This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, dis... more This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, district Chitral. The main aim of this research work was to gather information to document the medicinal uses of plants in Mulkhow valley. The results of ethnobotanical perspective contain quantitative information of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Mulkhow valley. The current study conducted between 2015 2016 collected tradition knowledge about the medicinal plant diversity of the valley. In regard to the study, plant materials were collected, information was gathered, and herbarium materials were prepared. Semi structured interviews; questionnaires and personal observation were done for the collection of information. The analysis of result was done by using quantitative indices like fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and Relative frequency Citation (RFC). A total of 41 species of medicinal plants belonging to 26 families and 38 genera with 25 Angiosperms species and 1 Gymnos...
The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from ... more The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from scale leaves of Allium cepa was investigated. The dye showed the presence of alkaloids (7.10%), flavonoids (0.127%), tannins (0.013%) phenols and (71.6736 mg gallic acid eq. /g). Extract of dye was evaluated against 3 strains of bacterial (Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus & Acinetobacter baumannii) and 3 strains of fungi (Aspergillus .fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous,). The zone of inhibition against S. aureus was 21 mm, K. pneumoniae was 19 mm and A. baumannii was 18.5 mm. The Maximum anti-fungal activity of dye was reported against A. flavous. The antioxidant activity was done as percent inhibition of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), free radicals. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for dye and was higher at 200 µg/ml. It is concluded that Allium cepa dye could be a potential source of pharmacologically important compounds.
Sustainable Intensification for Agroecosystem Services and Management, 2021
Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. Th... more Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. The main factors that drag this phenomenon are allelochemicals, which after release effect the plant positively or negatively. The present study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Janbaz). Fresh dandelion was taken from the wheat fields, and their different parts were shade dried for experimental purposes. All the parts of dandelion were grounded into powder, filtered for the extract, and applied to wheat seeds germinated on twofold filter papers in petri dishes. Five replicates were taken for each treatment. After a few days of germination, it was found that dandelion extract had a prominent effect on wheat germination. The present study will provide a baseline for future researchers toward analyzing the allelopathic potential of different weeds on wheat varieties. It will guide the future researches regarding the amount of extract and biomass that should be allowed in wheat fields.
Background Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae,... more Background Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people. Methods Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study part...
Abstract Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due t... more Abstract Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to deforestation, overgrazing, low regeneration, slow rate of germination, unsuccessful germination from cuttings and dormancy. Hence to cope with the issue of seed dormancy various invitro and invivo experiments were designed. The accidental breaking of seed through fungi (Rhizophus stolonifer) is also reported for the first time in current study. Different techniques used for breaking of dormancy are mechanical, chemical treatments i.e. (priming, scarification, stratification, ethanol, sulphuric acid, organic matter treatment, hot water) and tissue culture. Seeds were treated through various experiments in field, green house and laboratory. The scarified seeds placed on Murashige and Skoog medium for proliferation and callus production was 60% proliferation. Explants (Meristematic tissues) from field and tubes were inoculated on M. S (Murashige and Skoog medium) + 2, 4-D+ Kinetin. Meristematic tissues collected from field shows 10% callus formation and meristematic tissues from tubes show significant result (70% callus formation). Our study concludes that the best suitable media for callus preparation of Monotheca is Murashige and Skoog medium. Moreover, propagation of Monotheca via cutting is not possible. Development of callus explant from test tube was found to be more promising than field. Interestingly, Rhizophus stolonifer fungi can break dormancy of Monotheca seeds and found to promote growth significantly.
There must be unique indicator vegetation at Ecotonal Zone in the border region of Pakistan and A... more There must be unique indicator vegetation at Ecotonal Zone in the border region of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Keeping this hypothesis in mind the forest zone of District Kurram at Durand Line was ecologically surveyed. Stations were established, GPS readings, environmental gradients were recorded and soil samples were collected. Data was statistically analysed using PC-ORD version-5 and CANOCO version-4.5. Indicator Species Analysis (ISA), constancy and fidelity level were used to find indicator species of communities. Preliminary results showed that study area hosts 195 vascular plant species belonging to 145 genera and 60 families. Cluster Analysis classified vegetation into four plant communities; (a) Elaeagnus angustifolia-Rosa chinensis-Seriphidium kurramense (b) Platanus orientalis-Rosa moschata-Epilobium hirsutum (c) Quercus baloot-Jasminum auriculatum-Foeniculum vulgare (d) Quercus dilatata-Hedera nepalensis-Calamintha umbrosa. Nitrogen, Sodium and Potassium were the strongest Physico-chemical factors (P ≤ 0.05) determining plant communities composition. Interestingly, Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum was reported as narrow endemic species. Distinguished indicator species had significant environmental preferences. Variables like grazing and fodder chopping were the major vegetation drivers. Altitude was one of the most important determinants, influencing directly species distribution; Current study could be potentially used elsewhere for vegetation management and conservation strategies.
