Bio-Inspired Design Tool to Emerge Multifractal Forms$

Bio-Inspired Design Tool to Emerge Multifractal Forms

by IJASR Journal and Bashar Swaid

Complexity has been long defined as a general law of nature based on the sudden emergence of new ... more Complexity has been long defined as a general law of nature based on the sudden emergence of new organizations. Langton, in his seminal paper of 1992 explained the general idea behind emergence that shows local variables interacting together at the object-level, and the sudden emergence of global structure above it, which then feeds back on the local variables. Examples of this can be found in all living organisms and even super organisms, such as a beehive, city or any type of social organization. This interacting capacity for achieving balance between ordered and chaotic systems, interprets the spreading of this approach into various scientific fields, especially at the efficient design and bio-inspired geometrical development. In Multifractal geometries the value of urban connectivity and complexity threshold forms a phase transition " sudden emergence " of the dynamical urban behaviour that guarantees the complex shapes continuity's, homogeneity's and coherence's. The research will utilize a new bio-Inspired design tool (BIDT), (to emerge adaptive Multifractal forms), which possess a dynamic capability of deterministic chaos behaviour mixture, and based on weighted fitness function design to achieve hybrid control of the optimization criterion between the designer and evolutionary process. The focus of this research is on emerging Multifractal forms that adaptively self-organized depending on the feedback, through BIDT for evolutionary multi-criteria optimization. The research will address the morphological challenge that aimed to transcend the building complexity and urban connectivity thresholds. This morphological approach produce an objective method for assessment urban connectivity and complexity, which helps respond to the modern and efficiency geometric computing challenges.

Thirty-day Readmission is Higher in Patients with Brainstem vs. non-Brainstem Lacunar Stroke

Background: A quarter of all ischemic strokes are classified as lacunar. We explored whether cert... more Background: A quarter of all ischemic strokes are classified as lacunar. We explored whether certain lacunar stroke locations are associated with a certain set of risk factors or clinical characteristics. Methods: This is a retrospective study of stroke patients admitted to a tertiary hospital over five years. Lacunar strokes were confirmed on CT or MRI. Locations included: internal capsule, thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between different locations. Results: Out of 548 stroke patients, 50 (38% female) had lacunar strokes. The median age was 60.5 years and hypertension was the most common risk factor (86%), followed by DM (78%). The commonest location for lacunar stroke was basal ganglia (48%), and the least common was the brainstem (16%). There was no correlation between the patients' characteristic with lacunar location. There was a significant correlation between readmission and brainstem lacunars (p<0.001, Spearman correlation coefficient 0.464) but not in other locations. Readmissions in brainstem lacunar infarctions were mostly due to recurrent stroke. Conclusion: Brainstem lacunar strokes have higher risk of 30day re-admission, mainly due to recurrent stroke. Those patients require further investigations with vascular imaging to roll out basilar artery stenosis to mitigate their risk of recurrent stroke.

Non-Adherence to Lifestyle Modification Recommendations amongst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Almadinah Almonawarah

Background: Non-adherence to lifestyle recommendations by type 2 diabetic patients increases the ... more Background: Non-adherence to lifestyle recommendations by type 2 diabetic patients increases the risk of serious complications such as stroke, heart disease and increased the incidence of retinopathy, peripheral nerve damage and renal problems compared to the general population. Objectives: To determine frequency and reasons of non-adherence to diet and exercise recommendations amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Almadinah Almonawarah. Methods: This is a web based survey. The sample comprised 385 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥ 30 years. The self-administered questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, compliance to dietary and exercise recommendation and reasons for non-adhering to life style modifications. Results: 51.2% were female. Estimated rates of non-adherence to diet and exercise were 28.1% and 49.1 % respectively. Reasons for non-adherence to dietary recommendations were poor self-control (40%), 29.6% returned their non-adherence to dietary to situations at home (they mean eat non-healthy diets when alone), 21.2% mentioned inappropriate dietary habits; while the main perceived reasons for non-adherence to exercise were; too busy to exercise (31.5%), lack of exercise partner (28%), unfavorable weather conditions (21%). Conclusion: Non-adherence to diet and exercise recommendations amongst type 2 diabetes patients is far more prevalent and no particular single reason could be attributed to poor adherence to either diet or exercise recommendations.

