Raný český stát 10. století; Colloquia mediaevalia Pragensia 21, 2020
Fortification solution of the outer bailey of early medieval Žatec.
The contribution discusses th... more Fortification solution of the outer bailey of early medieval Žatec. The contribution discusses the early medieval fortification of the outer bailey in Žatec, Louny District. The fortification line separates a 14.5-hectare promontory from the terrace itself. A recapitulation of new surveys carried out in various sections of the fortification in 2003, 2004 and 2008 has confirmed the existence of two basic early medieval blocks of layers, which were perceived as two chronological phases by the original research in 1999. The stratigraphically earlier block consists of a hewn-in berm, above which a sandy-gravel body is built aligned with a subtle stone wall with a width of a single line of stones, without wooden reinforcement elements except for one layer of timbers perpendicular to the course of the fortification situated in the upper parts of the block. The block is about 1 metre high in all sections of the line. On the surface of the block were situated the layers of the later, 1.5–1.7 metres high block and on them, wooden structures in the basis of the stone-front rampart. This later part thus consists of a massive beam parallel with the course of the rampart, which is secured against shifting along the slope by an upturned tree fork – a hook. Smaller beams of the foundation grid fit tightly to the parallel beam from the inner side. The face of the wood-and-clay rampart in the form of a dry-stone wall is situated right above the beam. The subtle lower structure, the absence of its destruction on the berm, the unusual solution of the base of the later block and the possible chronological proximity of the two parts lead to the idea that they might be remnants of a single combined rampart. The dating of the Žatec rampart (the later block has been dendrochronologically dated to the boundary between the first and second thirds of the tenth century) offers the possibility of further discussion of the extraordinarily interesting cultural overlap of the discovered structure.
This contribution presents the discovery of part of a sunken hut dating from the Early Roman peri... more This contribution presents the discovery of part of a sunken hut dating from the Early Roman period which was made at Všechlapy, Nymburk District, in 2016. The sunken hut contained a remarkable and, within the Czech Republic, unique specimen of a Roman provincial fibula. It is a late variant of the Aucissa type whose bow consists of two ribs connected with orbicular crosspieces. It probably got into the feature only after its popularity in the provinces had peaked. The ceramic finds in the grave only enable dating to the second half of the 1st century AD. A nearby site yielded a large assemblage of pottery fragments obtained through surface prospecting. The finds also include a Kostrzewski N-b type fibula which can be dated to the first half of the 1st century AD. Judging from the analyzed potsherds, the site used to be a multi-period settlement with the predominance of Early Roman Period finds. Another nearby location yielded a fragment of a two-piece fibula from the late or final Roman period which is difficult to identify more closely. Roman Period finds are an integral part of all recent excavations in the north of the present day Nymburk region, which was an attractive area in many prehistoric periods, from the viewpoint of human occupation. A combination of archival records, earlier isolated finds and results of recent, partly so far unpublished scholarly activities have created a surprisingly colourful map of human occupation in the catchment basin of the Klobuš Brook, north of Nymburk, during the Roman Period. Especially materials from stages B1 and B2 can be found in almost all sites occupied during the Roman Period, so this chronological horizon seems to be present in the whole region. In contrast to this, the very beginnings of the Roman Period in stage A and the continuation of settlement activities during stages C1, C2 and possibly also C3 are little known. This is especially due to the fact that pottery dating from later Roman periods is less often decorated and therefore underrepresented in finds from fieldwalking surveys. These stages are only better known thanks to metal detectors surveys and field excavations.
During the season 2012/2013 an excavation in the cadastral area of Polabec (town of Poděbrady, Ny... more During the season 2012/2013 an excavation in the cadastral area of Polabec (town of Poděbrady, Nymburk District;
Fig. 1:A) proved abundant evidence for human occupation, namely 227 features predominantly dating
from the Early and High Middle Ages. Earlier features (and movable finds) were also present, although in limi -
ted numbers. These were almost exclusively dating from the Roman period. These finds were complemented in
2018 when up to three sunken-floored features were discovered on the opposite bank of the Elbe River (already
in the cadastral area of Poděbrady; Fig. 1:B).