The Mazri Palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana) is one of the native palm species of Pakistan, Afghanistan... more The Mazri Palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana) is one of the native palm species of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In southern Europe and southern and subtropical parts of America it is grown as an ornamental (Mahmood et al. 2017). Historically, the leaves and stems are remarkable source of mats, fences and house roofing (Goodman and Ghafoor 1992) and numbers of other handicrafts. Leaves alone are used to manufacture handicrafts such as hand fans, baskets, brooms, trays, prayer mats, storage boxes for grain, hot pots, hats, and sandals (Marwat et al. 2011). The reddish moss-like wool of the petioles of Nannorrhops is used as tinder. The seeds are utilized for manufacturing rosaries (Panhwar and Abro 2007) and the fresh fruits are edible. Dried parts of the plant are used as fuel wood as well. The local inhabitants collect leaves of the palm due to its utilization in handicrafts and others. Collection in huge amount of this plant is one of the main factors for the drastic decrease in its population. Keeping in mind the economic importance of this palm, the Government of Pakistan passed an act on the conservation of Nannorrhops namely “Kohat Mazri Control Act 1953” (http://kp.gov.pk/page/the-kohat -mazri -contr olact-1953/page-type/rules ) in 1953 where laws and rules were devised for the conservation of Nannorrhops in Pakistan in general and for the Kohat Division in particular (which then covered the whole southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Regionally, it has been categorized as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN criteria. Murad et al. (2011) reported that in the Hazar Nao Forest of Malakand Nannorrhops ritchiana is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation by the local population for commercial purposes. Conservationists have also reported a tremendous decrease in the number of individuals of Nannorrhops over the past few decades in the region. Collection in huge amount of this plant for domestic as well as commercial purposes is one of the main eroding factors for its population. With this letter we report an important secondary reason for concern, the Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) which grazes the roots and leaves of Nannorrhops. The porcupine species use the roots mostly in the winter season for food. We continued our observations over the last 4 years in various regions of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwah Province and also interviewed local people where Nannorrhops’ roots were observed/reported the
Graveyards or sacred groves are often places of natural vegetation protected by spiritual believe... more Graveyards or sacred groves are often places of natural vegetation protected by spiritual believers because of their sacred beliefs and indigenous culture. A study of graveyards was conducted to determine their role in species conservation, community formation, and associated indicators and species composition using multivariate statistical approaches. It was hypothesized that variations in the age of graveyards would give rise to diverse plant communities under the impact of various edaphic and climatic factors. Quantitative ecological techniques were applied to determine various phytosociological attributes. All the data were put in MS Excel for analysis in PCORD and CANOCO softwares for cluster analysis (CA), two-way cluster analysis (TWCA), indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. CA and TWCA through Sorenson distance measurements identified five major graveyard plant communities: (1) Ficus – Bougainvillea – Chenopodium ; (2) Acacia – Datura – Convolvulus ; (3) Ziziphus – Vitex – Abutilon ; (4) Acacia – Lantana – Salsola ; and (5) Melia – Rhazya – Peganum . Species such as Capparis decidua , Herniaria hirsuta , Salvadora oliedes and Populus euphratica were only present inside graveyards rather than outside and advocate the role of graveyards in species conservation. The impact of different environmental and climatic variables plus the age of the graveyards were also assessed for comparison of plant communities and their respective indicator species. The results indicate that higher chlorine concentration, age of graveyards, low soil electrical conductivity, lower anthropogenic activities, higher nitrogen, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the soil, and sandy soils were the strong environmental variables playing a significant role in the formation of graveyard plant communities, their associated indicators and species distribution patterns. These results could further be utilized to evaluate the role of edaphic and climatic factors, indicator species and conservation management practices at a greater scale.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. Th... more Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. The main factors that drag this phenomenon are allelochemicals, which after release effect the plant positively or negatively. The present study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Janbaz). Fresh dandelion was taken from the wheat fields, and their different parts were shade dried for experimental purposes. All the parts of dandelion were grounded into powder, filtered for the extract, and applied to wheat seeds germinated on twofold filter papers in petri dishes. Five replicates were taken for each treatment. After a few days of germination, it was found that dandelion extract had a prominent effect on wheat germination. The present study will provide a baseline for future researchers toward analyzing the allelopathic potential of different weeds on wheat varieties. It will guide the future researches regarding the amount of extract and biomass that should be allowed in wheat fields.