Saudi Men Perceptions About The Factors Causing Road Traffic Accidents in the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, 2013

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed a huge economic growth in the past few decades, resulti... more The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed a huge economic growth in the past few decades, resulting in an increase in the number of population and vehicles. This increase in motor numbers has resulted in a high incidence of road accidents in Saudi Arabia in recent years. The aim of this study was to create awareness about the causes of road traffic accidents in the hope to decrease the incidence of these accidents. Our objectives in this study were to find out different perceptions of Saudi male drivers about the causes of RTAs and based on their perceptions we can direct the attention to the real problems in order to decrease the incidence of RTAs. A cross-sectional study design was used. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to 384 Saudi male drivers aged between 18-60 visiting the malls in Dammam and al-khobar during the month of July. The results show that 69% of the sample thought that drivers are the main cause of accidents. While 6.7% thought that it is due to the vehicles and 17.7% thought it's the roads. Regarding their opinions if more strict rules will lead to less traffic accidents, 49.7% agreed that setting strict sanctions would lead to positive results while 5.90% disagreed and only 9.70% thought that theses sanctions would be useless. In conclusion, road traffic accidents remain a leading cause of death and disability in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Responses of Saudi males indicate that drivers and their driving attitude play the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal accidents. There is an urgent need to develop laws and health policies that address this health issue.

Self medication Among Medical University Staff at Taibah University, Al-Madinah. 2012

Objectives: this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among medical ... more Objectives: this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among medical university staff at Taibah University and to explore the underlying causes and concerns of their self-medication. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed using self reporting pre-coded questionnaire by 107 teaching stuff aged 44.6 ± 7.66 years. They were selected through simple randomization from colleges of medicine and allied medicine at Taibah University during the period from September to December 2012. The questionnaire included questions about frequency, characteristics, and reasons of self-diagnosis. Results: The prevalence rate of self-medication by teaching staff was high (81.3%) and was performed commonly (33.6%), outside the clinics (75.7%), outside their specialties (54.2%), and by phone (59.8%). It was considered not risky by 24.3%. It was performed for common symptoms e.g, flu and headache (83.2%), musculoskeletal pains (38.3 %) , abdominal pain and change in bowel habits (21.5 %). Antibiotics and Antipyretics were the most commonly prescribed medications (57%). The main reasons for self medication included mild symptoms (47.7%), lack of time (27.1%) and self-confidence (14%). Self medication was avoided by 62.6% for multiple concerns and by 21.5% for crtaein people. Teaching staff who practiced self –medication had increased probability to be from college of medicine (5.03 odds, 95% CI of 1.80-13.99, p= 0.001). Conclusion: Self-medication of drugs for common symptoms was prevalent among teaching staff of medicine with some restrictions. The results of the present study supported the impact of medical practice on self-medication; however there are some concerns about the safety of such practice.

Isolation bacteria from soaked chickpea using for bakery fermentation

The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the dominant and effective bacterial sp... more The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the dominant and effective bacterial species present in chickpea soak which is used in Syria and Middle East for fermentation during the preparation of the popular Kaak pastry as well as other baked products.Thirty isolates were isolated from three samples of soaked chickpea collected from a local bakery store in Aleppo. Of these, 19 isolates were aerobic and 11 isolates were anaerobic. All isolates were tested for biochemical tests (sugar fermentation, catalase, indol, nitrate, VP, starch hydrolysis and growth at 6.5 % NaCl). Isolates were then tested by P1/P2 primers and results showed a single band at about 1100 bp. The GenBank database was then used to compare 16S rDNA sequences and there were three bacterial species found: Clostridium (Clostridioides Prazmowski 1880) sartagoforme, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner 1915) and Enterococcus faecium ([Orla-Jensen 1919] Schleifer & Kilpper Bälz 1984). Each isolated species was then tested solely for dough fermentation and the results were compared with the control (fermented using soaked chickpea mixture). The results showed that Clostridium sartagoforme. isolate gave a very similar fermentation power as the control (chickpea soak), although incubated for a longer time. As the significance and impact of study, Clostridium sartagoforme. strains isolated from chickpea soak can be used for production of this famous traditional pastry in Syria and Middle East to avoid the problems of the very short shelf life of the soaked chickpea and instability of its properties according to the success of soaking process.

