Papers by Editorial Department
Background and Objective: Self-medication is gaining attention and is becoming a public health co... more Background and Objective: Self-medication is gaining attention and is becoming a public health concern. Malpractice of self-medication is associated with risks such as misdiagnosis, overdose, prolonged duration, drug interactions and poly-pharmacy; which causes increased burden on the individual and is problematic in the elderly. This study evaluated the prevalence and patterns of self-medication among Educated and Uneducated population in a university setting in Pakistan.
Acute hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium declines to <135 mEq/L within a 48-hour period. Tolva... more Acute hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium declines to <135 mEq/L within a 48-hour period. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist, causes aquaresis without increased sodium loss.
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicle that affects about 85 % of a... more Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicle that affects about 85 % of adolescents. It is estimated that the prevalence of the disease is about 1-12 % in the adult males and 12-17% in adult females. It is more frequent and severe in males, but more persistent in women. 1,2 The disease has four main causes: sebaceous hyperplasia and hyperseborrhoea; hyperkeratinization and consequent keratinocyte accession; colonization of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and respective Staphylococcus albus and inflammation and immune response. The production of sebum by sebocytes is stimulated by androgens, such as testosterone, which in turn stimulate the production of sebocytes. The type I 5α-reductase, present in sebocytes, converts androgens into a more active molecule, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), which stimulates production and differentiation of sebocytes with subsequent rupture and release sebum, called hyperseborrhoea. The defects in the differentiation of keratinocytes and scaling result in increasing its stickiness, are the cause of clogging of the follicle, which prevents the flow of sebum and leads to the formation of the blackhead. 2-6 The blackhead is the primary lesion of acne, characterized by the appearance of a slight bulge on the skin intact and can be classified into closed when the follicle blocks the drain hole and the sebum tends to rupture or open when it is distended and is commonly dubbed the "black spot". The black color is due to the oxidation of lipids contained in the blackhead, the accumulation of melanin and the cells. The accumulation of sebum in the hair follicle promotes proliferation of P. acnes, an anaerobic bacterium and normal resident skin. This bacterium produces the lipase responsible for the metabolism of lipids in sebum free fatty acids, which have pro-inflammatory properties. At this stage, acne is considered non-inflammatory. Substances with proinflammatory properties, together with hyperproliferative keratinocytes may leak into the dermis culminating in a cascade of immune events in the inflammatory response. The disruption occurs because of the enzymes produced by P. acnes, which will increase the permeability of the wall and alter the follicular epithelium. Furthermore, this Abstract: Introduction: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicle, which affects a large number of people at all ages, from birth to adulthood. Although it is a benign dermatological change, it has a huge impact and long-term in patient's lives, including problems in psychosocial development, low self-esteem and emotional stress. The delay in seeking medical help aggravates the physical and psychological injuries, so it is pertinent to demystify the disease and highlight all forms of treatment and its effectiveness.
Background: Chromo therapy or commonly color therapy falls under the category of Complementary an... more Background: Chromo therapy or commonly color therapy falls under the category of Complementary and Alternative Medicine System (CAMS) of treatment by utilizing electromagnetic radiations with different frequencies which effects human nuerohormonal pathways and can be helpful to cure diseases. It is one of the most successful ancient practices which are now gaining interest as a valid and effective science. It is a well established fact that chromo therapy triggers the specific points in our body and relieves various ailments. Objective: Prevalence of chromo therapy as an alternative and complementary treatment option and to raise awareness of its magnificent effects. Methodology: People are using chromo therapy as a complementary as well as an alternative treatment option worldwide. In current studies, survey has been conducted in different educational institutions, hospitals, locality and online data. Close ended questionnaire has been distributed to a sample size of 200 individuals (n= 200). Results: The studies have proved that chromo therapy has tremendous effects on diseases like cancer specially breast cancer, hematoma (red), hepatitis B (combination of various lights), hypertension, neonatal jaundice (blue light), spondylosis, peptic ulcer disease (yellow light), depression and stress, migraine (green light), hyperthyroidism (violet/blue light), alopecia (violet), color blindness (blue/ green) and various skin infections specially cutaneous leishmaniasis (blue and red). Studies have shown that 56.5% individuals of the targeted population, are aware of chromo therapy and 33% of them are in favor that this should prevail as an alternative as well complementary treatment option, due to its minimal or no side effects and its effectiveness. Conclusion: Current studies concluded that chromo therapy is a natural way to cure various ailments, utilizes worldwide. Further it illustrates that chromo therapy is an effective evolution of science in the field of electromagnetic radiation/energy and it can be very helpful in discovering new dimensions of treatment.