This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, dis... more This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, district Chitral. The main aim of this research work was to gather information to document the medicinal uses of plants in Mulkhow valley. The results of ethnobotanical perspective contain quantitative information of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Mulkhow valley. The current study conducted between 2015 2016 collected tradition knowledge about the medicinal plant diversity of the valley. In regard to the study, plant materials were collected, information was gathered, and herbarium materials were prepared. Semi structured interviews; questionnaires and personal observation were done for the collection of information. The analysis of result was done by using quantitative indices like fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and Relative frequency Citation (RFC). A total of 41 species of medicinal plants belonging to 26 families and 38 genera with 25 Angiosperms species and 1 Gymnos...
Alnus nitida (Himalayan Alder) is a monophyletic species of family Betulaceae. It is distributed ... more Alnus nitida (Himalayan Alder) is a monophyletic species of family Betulaceae. It is distributed in the mountainous ranges of Hindu Kush and western Himalayan of the Sino-Japanese belt. Family Betulaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution with 2 genera (Betula and Alnus) and 95 species. Previously, the family was divided into Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula) and Corylaceae (Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, and Ostryopsis). Various species of the family are used for different purposes such as timber, lumber, and household utensils production across the globe. Many species have been studied against for their therapeutic potential against various ailments, i.e. obesity, cancer, tuberculosis. Stem bark of Betula utilis is used for spiritual purpose as well as to treat various diseases. Himalayan Alder is among those species that offers numbers of ecosystem services. A. nitida being a riparian species is cultivated by farmers along the stream sides of their fields to control soil erosion. Wood is used by local people for the formation of different pots. Nodulation and biomass production are also the prominent characteristics of the family. Some studies revealed that Alnus acts as an indicator species of eastern North America for dry period. Ethno-ecological surveys have revealed that Alder is preferred by local communities in several ways such as fuel, fodder, and construction purposes. The species is ecofriendly to form a phyto-social association with about 146 species in its geographical range in Pakistan. The nitrogen fixation capability makes it more suitable for agroforestry and inter-cropping. Alder can be used as an alternate to discourage shift cropping and to enhance the Z.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae... more Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people. Methods: Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study participants shared detailed information about various traditional utilizations of the Mazri palm. Results: Mature leaves of Mazri palm are used to produce mats, baskets, hand fans, hats, cages, hot pots, salt pots, brooms, etc. in the sudy area. Hot pots, salt pots, mats, baskets, and ropes represent highly used items. The mats are used for various purposes like drying grains, performing prayers, sitting, and sleeping. As a whole, 39 different kinds of handcrafted products from the leaves were found. Our findings revealed also that other parts of the plant, ie. petioles, fruits, and bark, have been used, although more rarely, by the locals. The palm uses differ accordingly to the different cultural areas of Pakisitan, thus demonstrating that local cultural heritage significantly informs Traditional Knowledge and practices related to the use of Mazri palm. The findings suggest also that this plant represents a crucial resource for the livelihood of the local communities in dry areas of the western borders of Pakistan, starting right from the coastal areas of Baluchistan up to District Bajaur in the North, where other farming activities there are difficult due to drought conditions. Conclusions: Traditional Knowledge about the sustainable utilization of Mazri palm is eroded in Pakistan among the younger generations due to rapid globalization and industrialization processes and appropriate strategies for revitalizing this heritage in a sustainable way should be urgently fostered.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eura-sia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556-2313 m. Par-rotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under 'EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from ... more The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from scale leaves of Allium cepa was investigated. The dye showed the presence of alkaloids (7.10%), flavonoids (0.127%), tannins (0.013%) phenols and (71.6736 mg gallic acid eq. /g). Extract of dye was evaluated against 3 strains of bacterial (Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus & Acinetobacter baumannii) and 3 strains of fungi (Aspergillus .fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous,). The zone of inhibition against S. aureus was 21 mm, K. pneumoniae was 19 mm and A. baumannii was 18.5 mm. The Maximum anti-fungal activity of dye was reported against A. flavous. The antioxidant activity was done as percent inhibition of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), free radicals. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for dye and was higher at 200 µg/ml. It is concluded that Allium cepa dye could be a potential source of pharmacologically important compounds.