Spectrophotometric determination of Pefloxacin through ion-pair complexin pharmaceuticals

A Simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determin... more A Simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Pefloxacin (PEF), in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. This method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between the basic drug (PEF), and acid dye; bromocresol green (BCG). The formed complex was measured at 432 nm by using chloroform as solvent. The analytical parameters and their effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the rangeof2.000 – 14.668 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9999. The average recovery of Pefloxacin was between 98.50and 101.65%. The limit of detection was 17.84ng/mL and limit of quantification was 54.07ng/mL. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of PEF in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations.

Use of the FMS as a tool for evaluating and preventing injuries in professional football players

The basic motor sequences behind the seven Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests place athletes ... more The basic motor sequences behind the seven Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests place athletes in a condition that exposes the limitations of mobility, stability and balance. Since the number of football players is increasing, also the number of subjects likely to be injured could proportionately increase with it.The purpose of the study is to verify whether there is any correlation between the final FMS score and risk of non-traumatic injury in a group of professional football athletes.A group of athletes born in 1999/2000 playing in a professional football team were examined between March and September 2016 by use of the FMS (n = 18).All participants in the study were evaluated at half competitive season while incidences of muscular or articular injury were monitored during the rest of the season. Specifically, verifications were made as to whether any injuries that were not linked to direct trauma occurred to those who scored ≤14 in the FMS tests.Based on data reported in literature by Kiesel et all, which places the FMS score ≤ 14 as a risk value, the study revealed that 71% of athletes who suffered injury obtained a total score equal to or below the FMS risk value.

PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL IN TIRANA, ALBANIA

Backgournd: It was decided to carry out the first screening project on idiopathic scoliosis and p... more Backgournd: It was decided to carry out the first screening project on idiopathic scoliosis and possible comorbidity with temporomandibular joint dysfunction in Tirana. Methods: The cases of scoliosis previously diagnosed were subsequently subjected to diagnostic tests for comorbidity with the temporomandibular joint by referring to the Helkimo indexes. Results: Of the 26 females who were positive to the examination objective, only 11 had radiological examination and found that out of 11, 8 showed scoliosis, with a margin of error of 3 subjects. Of the 24 males, who were positive to the examination objective, 7 continued with the radiological investigation, to which they were all positive. Finally, 100% of subjects with concurrent diagnosis of scoliosis have at least one of the protomembrane symptoms of mandibular temporomandibular dysfunction. Conclusions: Eighteen of the 50 positive children on the target examination have performed the X-ray examination and in fifteen cases the diagnosis of scoliosis has been confirmed. Concerning the scoliosis ATM correlation, 100% of subjects with concurrent diagnosis of scoliosis have at least one of the protomembrane symptoms of mandibular temporomandibular dysfunction. Limitations: The socioeconomic impact has been the most important limit.

Outcomes of Second Trimester Abortion in Amhara Region, North Ethiopia: A cross sectional study