There are increasing evidences that free radicals and reactive oxygen species play a crucial role... more There are increasing evidences that free radicals and reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in the various steps that initiate and regulate the progression of liver diseases. Oxidative stress in hepato-toxicity resulting from increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive intermediates as well as by decreased efficiency of antioxidant defenses actively contributes to excessive tissue remodeling. Drug-induced nephropathy is reported to be the third most common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Excess ROS production and depressed antioxidant defence mechanism are responsible for nephrotoxicity.So, pharmacological studies in this work were done to evaluate: presence of protective effects of an antioxidant Hesperedine on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic toxicity and nephro-toxicity, to evaluate its effects on oxidants and antioxidants parameters and to evaluate its effect on kidney and liver functions and histo-pathological changes.Liver enzymes level AST and ALT : was increased significantly in rats treated with CCl4 but decreased significantly in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (100 mg/ kg/ day) and in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (200 mg/ kg/ day). in comparison between antioxidant treated rats groups liver enzymes level was decreased significantly in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (200 mg/ kg/ day) than in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (100 mg/ kg/ day) .Serum creatinine level: was increased insignificantly in rats treated with CCl4 but decreased insignificantly in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (100 mg/ kg/ day) and in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (200 mg/ kg/ day). in comparison between antioxidant treated rats groups liver enzymes level was decreased insignificantly in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (200 mg/ kg/ day) than in rats treated with antioxidant HDN (100 mg/ kg/ day). So, we recommend uses of antioxidant Hesperedine as it has a valuable role in improvement of liver functions and as a prophylactic of hepatic and renal tissues against toxicity achieved by free radicals.
1,3,4-thiadiazole is one of the most potent heterocyclic containing carbonic anhydrase and antiba... more 1,3,4-thiadiazole is one of the most potent heterocyclic containing carbonic anhydrase and antibacterial inhibitor from the natural and synthetic origin. It possessed potent anticonvulsant activity in wide range preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. Recently, various 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated their anticonvulsant activity. This review is a demonstration to compile the medicinal chemistry, anticonvulsant screening and their structural activity relationship as well as pharmacophoric pattern of various synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives.
To make drug comfortable for administration to patients it is converted to dosage form by mixing ... more To make drug comfortable for administration to patients it is converted to dosage form by mixing with recipients, additives. Nano particles are one of the novel colloidal drug delivery systems that hold great promise for reaching the goal of controlled drug delivery as well as site-specific delivery. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop gelatin coated albumin nano particles of acyclovir for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with a view to see the targeting of nano particles at the required site for action and helps to provide sustain release and thus reduces the dose frequency and increase the patient compliance. Pre formulation testing is the first step in the rationale development of dosage form o a drug .The method was able to produce the free flowing nano particles. Bovine serum albumin is a biodegradable polymer for preparing targeted nano particle. FTIR studies were carried out, revealed that there was no interaction between the selected drug and polymer. The particle size analysis revealed that the particle size was found to be in the size range of 200-800 nm ,that comes under nano range. The zeta potential of nano particle was found to be-59.3, having good stability. The maximum entrapment efficiency was found to be 86.78±0.5 % for the formulation F3. The entrapment efficiency increases with increasing polymer concentration but upto a certain ratio. The maximum percentage yield was found to be 51.13±0.53% for formulation F4, where the concentration of albumin is highest while nano particles yield is lowest in F1 19.10±0.79.as the concentration of albumin is lowest. In vitro release shown as, cumulative release of drug was determined up to 8 hrs for formulationF1, F2,F3,F4 was 62.48± 0.38,51.67± 0.55,48.34± 0.29,34.98± 0.32 respectively. The receptor ligand binding is 95.89 %. And it was confirmed by checking the amount of drug release from formulation is 3.89% while prior it was 48.34%, so the remaining drug was bind with receptor cells.
The hepatic LDL receptor is the major determinant of plasma LDL levels, and as a result, a greate... more The hepatic LDL receptor is the major determinant of plasma LDL levels, and as a result, a greater understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control LDL receptor expression and function is essential. Herein, we optimized a biotinylation assay that was able to differentiate between cell surface (plasma membrane) and intracellular LDL receptors. We also tested monensin, a chemical that prevents the recycling of the LDL receptors to the cell surface and enhances the number of receptors that can bind and internalize LDL. Herein, it was confirmed the effects of monensin on the ability of the LDL receptor to bind LDL, and demonstrated for the first time, using the biotinylation assay, that monensin did not affect the LDL receptor expression levels at the plasma membrane or inside the cell. This was confirmed using immunocy to chemistry and Western blotting analysis. Monensin treatment may enhance the distribution of the LDL receptor to clathrin-coated pits explaining the higher binding of LDL, but not of VLDL, to the cells. This effect of monensin did not require upregulation of the LDL receptor expression. This indicates that the biotinylation assay described herein, in combination with monensin treatment, could be used in future studies to determine the effects of different treatments/drugs on the plasma membrane distribution/function of the hepatic LDL receptors.