Zahoor Ul Haq · Asad Ullah · Abdul Razaq · Show all 7 authors · Syeda Naila Research Interest 0.6... more Zahoor Ul Haq · Asad Ullah · Abdul Razaq · Show all 7 authors · Syeda Naila Research Interest 0.6 Citations 0 Recommendations 0 new 0 Reads · 1 new 8 See details Abstract The present study was carried out in order to document the indigenous ethno veterinary knowledge (EVK) practiced by inhabitants of Maidan valley. The localities were named as Manyal, Kumber and Kotkay. All the information were collected regarding Botanical names, local names, part used, methods of preparation, dosage and uses. Thirty species (30) species of twenty four (24) families 29 genera of herbs, shrubs and trees were listed. Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Papilionaceae and Poaceae with two (2) species Acanthaceae, Zygophylaceae with one(1) species each. Forty seven (47) diseases are cured by these thirty (30) species i.e. Abdominal pain, anesthetic, anti-heat, body temperature, cough, u, fever, heat cycle, mucus problem, worms and wounds. It has been noted that cough is cured by ve (5) species, constipation and digestion by three (3) species, u by two (2) species, acne, antispasmodic, anti-pain, anesthetic, anti-heat, body pain, bacterial diseases, fever, purgative, gastric trouble, heat cycle, healing wounds, injury, intestinal activeness, indigestion, intestinal worms, infection, increase milk, intestinal pain, muscle nasal problem, power, pneumonia, stomach problem, stomach irritation, tick problem, throat problem, viral diseases, worms and wounds by one (1) species each. Calotropis procera is used for indigestion, intestinal worms and infections and Acacia modesta is used for mucus membrane irritation, stomach irritation and digestion. The present study documented missing literature regarding ethno veterinary knowledge which was not previously mentioned.
Medicinal plants play a promising role in the primary health care services in Pakistan and elsewh... more Medicinal plants play a promising role in the primary health care services in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world as their usage in treatment of ailments as well as an important part of the cultural heritage. The aim of this research was to document the indigenous knowledge of the local medicinal plants and their remedies used by the inhabitants of District Lower Dir, Pakistan. The study was conducted in August 2016-April 2017. The Ethno medicinal data were availed from 87 informants by conducting semi-structured interviews and group discussions. As a result it was concluded that a total of 40 plants species belonging to 28 families and 36 genera were used for the treatment of a wide range of problems such as body pain, infertility, cough, digestion, flu, fever, stomach, sexual potency and muscle pain. Herbs (57.50%) were reported as the most common life form followed by shrubs (12.50%), whereas leaves (25%) and fruits (22.5%) were the frequently used plant parts against different diseases. The most commonly used family was Lamiaceae (4 species), followed by Solanaceae and Rosaceae with 3 species each. This study provides useful traditional knowledge of rural communities of the studied area regarding different medicinal plants against a wide range of diseases. Furthermore it provides a documented report to preserve the traditional knowledge of the high valued medicinal plants that can be used for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies for the isolation of different compounds in pharmaceutical industries.
Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to defores... more Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to deforestation, overgrazing, low regeneration, slow rate of germination, unsuccessful germination from cuttings and dormancy. Hence to cope with the issue of seed dormancy various invitro and invivo experiments were designed. The accidental breaking of seed through fungi (Rhizophus stolonifer) is also reported for the first time in current study. Different techniques used for breaking of dormancy are mechanical, chemical treatments i.e. (priming, scarification, stratification, ethanol, sulphuric acid, organic matter treatment, hot water) and tissue culture. Seeds were treated through various experiments in field, green house and laboratory. The scarified seeds placed on Murashige and Skoog medium for proliferation and callus production was 60% proliferation. Explants (Meristematic tissues) from field and tubes were inoculated on M. S (Murashige and Skoog medium) + 2, 4-D+ Kinetin. Meristematic tissues collected from field shows 10% callus formation and meristematic tissues from tubes show significant result (70% callus formation). Our study concludes that the best suitable media for callus preparation of Monotheca is Murashige and Skoog medium. Moreover, propagation of Monotheca via cutting is not possible. Development of callus explant from test tube was found to be more promising than field. Interestingly, Rhizophus stolonifer fungi can break dormancy of Monotheca seeds and found to promote growth significantly.
This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, dis... more This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, district Chitral. The main aim of this research work was to gather information to document the medicinal uses of plants in Mulkhow valley. The results of ethnobotanical perspective contain quantitative information of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Mulkhow valley. The current study conducted between 2015 2016 collected tradition knowledge about the medicinal plant diversity of the valley. In regard to the study, plant materials were collected, information was gathered, and herbarium materials were prepared. Semi structured interviews; questionnaires and personal observation were done for the collection of information. The analysis of result was done by using quantitative indices like fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and Relative frequency Citation (RFC). A total of 41 species of medicinal plants belonging to 26 families and 38 genera with 25 Angiosperms species and 1 Gymnos...
The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from ... more The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from scale leaves of Allium cepa was investigated. The dye showed the presence of alkaloids (7.10%), flavonoids (0.127%), tannins (0.013%) phenols and (71.6736 mg gallic acid eq. /g). Extract of dye was evaluated against 3 strains of bacterial (Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus & Acinetobacter baumannii) and 3 strains of fungi (Aspergillus .fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous,). The zone of inhibition against S. aureus was 21 mm, K. pneumoniae was 19 mm and A. baumannii was 18.5 mm. The Maximum anti-fungal activity of dye was reported against A. flavous. The antioxidant activity was done as percent inhibition of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), free radicals. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for dye and was higher at 200 µg/ml. It is concluded that Allium cepa dye could be a potential source of pharmacologically important compounds.