Background: Worldwide, about 42 million unintended pregnancies are terminated each year, an estim... more Background: Worldwide, about 42 million unintended pregnancies are terminated each year, an estimated 20 million of which are unsafe. WHO claims that unsafe abortions kill 68,000 women, which accounts for 13% of all pregnancy-related deaths. Two-thirds of major abortion related complications and half of abortion related maternal mortality occurs in pregnancies terminated after 13 weeks of gestation.The risk of complications increases with operator inexperience and gestational age and depends on the method chosen. Objective: The main aim of the present study is to assess the outcome of second trimester abortion in terms of effectiveness, and complication and side effects in five hospitals of Amhara Region.Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients seeking termination of pregnancy between 13 and 28 weeks of gestational age attended in five hospitals in Amhara region from July 01 to September 10, 2011. The data was collected using interviewer led questionnaire from all consecutive pregnant women who come to terminate their second trimester pregnancy in those hospitals. Ethical clearance was obtained from the concerned body. The data was coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS (16 th version). Results:A total of 231 pregnant women participated in this study with mean (± SD) age of 24.96 ± 5.843 years. Out of them132 (57%) were urban in their residence, 141 (61%) of them had unplanned pregnancy, 181(78.2%) second trimester abortion was done by Misoprostol alone / with mifepristone. Completeness of abortion was found to have statistically significant association (X 2 =25.589, P<0.002) with gestational age.With in medical method vomiting (9.3%), Nausea (14.9%) and Fever (11.5) was observed.Both abdominal pain and Pelvic infection was statistically significant with methods (P<0.05).Conclusion: The majority of the clients were urban in residence, students in occupation, and secondary school and above on their educational status. Medical methods were the commonly methods of termination of second trimester pregnancy. Financial problems, fear of other people, rape, incest and problems related to their partners were the main reasons of the clients for termination of pregnancy. Most of the pregnancies were unplanned and abortion was started induced.

Common injuries among athletes and non-athletes football players in Kuwait

Introduction: Football is the most common sport played not only in Kuwait but also worldwide. Thi... more Introduction: Football is the most common sport played not only in Kuwait but also worldwide. This sport is not limited to athletes only; many of non-athletes practice it regularly on a daily basis. Football injuries are very common, caused by different factors that can be eradicated by preventive measures .Aim: This study is conducted to find out the prevalence of most common football injuries among athletes and non-athletes in Kuwait, in order to prevent these injuries. Method: This study was held in several Kuwait clubs and 2 malls in Kuwait to include athletes and non-athletes players. Our study tool is a questionnaire distributed from June 2013 to September 2013. It is a cross sectional study with a sample size of 400 Kuwaitis including 200 athletes and 200 non-athletes. All samples were chosen randomly to capture the inclusion criteria. Result: From our results, we established that the most common injury among athletes is the ankle in both age groups (above 18 and under 18 years old) On the other hand, the most common injury in non-athletes differs in both age groups making the knee the most injured site in above 18 years old and the hand in under 18 years old. Also we found that,lack of warm up is the most common cause of these injuries in both, athletes and non-athletes.Conclusion and Recommendation: We have seen that the prevalence of football injuries in Kuwait this year is 79%.We recommend the Authority of Youth and Sports to educate the players about protective methods to prevent injuries.

Comparison between fasting and non-fasting serum levels of cholesterol and lipoproteins, either high density or low density

The study included 200 patients with an average age of 30 years. The mean fasting cholesterol lev... more The study included 200 patients with an average age of 30 years. The mean fasting cholesterol level was 179 mg/dL. The mean non-fasting cholesterol was 190 mg/dL, with a difference of 11 mg/dL from the fasting level with P <0.001, meaning that the difference was statistically significant. The two measurements'correspondenceinpatients' clinical classification was 76.5% (K = 0.5).Mean fasting HDL 38.8 mg/dL and non-fasting HDL 39.7 m /dL with a difference of 0.9 m/dL with P = 0.127. The two measurements' correspondence in patients' clinical classification was 80% (K = 0.58). Mean fasting LDL 113 mg/dl and mean non-fasting LDL 121 with a difference of 8 mg/dL with P <0.001. The difference between fasting and non-fasting total cholesterol was statistically significant in Patients with high blood pressure, heart failure patients, diabetic patients, hypothyroidism patients, hyperthyroidism patients and renal impairment patients, while the difference was statistically insignificant in the age group of patients who included men over the age of 35 and women aged More than 45 years old, and in smokers, sports practitioners, and obese patients. The difference between fasting and non-fasting LDL was statistically significant in patients with diabetes, hypothyroidism, and renal impairment. While the difference was statistically insignificant in this age subgroup. In smokers, patients with hypertension, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, sports practitioners and obese patients, the difference between fasting and non-fasting HDL was statistically significant among smokers and patients with diabetes. While it was not significant in the age subgroup and in patients with arterial hypertension, heart failure patients, patients with hypothyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism, sports practitioners, obese patients and patients with renal impairment. None of the following showed a significant difference between the fasting and non-fasting measurements of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL: patients above the age criterion and in both sports practitioners and obese patients.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia and comparison among six diagnostic methods