The right-bank site (Fig. 3:4) is relatively well-known in professional circles, as it is an important multiperiod
site with Neolithic, Aeneolithic, Bronze Age and especially early medieval finds. A fortification system
and a linear cemetery also allegedly date back to this period (Hellich 1923). However, finds dating from the
above-mentioned Roman period were recorded as well, represented in particular by a Roman coin (Gordian III,
238–244 AD) which was found on the bank of the Elbe River (Hellich 1916). The presented study summarizes
earlier archaeological findings and complements them with new finds. In the case of the excavation at Polabec,
these were a sunked-floored Roman period hut (Fig. 6:A), several smaller features (Fig. 6:B,C) and movable material
which ended up in medieval features as an admixture (Fig. 7). Remains of a large settlement pit (Fig. 6:D)
and two less certain post/pole built houses without a distinctive archaeological record (Fig. 6:E,F) were disco -
vered in Poděbrady (site of Na Vinicích).
The core of this study is a confrontation of this state of knowledge and natural-scientific (geological and geomorphological)
data which framed and conditioned the emergence of human occupation on this site. The site
of Polabec is namely situated in a Holocene floodplain and this fact influences all attempts at interpretation of
the finds.
Three levels of the floodplain have been identified on the middle course of the Elbe River – the higher
floodplain level, the lower floodplain level and the current floodplain (Růžičková – Zeman 1994a), whereas this
arrangement has already been observed on a number of sites in the Elbe region. A Pleistocene terrace framing
the Holocene floodplain was convincingly documented on the left bank in the analyzed area (Fig. 2:5) whose
surface lay approx. 188 m above sea level. In the same way, it is also possible to identify the current floodplain
at an altitude of ca. 186 m above sea level (Fig. 2:2). A convincing terrace step (Fig. 2:E–F) which we interpret as
one of the above mentioned floodplain levels, can be seen on the eastern side of one of the test pits excavated
during the 2012/2013 season.
In the area of the village of Polabec, elevation of Pre-quaternary chalk bedrock was identified through a
series of bore holes (Matula – Tomášek 2008; 2011) which in its maximum extent reaches the water surface of the
present-day Elbe River. This bedrock can be found at the depth of 3.7 m on the site, which is a rather low value
with regard to the fact that the surface of the floodplain terrace is situated at an altitude of 187 m above sea level
and the usual water surface of the Elbe is 184 m above sea level. Bore holes along the edge of the current
floodplain confirm the existence of a firm, stony riverbed in the place where a river crossing (a ford) connecting
Polabec and Poděbrady was possibly located. In addition, the current floodplain is relatively narrow in this
area (max. 300 m) – which is diametrically different from the expanding floodplain to the east of Polabec. On
the basis of the presented archaeological findings, we are inclined to agree with the conclusion drawn by J.
Hellich, who anticipated the existence and location of the Poděbrady ford there not only in the Early Middle
Ages, but as early as the Roman period.