Sustainable Intensification for Agroecosystem Services and Management, 2021
Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. Th... more Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. The main factors that drag this phenomenon are allelochemicals, which after release effect the plant positively or negatively. The present study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Janbaz). Fresh dandelion was taken from the wheat fields, and their different parts were shade dried for experimental purposes. All the parts of dandelion were grounded into powder, filtered for the extract, and applied to wheat seeds germinated on twofold filter papers in petri dishes. Five replicates were taken for each treatment. After a few days of germination, it was found that dandelion extract had a prominent effect on wheat germination. The present study will provide a baseline for future researchers toward analyzing the allelopathic potential of different weeds on wheat varieties. It will guide the future researches regarding the amount of extract and biomass that should be allowed in wheat fields.
Background Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae,... more Background Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people. Methods Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study part...
Abstract Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due t... more Abstract Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to deforestation, overgrazing, low regeneration, slow rate of germination, unsuccessful germination from cuttings and dormancy. Hence to cope with the issue of seed dormancy various invitro and invivo experiments were designed. The accidental breaking of seed through fungi (Rhizophus stolonifer) is also reported for the first time in current study. Different techniques used for breaking of dormancy are mechanical, chemical treatments i.e. (priming, scarification, stratification, ethanol, sulphuric acid, organic matter treatment, hot water) and tissue culture. Seeds were treated through various experiments in field, green house and laboratory. The scarified seeds placed on Murashige and Skoog medium for proliferation and callus production was 60% proliferation. Explants (Meristematic tissues) from field and tubes were inoculated on M. S (Murashige and Skoog medium) + 2, 4-D+ Kinetin. Meristematic tissues collected from field shows 10% callus formation and meristematic tissues from tubes show significant result (70% callus formation). Our study concludes that the best suitable media for callus preparation of Monotheca is Murashige and Skoog medium. Moreover, propagation of Monotheca via cutting is not possible. Development of callus explant from test tube was found to be more promising than field. Interestingly, Rhizophus stolonifer fungi can break dormancy of Monotheca seeds and found to promote growth significantly.
There must be unique indicator vegetation at Ecotonal Zone in the border region of Pakistan and A... more There must be unique indicator vegetation at Ecotonal Zone in the border region of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Keeping this hypothesis in mind the forest zone of District Kurram at Durand Line was ecologically surveyed. Stations were established, GPS readings, environmental gradients were recorded and soil samples were collected. Data was statistically analysed using PC-ORD version-5 and CANOCO version-4.5. Indicator Species Analysis (ISA), constancy and fidelity level were used to find indicator species of communities. Preliminary results showed that study area hosts 195 vascular plant species belonging to 145 genera and 60 families. Cluster Analysis classified vegetation into four plant communities; (a) Elaeagnus angustifolia-Rosa chinensis-Seriphidium kurramense (b) Platanus orientalis-Rosa moschata-Epilobium hirsutum (c) Quercus baloot-Jasminum auriculatum-Foeniculum vulgare (d) Quercus dilatata-Hedera nepalensis-Calamintha umbrosa. Nitrogen, Sodium and Potassium were the strongest Physico-chemical factors (P ≤ 0.05) determining plant communities composition. Interestingly, Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum was reported as narrow endemic species. Distinguished indicator species had significant environmental preferences. Variables like grazing and fodder chopping were the major vegetation drivers. Altitude was one of the most important determinants, influencing directly species distribution; Current study could be potentially used elsewhere for vegetation management and conservation strategies.