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection... more The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection among patients presenting with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) andnon-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) in Aleppo city, Syria and to compare the sensitivity and specificity of six diagnostic tests using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as gold standard.The study included 50patients with PUD and 25 patients withNUD who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at AL-RAZIhospital and ALEPPO UNIVERSITY hospital between May2015 and February 2017.Seven diagnostic tests for H.pylori were used and compared including: RT-PCR, Culture, Rapid Urease Test (RUT), Stool Antigen Test (SAT), Urea Breath Test (UBT), Serology IgG, test. The overall prevalence rate of H. pyloriinfectionamong50 patients with PUD was 70% by RT-PCR method,on the other hand,the prevalence was 52%among NUD patients,we noticed that Age and gender were not statistically significant in H.pylori infection, while smoking was an important risk factor. Serology IgG test had the highest sensitivity which was 100% followed by SAT (93.7%). The specificity of all diagnostic tests was 100% except serology IgG test (92.5%). We concluded that the frequency of H. pylori among the studied population is remarkably high. Stool antigen test showed high specificity and acceptable sensitivity compared to RT-PCR, therefore it i sconsidered reliable diagnostic methods when RT-PCR is unavailable.

A Simple and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Ofloxacin in pure form and Pharmaceutical Formulations

A Simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of a... more A Simple, rapid, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic Ofloxacin (OFL), in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. This method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between the basic drug (OFL), and acid dye; bromocresol green (BCG). The formed complex was measured at 430 nm by using chloroform as solvent. The analytical parameters and their effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0.434 – 11.564 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9998. The average recovery of Ofloxacin was between 98.61 and 101.61%. The limit of detection was 5.78 ng/mL and limit of quantification was 17.52 ng/mL. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drug in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

Are Parenting Interventions Effective in Improving Parental Functioning in Parents of Children with ASD? A Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis (M-A) evaluated the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental funct... more This meta-analysis (M-A) evaluated the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental functioning in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Electronic searches of Pub Med, Psyc INFO, and Web of Knowledge databases identified controlled and pre to post trials evaluating the effectiveness of parenting interventions on parental functioning, Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this M-A. A random effect M-A estimated pooled standard mean difference (SMD) for parenting interventions on measures of stress, sense of competence, parenting practices, depression and anxiety. Analyses revealed medium but significant effects of interventions on parents' stress pre-post intervention. This effect remained medium and significant when controlled studies were analysed and also following sensitivity analyses removing non-randomised trials. Moreover, the analyses showed a large and significant effect of interventions on parental sense of competence pre-post intervention. The effect decreased to medium and significant for sense of competence when controlled studies were analysed and remained medium and significant after sensitivity analyses removing non-randomised trials.

The Needs of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): A Qualitative Study

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the unmet needs and experiences of mothers O... more The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the unmet needs and experiences of mothers Of ASD children in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study employed telephone interviews with eight Saudi mothers raising a child with autism. Questions from a researcher-developed interview guide elicited responses about challenges and unmet needs. Results indicated that the majority of respondents felt they had low to no knowledge of ASD prior to and after their child's diagnosis. Six themes were identified: i) Mothers' identification of their lack of information about their children with ASD, ii) Mother's perceptions about their mental and physical well-being, iii) Mothers' recognition of their constant challenges raising children with ASD,iv) Suggestions to increase public awareness about ASD, v) Mothers' identification of their training needs, and vi) Mothers' perceptions of their children's educational needs. Respondents insisted that cultural issues such as lack of transportation and fathers' involvement did add to their burden. This study recommended that professionals and academics in KSA should take into consideration the unmet needs of mothers of ASD children when designing interventions and services for children with ASD to ensure they are tailored to the cultural context and needs of mothers.