The contribution to the reconstruction of the Poděbrady Castle based on archaeological research i... more The contribution to the reconstruction of the Poděbrady Castle based on archaeological research in 2014 LUDĚK KOS Ústav archeologické památkové péče středních Čech, p.o., Nad Olšinami 448/3, 100 00 Praha 10 ludekkos@uappsc.cz Citace: Kos L., 2017: Příspěvek k rekonstrukci podoby poděbradského hradu na základě archeologického výzkumu v roce 2014. Vlastivědný zpravodaj Polabí 48: 146 -159. Abstrakt: Počáteční etapy stavebně-historického vývoje poděbradského zámku tvořil přemyslovský hrad dokončený nejpozději k roku 1268. Povědomí o pozdně gotických, resp. obecně předrenesančních stavebních jednotkách tohoto objektu obohatil v roce 2014 drobný výzkum na jižní terase zámku. Archeologickému dohledu zde bylo podrobeno ruční hloubení výkopu pro nové schodiště, které propojilo prostor s Labským nábřežím. Během těchto aktivit se podařilo zdokumentovat pozůstatky archaických zdiv, souvisejících s hradním objektem. Tato zdiva je možné sdružit do dvou relativně-chronologických skupin, souvisejících pravděpodobně s gotickými, resp. pozdně gotickými úpravami původního objektu (a jistě předcházející renesanční přestavbě, zahájené před pol. 16. stol.). Starší skupina zdokumentovaných zdiv se po vyhodnocení jeví jako relikt dosud neznámé parkánové hradby předstupující ve vzdálenosti cca 6 m před jižní palác; mladší skupina je pak její komplexní úpravou. Jeví se pravděpodobným, že středobodem této mladší úpravy se zdá realizace jedné z podjednotek skupiny, relativně mohutné zdi o šíři minimálně 160 cm, jejíž účel zůstává zatím nejasný (zesílená původní parkánová hradba, bašta, apod.), její možná přítomnost pod základy renesančního křídla však zvýrazňuje její význam. Kromě prezentace nových terénních dat a jejich interpretace je příspěvek veden též snahou shrnout alespoň základní dostupné archeologické poznatky k pozoruhodnému, v posledních letech však archeologickým bádáním spíše opomíjenému areálu poděbradského zámku. Abstract: The initial stages of the construction-historical development of the Poděbrady Chateau was formed Premyslid castle completed no later than 1268. Awareness about late Gothic, respectively generally the pre-Renaissance building units of this building enriched in 2014 a small research on the southern terrace of the castle. The small digging of the trench was here under the archeological surveillance for the new staircase that connected the area with the Elbe embankment. During these activities, the remains of archaic masonry were documented, related to the castle object. This masonry can be grouped into two relatively chronological groups, probably associated with Gothic, respectively late Gothic reconstructions of the original building (and certainly the previous Renaissance reconstruction, commenced before the middle of the 16th century). After the evaluation the older group of documented masonry appear to be as relict unknown moat walls until now, there is a distance of about 6 m in front of the southern palace, the younger group is then its complex modification. It seems probable, that the centerpiece of this younger reconstruction seems to be the realization of one of the group's subunits, a relatively massive wall with a width of at least 180 cm, which purpose remains so unclear (reinforced original moat wall, bastion, etc.), its possible presence under the foundation of the Renaissance wing, however highlights its meaning. Except presenting new terrain data and their interpretation, the contribution is also sought to summarize at least the basic available archeological findings to the remarkable, in recent years, however, archaeological research rather the neglected area of the Poděbrady chateau.
V roce 2012 byly Ústavem archeologické památkové péče středních Čech v okrese Nymburk provedeny d... more V roce 2012 byly Ústavem archeologické památkové péče středních Čech v okrese Nymburk provedeny dva záchranné archeologické výzkumy motivované odlišnými stavebními zásahy (rekonstrukce plynovodu v Nymburce, Palackého třídě, resp. vodovodní přivaděč pro obec Dvory), během nichž byly zachyceny relikty osídlení z mladší doby bronzové (obr. 1). Přestože se jednalo o plošně omezené akce na liniových stavbách, je moderní zachycení objektů kultury lužických popelnicových polí v prostoru cenným příspěvkem k mapě osídlení tohoto regionu a pro kontaktní povahu širšího okolí Labe v této době také do diskuze o vztahu jednotlivých kulturních okruhů mladší doby bronzové. Výsledky zpracování, jakož i zhodnocení nálezů a nálezových okolností z obou lokalit představí následující příspěvek. 1 Město Nymburk se nachází na soutoku říčky Mrliny s Labem a podoba jeho jádra je značně ovlivněna antropogenními aktivitami (např. prstence obou vodních příkopů). Za soutokem obou toků byla v druhohorním materiálu jizerského souvrství a v kvartérních pokryvech (spraších) formována lokální terénní dominanta, převýšená o několik metrů nad tok Labe (s nejvyšším bodem přibližně v prostoru dnešního Kostelního náměstí), která zřetelně přitahovala sídelní aktivity minimálně od počátku zemědělského pravěku. Dobré podmínky klimatické (roční průměrná teplota nad 9 °C, relativně průměrný úhrn srážek 550-600 mm; Tolasz et al. eds. 2007) v kombinaci s vhodnými vlastnostmi půdy/pod loží (pararendziny a černozemě; Tomášek 2007, mapa) učinily tedy z prostoru vlastního Nymburka a okolí atraktivní prostor v celistvé řadě pravěkých epoch, což se v moderní době odrazilo na adekvátním zájmu archeologického bádání. 2 Širší okolí města (na obou stranách řeky) nicméně stále nabízí perspektivu zásadního obohacení fondu lokalit, jak ukazují plošně rozsáhlé objevy při větších stavebních akcích (např. při výstavbě silnice I/38, Baloun 2011) i bádání prospekčního charakteru (např. pravděpodobně časně eneolitické ohrazení ve Všechlapech, Kos 2013). 1 Za konzultaci materiálu, jakož i celkové problematiky děkuji Z. Bláhové, L. Smejtkovi, D. Šťastnému a M. Vávrovi. 2 123 pozitivních archeologických akcí z celkem 157 hlášených; zdroj: Archeologická databáze Čech, 2013.
Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 2016, str. 967-975 967 Obr. 1. Kostomlaty nad Labem, okr. Ny... more Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 2016, str. 967-975 967 Obr. 1. Kostomlaty nad Labem, okr. Nymburk. Situační mapka. Vyznačen prostor stavby na východním okraji obce Pohřebiště kultury s vypíchanou keramikou v kostomlatech nad labem, okr. nymburk. Předběžná zpráva Luděk Kos, Ústav archeologické památkové péče středních Čech, Nad Olšinami 448/3,
Obnovený zájem o zemědělské využití části předhradí butovického hradiště (Hl. m. Praha, k. ú. Pra... more Obnovený zájem o zemědělské využití části předhradí butovického hradiště (Hl. m. Praha, k. ú. Praha--Jinonice, pol. Na Hradištích) umožnil v roce 2015 dvě etapy nedestruktivní archeologické prospekce prostoru. 1 Zorání po několik posledních let vhodně zatravněné plochy na parcelách p. č. 1169, 1168, 1167 a také části parcely p. č. 1166 nelze z hlediska archeologické památkové péče pokládat za vhodné, a to zvláště s ohledem na hloubku orby, která po celé ploše zasáhla nečekaně silně do intaktního podloží. Tyto aktivity však nabídly možnost vyslovit směrem k dlouhodobě badatelsky podceněnému prostoru několik otázek. Prvotní prospekci uměle degradovaného archeologického terénu tedy následoval analytický sběr na části plochy a archeologem vedený průzkum detektory kovů.
The paper gives information about the discovery of a Neolithic grave in the municipality of Sány,... more The paper gives information about the discovery of a Neolithic grave in the municipality of Sány, Nymburk district. Despite considerable damage by non--professional interference before the arrival of an archaeologist, it was possible to identify part of the original grave pit and several bones in situ, and then deduce from them the basic formal characteristics of the nd. The skeleton, probably lying in a crouching position, was oriented south-north (i.e. head towards the south). Apart from human bones, animal bones were also identi ed, as well as other elements of accompanying objects (two pieces of pottery vessels, a sharpened implement).
Rešerše geografických dat k popisu několika stavebních akcí v oblasti severně od Nymburka přinesl... more Rešerše geografických dat k popisu několika stavebních akcí v oblasti severně od Nymburka přinesla v roce 2012 nečekané zjištění u obce Všechlapy, okr. Nymburk (Středočeský kraj). Na jejím severním okraji, v poloze Na Kyselce, na p. č. 186/1, zachytily ortofotomapy několika veřejně dostupných zdrojů 1 patrně v roce 2010 poměrně zřetelné obrysy ohrazeného objektu o výměře přibližně 3,6 ha (obr. 1). Vegetační příznaky se na snímku projevují ve fázi zrajícího obilí, kdy povrch nevýrazného terénního útvaru, resp. části mimo erozní rýhy postupně žloutnou, zatímco části níže položené a také obrysy ohrazení stejně jako zahloubené objekty na ploše zůstávají zelené. Následující krátké sdělení představí základní poznatky o dosud neznámé lokalitě, posoudí formální znaky ohrazeného areálu, konfrontuje jej s pozadím lokalit již prozkoumaných (jednak sídelním kontextem mikroregionu a také spektrem ohrazení obdobných znaků v oblasti širší) a představí výsledky prospekčních sběrů.