The Mazri Palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana) is one of the native palm species of Pakistan, Afghanistan... more The Mazri Palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana) is one of the native palm species of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In southern Europe and southern and subtropical parts of America it is grown as an ornamental (Mahmood et al. 2017). Historically, the leaves and stems are remarkable source of mats, fences and house roofing (Goodman and Ghafoor 1992) and numbers of other handicrafts. Leaves alone are used to manufacture handicrafts such as hand fans, baskets, brooms, trays, prayer mats, storage boxes for grain, hot pots, hats, and sandals (Marwat et al. 2011). The reddish moss-like wool of the petioles of Nannorrhops is used as tinder. The seeds are utilized for manufacturing rosaries (Panhwar and Abro 2007) and the fresh fruits are edible. Dried parts of the plant are used as fuel wood as well. The local inhabitants collect leaves of the palm due to its utilization in handicrafts and others. Collection in huge amount of this plant is one of the main factors for the drastic decrease in its population. Keeping in mind the economic importance of this palm, the Government of Pakistan passed an act on the conservation of Nannorrhops namely “Kohat Mazri Control Act 1953” (http://kp.gov.pk/page/the-kohat -mazri -contr olact-1953/page-type/rules ) in 1953 where laws and rules were devised for the conservation of Nannorrhops in Pakistan in general and for the Kohat Division in particular (which then covered the whole southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Regionally, it has been categorized as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN criteria. Murad et al. (2011) reported that in the Hazar Nao Forest of Malakand Nannorrhops ritchiana is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation by the local population for commercial purposes. Conservationists have also reported a tremendous decrease in the number of individuals of Nannorrhops over the past few decades in the region. Collection in huge amount of this plant for domestic as well as commercial purposes is one of the main eroding factors for its population. With this letter we report an important secondary reason for concern, the Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) which grazes the roots and leaves of Nannorrhops. The porcupine species use the roots mostly in the winter season for food. We continued our observations over the last 4 years in various regions of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwah Province and also interviewed local people where Nannorrhops’ roots were observed/reported the
Graveyards or sacred groves are often places of natural vegetation protected by spiritual believe... more Graveyards or sacred groves are often places of natural vegetation protected by spiritual believers because of their sacred beliefs and indigenous culture. A study of graveyards was conducted to determine their role in species conservation, community formation, and associated indicators and species composition using multivariate statistical approaches. It was hypothesized that variations in the age of graveyards would give rise to diverse plant communities under the impact of various edaphic and climatic factors. Quantitative ecological techniques were applied to determine various phytosociological attributes. All the data were put in MS Excel for analysis in PCORD and CANOCO softwares for cluster analysis (CA), two-way cluster analysis (TWCA), indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. CA and TWCA through Sorenson distance measurements identified five major graveyard plant communities: (1) Ficus – Bougainvillea – Chenopodium ; (2) Acacia – Datura – Convolvulus ; (3) Ziziphus – Vitex – Abutilon ; (4) Acacia – Lantana – Salsola ; and (5) Melia – Rhazya – Peganum . Species such as Capparis decidua , Herniaria hirsuta , Salvadora oliedes and Populus euphratica were only present inside graveyards rather than outside and advocate the role of graveyards in species conservation. The impact of different environmental and climatic variables plus the age of the graveyards were also assessed for comparison of plant communities and their respective indicator species. The results indicate that higher chlorine concentration, age of graveyards, low soil electrical conductivity, lower anthropogenic activities, higher nitrogen, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the soil, and sandy soils were the strong environmental variables playing a significant role in the formation of graveyard plant communities, their associated indicators and species distribution patterns. These results could further be utilized to evaluate the role of edaphic and climatic factors, indicator species and conservation management practices at a greater scale.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. Th... more Allelopathic plants affect other plants in their vicinity by releasing chemicals in many ways. The main factors that drag this phenomenon are allelochemicals, which after release effect the plant positively or negatively. The present study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Janbaz). Fresh dandelion was taken from the wheat fields, and their different parts were shade dried for experimental purposes. All the parts of dandelion were grounded into powder, filtered for the extract, and applied to wheat seeds germinated on twofold filter papers in petri dishes. Five replicates were taken for each treatment. After a few days of germination, it was found that dandelion extract had a prominent effect on wheat germination. The present study will provide a baseline for future researchers toward analyzing the allelopathic potential of different weeds on wheat varieties. It will guide the future researches regarding the amount of extract and biomass that should be allowed in wheat fields.
This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, dis... more This paper demonstrates the ethnobotanical perspectives of medicinal plant in Mulkhow valley, district Chitral. The main aim of this research work was to gather information to document the medicinal uses of plants in Mulkhow valley. The results of ethnobotanical perspective contain quantitative information of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Mulkhow valley. The current study conducted between 2015 2016 collected tradition knowledge about the medicinal plant diversity of the valley. In regard to the study, plant materials were collected, information was gathered, and herbarium materials were prepared. Semi structured interviews; questionnaires and personal observation were done for the collection of information. The analysis of result was done by using quantitative indices like fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and Relative frequency Citation (RFC). A total of 41 species of medicinal plants belonging to 26 families and 38 genera with 25 Angiosperms species and 1 Gymnos...