In the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia, many types of preparations are mentioned, one of them churna is a ... more In the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia, many types of preparations are mentioned, one of them churna is a formulation, in this study, we are prepared a churna by following as per Ayurvedic pharmacopeia, by mixing with two Antioxidant herbal ingredients, it is a very essential preparation, known to be effective in all types of oxidation related disorders in cellular and molecular level in the living organs, the prepared formulation has been standardized by following modern scientific quality control procedures both for the raw material and finished product. The obtained values of physical and chemical parameters can be adopted to lay down new pharmacopoeial standards to be followed for traditional preparations of Antioxidant churna with batch-to-batch consistency. The Physicochemical constituents found to be present in the raw material used the preparation of Antioxidant churna possible facilitate the desirable therapeutic efficacy of the medicinal formulation, and also could help in knowing the underlying mechanisms of Pharmacological Action.
The chloroform, aqueous and ethanolic extract of bark of Ailanthus excelsa was studied for its an... more The chloroform, aqueous and ethanolic extract of bark of Ailanthus excelsa was studied for its antidiarrhoeal properties in experimental diarrhoea, induced by castor oil and Effect on normal defecation in rats, at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg per orally. The ethanolic extract showed significant and dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity in both models, when compared to standard atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg; i.m.). The results showed that the ethanolic extract of bark of Ailanthus excelsa have a significant antidiarrhoeal activity and supports its traditional uses.
Compartment syndrome is developed by a build-up of pressure in an enclosed space in ... more Compartment syndrome is developed by a build-up of pressure in an enclosed space in the body, and can be caused by trauma, medical conditions that alter fluid balance, exercise, or can be iatrogenic. A decrease in the microcirculation pressure gradient causes local ischemia, making compartment syndrome a true medical and surgical emergency often requiring a fasciotomy to reduce intra-compartmental pressures and restore microscopic flow. A 22-year-old female presented with bilateral upper extremity pain and swelling after vigorous exercise and her exam revealed a decreased range of motion, tense skin over the affected areas, as well as rising CPK levels, which led to the early diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome. Surgical release was immediately performed bilaterally with delayed primary closure. The patient regained full function and range of motion in both arms, without any short or long-term complications. Acute compartment syndrome is a limb-threatening emergency. Rapid diagnosis and early surgical treatment with fasciotomy is necessary to regain function and circulation to the affected area, and effectively save the limb. Delayed diagnosis and/or surgical treatment puts the patient and the affected limb at risk, and even with eventual treatment, allows for the development of complications such as Volkmann’s contractures and acute renal failure
Total hip replacement (THR) is one treatment option for failed hip fracture fixation. It is consi... more Total hip replacement (THR) is one treatment option for failed hip fracture fixation. It is considered as a salvage procedure for older patients, patients with poor bone stock, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, associated with damaged acetabular articular cartilage
The distal humeral fractures in adults are complex and technically demanding. Most cases often ne... more The distal humeral fractures in adults are complex and technically demanding. Most cases often need operative treatment. Many methods of fixation were evolved with the better imaging and new techniques and implants.
Medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is an effective surgical procedure for patients ... more Medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is an effective surgical procedure for patients who have medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity of the limb. The abnormal load on the medial compartment of the knee is directed to the lateral compartment with this procedure. A gap occurs on the proximal tibia while providing adequate correction. Filling this gap with bone grafts or synthetic materials has gained wide acceptance for preventing bone union problems or osteotomy site collapse. The aim of this study is to report our results of MOWHTOs performed without any bone graft or any other synthetic materials.
The physeal manipulation (guided growth) provides a method for angular deformity correction of t... more The physeal manipulation (guided growth) provides a method for angular deformity correction of the knee joint with fewer complications than an osteotomy.
posttraumatic cubitus varus is a common complication after elbow fractures. There are different t... more posttraumatic cubitus varus is a common complication after elbow fractures. There are different types of osteotomy and fixation methods used in correction of cubitus varus. Each has its advantages and disadvantages
Due to the avascular nature of the articular cartilage and the limited stem cell ... more Due to the avascular nature of the articular cartilage and the limited stem cell population the lesions of articular cartilage have limited ability to repair. Another factor is the constant and repeated loads on the articular cartilage of the knee that create unsound mechanical environment for healing.