ANALYTICAL SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL IN TABLETS FORMULATIONS

Spectrophotometric method was developed and applied for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil (C... more Spectrophotometric method was developed and applied for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil (CDC) in tablets formulations. This new method was applied for determination (CDC) in several Syrian trademark drugs. The proposed method is based on the formation of colored complex between 2, 6-Dichloroquinone chlorimide (DCQC) with CDC. Under optimized conditions, it shows a maximum absorption at 467nm. The analytical parameters and theirs effects are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 20 – 100 µg/mL, with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9988. The average recovery of CDC was between 98.09 and 102.86%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of qualification (LOQ) were 2.49 and 7.55 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drug in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

New electrochemical methods for the determination of Prasugrel using drug selective membranes

Prasugrel ion selective electrodes were constructed from PVC matrix containing Prasugrel HCl and ... more Prasugrel ion selective electrodes were constructed from PVC matrix containing Prasugrel HCl and [ ammonium Reineckate (PRS-RNK)] or [ sodium Tungstate (PRS-TUN) as the sensing elements in presence of din -butyl phthalate (DBP) as the plasticizing solvent mediator. the best PVC membrane electrodes were made of 4% ion pair for both (PRS-RNK) and (PRS-TUN) , 48% PVC , 48% DBP. the two electrodes showed a fast , stable and Nernstian response. the electrodes exhibit linear response over concentration range 10-6-10-2 mol /l with Nernstian slope 59.08 or 55.09 for sensor 1 and sensor 2 respectively with detection limit (LOD) 0.035µM-0.09µM and quantification limit (LOQ) 0.108 µM-0.3µM for sensor 1 and 2 respectively. the both electrodes were effective at pH range between 1-4. the electrodes showed very good selectivity for Prasugrel in presence of different inorganic cations and pharmacological related compounds. the electrodes exhibited a fast dynamic response of (15± 2sec / 20±2 sec) for a period of 8 days/2days without significant change in electrode parameters , the methods are precise as shown by mean recoveries range of (98.8-101 %)– (97-102 %) with mean relative standard deviation less than 3.94 and 4.9% for sensor 1 and 2respectively. Prasugrel is determined successfully in pure and pharmaceutical preparations by this described methods .

LIFE QUALITY OF PATIENTS SUFFERING CEREBRAL STROKE

BACKGROUND: A cerebral stroke occurs when the brain's blood supply is either interrupted or reduc... more BACKGROUND: A cerebral stroke occurs when the brain's blood supply is either interrupted or reduced. When it happens, the brain does not get enough oxygen or nutrients, causing brain cell dysfunction or death. Cerebral Stroke in the majority of cases is a serious cerebro-vascular event that causes, if not leading directly to death, a devastating psycho-physical impact on the affected patient, consequently this patient is destined to die or suffer a qualitative health living. About 35-40% of those who survived by a Stroke report a serious disability, while almost 50-60% have less limitations but still are affected by a normal functioning on regard to daily life activities. Amongst them, 30%show spasticity or flaccidity of the limbs, depression, cognitive impoverishment, disorientation, pain, malnutrition and sleep disturbances, as well as disability to express their own needs or feelings. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of life among adults suffering troke effects and analyze the socio-demographic, clinical and functional factors that influenced the different areas of QOL of these patients.METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted of data results of three questionnaires, (asked 60 patients suffering a Stroke Unit in Tirana-Albania) which successfully fulfilled inclusive and exclusive criteria of this study. RESULTS: Female patients were n = 32; male n = 28. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are the following: Average age is 68.17 years old (± 10.68), and the time elapsed since the lesion is predominantly within 6.2 months (± 17.43). Amongst the types of stroke, the most predominant was ischemic stroke (61.67%). As well as (58.33%) of patients were involved in a post-stroke rehab procedure for 1-6 months of treatment. Multivariate regression analysis showed that patients with a lower duration of Stroke lesion but who were younger and more independent had better QOL than physical functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Research has led to consider beyond the aspects of physical health and cognitive functioning, psychic aspects, as well as psychological deterioration which can be highly important in terms of perception of satisfaction of one's life by the respondents.