Alnus nitida (Himalayan Alder) is a monophyletic species of family Betulaceae. It is distributed ... more Alnus nitida (Himalayan Alder) is a monophyletic species of family Betulaceae. It is distributed in the mountainous ranges of Hindu Kush and western Himalayan of the Sino-Japanese belt. Family Betulaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution with 2 genera (Betula and Alnus) and 95 species. Previously, the family was divided into Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula) and Corylaceae (Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, and Ostryopsis). Various species of the family are used for different purposes such as timber, lumber, and household utensils production across the globe. Many species have been studied against for their therapeutic potential against various ailments, i.e. obesity, cancer, tuberculosis. Stem bark of Betula utilis is used for spiritual purpose as well as to treat various diseases. Himalayan Alder is among those species that offers numbers of ecosystem services. A. nitida being a riparian species is cultivated by farmers along the stream sides of their fields to control soil erosion. Wood is used by local people for the formation of different pots. Nodulation and biomass production are also the prominent characteristics of the family. Some studies revealed that Alnus acts as an indicator species of eastern North America for dry period. Ethno-ecological surveys have revealed that Alder is preferred by local communities in several ways such as fuel, fodder, and construction purposes. The species is ecofriendly to form a phyto-social association with about 146 species in its geographical range in Pakistan. The nitrogen fixation capability makes it more suitable for agroforestry and inter-cropping. Alder can be used as an alternate to discourage shift cropping and to enhance the Z.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eurasia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556–2313 m. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under ‘EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae... more Background: Mazri palm (Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitch.) is a member of the family Arecaceae, native to Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, it is used since long time for various purposes. This species plays a significant cultural and economic role in the daily lives of many rural areas in Pakistan and adjacent countries. However, the handcrafted products made up of this palm are often mainly known by specific local communities rather than by a broader range of people. Methods: Eighty-six structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted from Mazri growing areas, villages, and markets of urban centers during the fieldwork that was conducted in diverse regions of Pakistan. Interviewees included 27 Mazri farmers, 17 locals retaining Traditional Knowledge in handcrafting Mazri palm (12 were men and 5 were women), 23 handicrafts experts (21 were men and 2 were women), and 19 sellers. The age of the informants ranged from 14 to 83 years. Study participants shared detailed information about various traditional utilizations of the Mazri palm. Results: Mature leaves of Mazri palm are used to produce mats, baskets, hand fans, hats, cages, hot pots, salt pots, brooms, etc. in the sudy area. Hot pots, salt pots, mats, baskets, and ropes represent highly used items. The mats are used for various purposes like drying grains, performing prayers, sitting, and sleeping. As a whole, 39 different kinds of handcrafted products from the leaves were found. Our findings revealed also that other parts of the plant, ie. petioles, fruits, and bark, have been used, although more rarely, by the locals. The palm uses differ accordingly to the different cultural areas of Pakisitan, thus demonstrating that local cultural heritage significantly informs Traditional Knowledge and practices related to the use of Mazri palm. The findings suggest also that this plant represents a crucial resource for the livelihood of the local communities in dry areas of the western borders of Pakistan, starting right from the coastal areas of Baluchistan up to District Bajaur in the North, where other farming activities there are difficult due to drought conditions. Conclusions: Traditional Knowledge about the sustainable utilization of Mazri palm is eroded in Pakistan among the younger generations due to rapid globalization and industrialization processes and appropriate strategies for revitalizing this heritage in a sustainable way should be urgently fostered.
Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone th... more Hindu Kush is the largest mountain range of Central Asia that forms part of a vast alpine zone that stretches across the Eura-sia from east towards the South Asia. We studied vegetation structure and the role of edaphic and topographic factors on distribution and formation of plant associations with specific emphais on Parrotiopsis species of the Districts Dir regions in the Hindu Kush Mountains. We also assessed the conservation status of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, an endemic species of the western Himalayan floristic province. We hypothesized that edaphic and climatic factors were responsible for the formation of different plant associations each with distinct indicators. A combination of transect and quadrat based methods were used for sampling. We used two way cluster analysis (TWCA), cluster analysis (CA), indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to analyze and elaborate the vegetation pattern and formation. We used Google Earth Path software (V 1.4.6) for the calculation of extant of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for evaluation of conservation status of P. jacquemontiana. A total of 142 plant species were reported belonging to 62 families. CA and TWCA clustered four plant associations within altitudinal range of 1556-2313 m. Par-rotiopsis jacquemontiana should be designated as endangered species under 'EN A2acd; B1B2 bc (i, ii, iii) of IUCN red list categories and criteria in the region. We found that high phosphorous and potassium concentration, elevation, aspect, slope, lower pH, electrical conductivity and soil texture were significant environmental variables that play an important role in the determination of vegetation structure, formation of plant associations and its indicators in the region. This information will be useful for conservation and management practices for endemic and rare plant taxa, and evaluation of vegetation structure.
The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from ... more The phytochemical composition and pharmacological value of natural dye extracted in ethanol from scale leaves of Allium cepa was investigated. The dye showed the presence of alkaloids (7.10%), flavonoids (0.127%), tannins (0.013%) phenols and (71.6736 mg gallic acid eq. /g). Extract of dye was evaluated against 3 strains of bacterial (Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus & Acinetobacter baumannii) and 3 strains of fungi (Aspergillus .fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous,). The zone of inhibition against S. aureus was 21 mm, K. pneumoniae was 19 mm and A. baumannii was 18.5 mm. The Maximum anti-fungal activity of dye was reported against A. flavous. The antioxidant activity was done as percent inhibition of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), free radicals. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for dye and was higher at 200 µg/ml. It is concluded that Allium cepa dye could be a potential source of pharmacologically important compounds.