Introduction AC jointinjuries account for about 12 % of all shoulder injuries inclinical practice... more Introduction AC jointinjuries account for about 12 % of all shoulder injuries inclinical practiceand nearly 50 % in athletes participatingin contact sports [1]. Suspicion of AC joint injury should prompt the clinician to obtain standard AP, axillary, scapular Y, and Zanca films which are AP film with 10-15 degrees cephalad tilt to removes superimposing structures and allows complete visualization of the clavicle and its corresponding articulations. Inclusion of both clavicles on one radiograph is also helpful for comparison to the uninjured side. An axillary view is obtained to evaluate the humeral head, glenoid surface, and degree of a potential posterior displacement of the clavicle (as in Rockwoodtype IV injuries) [2]. Abstract Background: The management of acute Rockwood type III Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation remains controversial. Good-to-excellent results can be obtained with nonsurgical management, however, surgical management for type III acute ACJ dislocation restores joint anatomy, thus avoiding obvious deformity, persistent pain and residual symptoms.
Introduction The incidence of obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is 1 to 4 /1000 live births,... more Introduction The incidence of obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is 1 to 4 /1000 live births, and about 50% of these cases have good recovery without late deformity. Partial recovery of the C5, C6, C7 roots gives muscle imbalance, and delay of recovery causes biceps muscle contracture 1-3. The residual muscle imbalance of the shoulder in the form of weak external rotation and abduction with active internal rotation and adduction can cause glenohumeral joint deformity with late dislocation posteriorly 4-6. The advances in microvascular surgery and early reconstruction of the brachial plexus reduced the need for palliative treatment as rehabilitation by physiotherapy, orthosis, and braces which are difficult to apply in this young age and failure occurs in severe cases 7. For treatment of this deformity there were many surgical options, such as anterior release of contractures in internal rotators and adductors of the shoulder as in Sever operation 8. Enhancing this technique tendon transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major to the lateral aspect of the humerus was added by L'Episcopo 9. Later, the technique of transferring the latissimus dorsi and teres major to the rotator cuff was suggested by Hoffer et al 10. Bone procedures as derotation osteotomy of the proximal humerus are available to correct these deformities. Pedicle and free muscle transfers in cases of paralytic shoulder are other options. The criteria of selection of the specific procedure were based on the age of the patient and the degree of glenohumeral deformity on the preoperative computed CT or MRI. As long as the glenohumeral joint is congruent, tendon and muscle transfer can be performed at a later date, but they should be considered at earlier times to maximize functional recovery 11. Shoulder reconstruction expected to improve both arm appearance and some of the hand functions as reaching the head or mouth and raising the hand above the shoulder 3. Abstract Background: The muscle imbalance of the shoulder results in weak external rotation and abduction. Active internal rotation and adduction can cause glenohumeral joint deformity with late posterior dislocation.
Introduction Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, traumatic or non-traumatic, is one of ... more Introduction Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, traumatic or non-traumatic, is one of the main causes of end-stage degenerative arthritis of the hip in young age patients. Five to twelve percent of total hip arthroplasties (THA) are due to AVN. There are many techniques to preserve the femoral head with some success, but in the natural course of the disease femoral head collapse still occur in some patients, leading to degenerative hip and even complete loss of function 1. THA remains the only helpful solution in advanced stages of AVN, but on the long run the intervention is associated with higher failure rates compared with THA in an older population 2, 3. Moreover it is believed that there is a difference in prognosis of THA performed for various etiologies of AVN. The results of THA for AVN are less satisfactory compared with THA for other sources of osteoarthritis 4-7. There is also debate about the method of fixation of the implants and the best possible bearing combination for these high demand young patients. The advances in surgical techniques and prosthesis design over the years have improved the overall survivorship of THR in general. However, there are mixed reports about the improvement occurred in patients with AVN 9-12. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of THA in 48 patients with post-traumatic AVN of the femoral head who were younger than 50 years at follow up time up to 6 years. Abstract Background: THA remains the only helpful solution in advanced stages of hip arthritis, but on the long run the intervention is associated with higher failure rates compared with THA in an older population. Our prospective study evaluates the results of THA in young age group of patients with post-traumatic hip arthritis.
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Papers by Editorial Department