Stress among Female Undergraduate Students at University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia (2012)

Researchers have studied Stress among university students over the years. Because of the effects ... more Researchers have studied Stress among university students over the years. Because of the effects it has on health and academic performance. The aim of this study was to study stress by measuring its level, identifying its sources and how to cope with it among female students in the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia in the year of 2012. A cross-sectional study design was used. The data was collected by administering questionnaires to the students. The results indicated that students experienced moderate levels of stress and faced stressors from three sources: academic, social and financial, but mainly from the academic source. The levels of stress differed between different specialties with medical students scoring higher levels of stress than non-medical students. Coping with stress responses showed that sleeping was the preferred method for coping followed by surfing the Internet and watching TV. The stress level in University of Dammam needs attention and intervention. Offering students counseling programs for social, academic and psychological stressors will help reduce the stress level and leave them in a healthy mental state.

$Research paper thumbnail of Bio-Inspired Design Tool to Emerge Multifractal Forms$

Bio-Inspired Design Tool to Emerge Multifractal Forms

by IJASR Journal and Bashar Swaid

Complexity has been long defined as a general law of nature based on the sudden emergence of new ... more Complexity has been long defined as a general law of nature based on the sudden emergence of new organizations. Langton, in his seminal paper of 1992 explained the general idea behind emergence that shows local variables interacting together at the object-level, and the sudden emergence of global structure above it, which then feeds back on the local variables. Examples of this can be found in all living organisms and even super organisms, such as a beehive, city or any type of social organization. This interacting capacity for achieving balance between ordered and chaotic systems, interprets the spreading of this approach into various scientific fields, especially at the efficient design and bio-inspired geometrical development. In Multifractal geometries the value of urban connectivity and complexity threshold forms a phase transition " sudden emergence " of the dynamical urban behaviour that guarantees the complex shapes continuity's, homogeneity's and coherence's. The research will utilize a new bio-Inspired design tool (BIDT), (to emerge adaptive Multifractal forms), which possess a dynamic capability of deterministic chaos behaviour mixture, and based on weighted fitness function design to achieve hybrid control of the optimization criterion between the designer and evolutionary process. The focus of this research is on emerging Multifractal forms that adaptively self-organized depending on the feedback, through BIDT for evolutionary multi-criteria optimization. The research will address the morphological challenge that aimed to transcend the building complexity and urban connectivity thresholds. This morphological approach produce an objective method for assessment urban connectivity and complexity, which helps respond to the modern and efficiency geometric computing challenges.

Thirty-day Readmission is Higher in Patients with Brainstem vs. non-Brainstem Lacunar Stroke

Background: A quarter of all ischemic strokes are classified as lacunar. We explored whether cert... more Background: A quarter of all ischemic strokes are classified as lacunar. We explored whether certain lacunar stroke locations are associated with a certain set of risk factors or clinical characteristics. Methods: This is a retrospective study of stroke patients admitted to a tertiary hospital over five years. Lacunar strokes were confirmed on CT or MRI. Locations included: internal capsule, thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between different locations. Results: Out of 548 stroke patients, 50 (38% female) had lacunar strokes. The median age was 60.5 years and hypertension was the most common risk factor (86%), followed by DM (78%). The commonest location for lacunar stroke was basal ganglia (48%), and the least common was the brainstem (16%). There was no correlation between the patients' characteristic with lacunar location. There was a significant correlation between readmission and brainstem lacunars (p<0.001, Spearman correlation coefficient 0.464) but not in other locations. Readmissions in brainstem lacunar infarctions were mostly due to recurrent stroke. Conclusion: Brainstem lacunar strokes have higher risk of 30day re-admission, mainly due to recurrent stroke. Those patients require further investigations with vascular imaging to roll out basilar artery stenosis to mitigate their risk of recurrent stroke.