Zahoor Ul Haq · Asad Ullah · Abdul Razaq · Show all 7 authors · Syeda Naila Research Interest 0.6... more Zahoor Ul Haq · Asad Ullah · Abdul Razaq · Show all 7 authors · Syeda Naila Research Interest 0.6 Citations 0 Recommendations 0 new 0 Reads · 1 new 8 See details Abstract The present study was carried out in order to document the indigenous ethno veterinary knowledge (EVK) practiced by inhabitants of Maidan valley. The localities were named as Manyal, Kumber and Kotkay. All the information were collected regarding Botanical names, local names, part used, methods of preparation, dosage and uses. Thirty species (30) species of twenty four (24) families 29 genera of herbs, shrubs and trees were listed. Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Papilionaceae and Poaceae with two (2) species Acanthaceae, Zygophylaceae with one(1) species each. Forty seven (47) diseases are cured by these thirty (30) species i.e. Abdominal pain, anesthetic, anti-heat, body temperature, cough, u, fever, heat cycle, mucus problem, worms and wounds. It has been noted that cough is cured by ve (5) species, constipation and digestion by three (3) species, u by two (2) species, acne, antispasmodic, anti-pain, anesthetic, anti-heat, body pain, bacterial diseases, fever, purgative, gastric trouble, heat cycle, healing wounds, injury, intestinal activeness, indigestion, intestinal worms, infection, increase milk, intestinal pain, muscle nasal problem, power, pneumonia, stomach problem, stomach irritation, tick problem, throat problem, viral diseases, worms and wounds by one (1) species each. Calotropis procera is used for indigestion, intestinal worms and infections and Acacia modesta is used for mucus membrane irritation, stomach irritation and digestion. The present study documented missing literature regarding ethno veterinary knowledge which was not previously mentioned.
Medicinal plants play a promising role in the primary health care services in Pakistan and elsewh... more Medicinal plants play a promising role in the primary health care services in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world as their usage in treatment of ailments as well as an important part of the cultural heritage. The aim of this research was to document the indigenous knowledge of the local medicinal plants and their remedies used by the inhabitants of District Lower Dir, Pakistan. The study was conducted in August 2016-April 2017. The Ethno medicinal data were availed from 87 informants by conducting semi-structured interviews and group discussions. As a result it was concluded that a total of 40 plants species belonging to 28 families and 36 genera were used for the treatment of a wide range of problems such as body pain, infertility, cough, digestion, flu, fever, stomach, sexual potency and muscle pain. Herbs (57.50%) were reported as the most common life form followed by shrubs (12.50%), whereas leaves (25%) and fruits (22.5%) were the frequently used plant parts against different diseases. The most commonly used family was Lamiaceae (4 species), followed by Solanaceae and Rosaceae with 3 species each. This study provides useful traditional knowledge of rural communities of the studied area regarding different medicinal plants against a wide range of diseases. Furthermore it provides a documented report to preserve the traditional knowledge of the high valued medicinal plants that can be used for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies for the isolation of different compounds in pharmaceutical industries.
Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to defores... more Monotheca buxifolia an economic and medicinal plant is restricted to limited areas due to deforestation, overgrazing, low regeneration, slow rate of germination, unsuccessful germination from cuttings and dormancy. Hence to cope with the issue of seed dormancy various invitro and invivo experiments were designed. The accidental breaking of seed through fungi (Rhizophus stolonifer) is also reported for the first time in current study. Different techniques used for breaking of dormancy are mechanical, chemical treatments i.e. (priming, scarification, stratification, ethanol, sulphuric acid, organic matter treatment, hot water) and tissue culture. Seeds were treated through various experiments in field, green house and laboratory. The scarified seeds placed on Murashige and Skoog medium for proliferation and callus production was 60% proliferation. Explants (Meristematic tissues) from field and tubes were inoculated on M. S (Murashige and Skoog medium) + 2, 4-D+ Kinetin. Meristematic tissues collected from field shows 10% callus formation and meristematic tissues from tubes show significant result (70% callus formation). Our study concludes that the best suitable media for callus preparation of Monotheca is Murashige and Skoog medium. Moreover, propagation of Monotheca via cutting is not possible. Development of callus explant from test tube was found to be more promising than field. Interestingly, Rhizophus stolonifer fungi can break dormancy of Monotheca seeds and found to promote growth significantly.
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