This research tests again the hypothesis of the relation between rigidity and amendment procedure... more This research tests again the hypothesis of the relation between rigidity and amendment procedures. It tries to assess one more time, whether it holds empirically true that rigidity implies a minor amendment rate whilst flexibility permits a higher amendment rate. Several studies have tested this hypothesis yet there were no conclusive results. This research have developed a new index of constitution rigidity. It is based on the VP approach. This is the first index that included both de jure and de facto variables. De Jure variables are represented in the insti-tutional actors responsible for amendment ratification as stated in national constitutions. De facto variables represented in the partisan actors that might affect the ratification of the amendment. The interaction between these two actors defines the number of veto players. Following Henisz (2000) methodology in developing the index and adapt-ing it to constitution change. Once the index was developed, a regression analysis ...
Even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent the majority of the Egyptian firms, the... more Even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent the majority of the Egyptian firms, their value added is relatively low. According to previous research, SMEs face a financing gap that causes undercapitalization and represents an obstacle that hinders SMEs from growth. This paper analyzes the current situation of SMEs in Egypt and addresses the question whether the financing problem still
This research tests again the hypothesis of the relation between rigidity and amendment procedure... more This research tests again the hypothesis of the relation between rigidity and amendment procedures. It tries to assess one more time, whether it holds empirically true that rigidity implies a minor amendment rate whilst flexibility permits a higher amendment rate. Several studies have tested this hypothesis yet there were no conclusive results. This research have developed a new index of constitution rigidity. It is based on the VP approach. This is the first index that included both de jure and de facto variables. De Jure variables are represented in the insti-tutional actors responsible for amendment ratification as stated in national constitutions. De facto variables represented in the partisan actors that might affect the ratification of the amendment. The interaction between these two actors defines the number of veto players. Following Henisz (2000) methodology in developing the index and adapt-ing it to constitution change. Once the index was developed, a regression analysis ...
Even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent the majority of the Egyptian firms, the... more Even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) represent the majority of the Egyptian firms, their value added is relatively low. According to previous research, SMEs face a financing gap that causes undercapitalization and represents an obstacle that hinders SMEs from growth. This paper analyzes the current situation of SMEs in Egypt and addresses the question whether the financing problem still
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