Non-Adherence to Lifestyle Modification Recommendations amongst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Almadinah Almonawarah

Background: Non-adherence to lifestyle recommendations by type 2 diabetic patients increases the ... more Background: Non-adherence to lifestyle recommendations by type 2 diabetic patients increases the risk of serious complications such as stroke, heart disease and increased the incidence of retinopathy, peripheral nerve damage and renal problems compared to the general population. Objectives: To determine frequency and reasons of non-adherence to diet and exercise recommendations amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Almadinah Almonawarah. Methods: This is a web based survey. The sample comprised 385 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥ 30 years. The self-administered questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, compliance to dietary and exercise recommendation and reasons for non-adhering to life style modifications. Results: 51.2% were female. Estimated rates of non-adherence to diet and exercise were 28.1% and 49.1 % respectively. Reasons for non-adherence to dietary recommendations were poor self-control (40%), 29.6% returned their non-adherence to dietary to situations at home (they mean eat non-healthy diets when alone), 21.2% mentioned inappropriate dietary habits; while the main perceived reasons for non-adherence to exercise were; too busy to exercise (31.5%), lack of exercise partner (28%), unfavorable weather conditions (21%). Conclusion: Non-adherence to diet and exercise recommendations amongst type 2 diabetes patients is far more prevalent and no particular single reason could be attributed to poor adherence to either diet or exercise recommendations.

Saudi Men Perceptions About The Factors Causing Road Traffic Accidents in the Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, 2013

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed a huge economic growth in the past few decades, resulti... more The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed a huge economic growth in the past few decades, resulting in an increase in the number of population and vehicles. This increase in motor numbers has resulted in a high incidence of road accidents in Saudi Arabia in recent years. The aim of this study was to create awareness about the causes of road traffic accidents in the hope to decrease the incidence of these accidents. Our objectives in this study were to find out different perceptions of Saudi male drivers about the causes of RTAs and based on their perceptions we can direct the attention to the real problems in order to decrease the incidence of RTAs. A cross-sectional study design was used. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to 384 Saudi male drivers aged between 18-60 visiting the malls in Dammam and al-khobar during the month of July. The results show that 69% of the sample thought that drivers are the main cause of accidents. While 6.7% thought that it is due to the vehicles and 17.7% thought it's the roads. Regarding their opinions if more strict rules will lead to less traffic accidents, 49.7% agreed that setting strict sanctions would lead to positive results while 5.90% disagreed and only 9.70% thought that theses sanctions would be useless. In conclusion, road traffic accidents remain a leading cause of death and disability in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Responses of Saudi males indicate that drivers and their driving attitude play the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal accidents. There is an urgent need to develop laws and health policies that address this health issue.

Self medication Among Medical University Staff at Taibah University, Al-Madinah. 2012

Objectives: this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among medical ... more Objectives: this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-medication among medical university staff at Taibah University and to explore the underlying causes and concerns of their self-medication. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed using self reporting pre-coded questionnaire by 107 teaching stuff aged 44.6 ± 7.66 years. They were selected through simple randomization from colleges of medicine and allied medicine at Taibah University during the period from September to December 2012. The questionnaire included questions about frequency, characteristics, and reasons of self-diagnosis. Results: The prevalence rate of self-medication by teaching staff was high (81.3%) and was performed commonly (33.6%), outside the clinics (75.7%), outside their specialties (54.2%), and by phone (59.8%). It was considered not risky by 24.3%. It was performed for common symptoms e.g, flu and headache (83.2%), musculoskeletal pains (38.3 %) , abdominal pain and change in bowel habits (21.5 %). Antibiotics and Antipyretics were the most commonly prescribed medications (57%). The main reasons for self medication included mild symptoms (47.7%), lack of time (27.1%) and self-confidence (14%). Self medication was avoided by 62.6% for multiple concerns and by 21.5% for crtaein people. Teaching staff who practiced self –medication had increased probability to be from college of medicine (5.03 odds, 95% CI of 1.80-13.99, p= 0.001). Conclusion: Self-medication of drugs for common symptoms was prevalent among teaching staff of medicine with some restrictions. The results of the present study supported the impact of medical practice on self-medication; however there are some concerns about the safety of such practice.