Raný český stát 10. století; Colloquia mediaevalia Pragensia 21, 2020
Fortification solution of the outer bailey of early medieval Žatec.
The contribution discusses th... more Fortification solution of the outer bailey of early medieval Žatec. The contribution discusses the early medieval fortification of the outer bailey in Žatec, Louny District. The fortification line separates a 14.5-hectare promontory from the terrace itself. A recapitulation of new surveys carried out in various sections of the fortification in 2003, 2004 and 2008 has confirmed the existence of two basic early medieval blocks of layers, which were perceived as two chronological phases by the original research in 1999. The stratigraphically earlier block consists of a hewn-in berm, above which a sandy-gravel body is built aligned with a subtle stone wall with a width of a single line of stones, without wooden reinforcement elements except for one layer of timbers perpendicular to the course of the fortification situated in the upper parts of the block. The block is about 1 metre high in all sections of the line. On the surface of the block were situated the layers of the later, 1.5–1.7 metres high block and on them, wooden structures in the basis of the stone-front rampart. This later part thus consists of a massive beam parallel with the course of the rampart, which is secured against shifting along the slope by an upturned tree fork – a hook. Smaller beams of the foundation grid fit tightly to the parallel beam from the inner side. The face of the wood-and-clay rampart in the form of a dry-stone wall is situated right above the beam. The subtle lower structure, the absence of its destruction on the berm, the unusual solution of the base of the later block and the possible chronological proximity of the two parts lead to the idea that they might be remnants of a single combined rampart. The dating of the Žatec rampart (the later block has been dendrochronologically dated to the boundary between the first and second thirds of the tenth century) offers the possibility of further discussion of the extraordinarily interesting cultural overlap of the discovered structure.
This contribution presents the discovery of part of a sunken hut dating from the Early Roman peri... more This contribution presents the discovery of part of a sunken hut dating from the Early Roman period which was made at Všechlapy, Nymburk District, in 2016. The sunken hut contained a remarkable and, within the Czech Republic, unique specimen of a Roman provincial fibula. It is a late variant of the Aucissa type whose bow consists of two ribs connected with orbicular crosspieces. It probably got into the feature only after its popularity in the provinces had peaked. The ceramic finds in the grave only enable dating to the second half of the 1st century AD. A nearby site yielded a large assemblage of pottery fragments obtained through surface prospecting. The finds also include a Kostrzewski N-b type fibula which can be dated to the first half of the 1st century AD. Judging from the analyzed potsherds, the site used to be a multi-period settlement with the predominance of Early Roman Period finds. Another nearby location yielded a fragment of a two-piece fibula from the late or final Roman period which is difficult to identify more closely. Roman Period finds are an integral part of all recent excavations in the north of the present day Nymburk region, which was an attractive area in many prehistoric periods, from the viewpoint of human occupation. A combination of archival records, earlier isolated finds and results of recent, partly so far unpublished scholarly activities have created a surprisingly colourful map of human occupation in the catchment basin of the Klobuš Brook, north of Nymburk, during the Roman Period. Especially materials from stages B1 and B2 can be found in almost all sites occupied during the Roman Period, so this chronological horizon seems to be present in the whole region. In contrast to this, the very beginnings of the Roman Period in stage A and the continuation of settlement activities during stages C1, C2 and possibly also C3 are little known. This is especially due to the fact that pottery dating from later Roman periods is less often decorated and therefore underrepresented in finds from fieldwalking surveys. These stages are only better known thanks to metal detectors surveys and field excavations.
During the season 2012/2013 an excavation in the cadastral area of Polabec (town of Poděbrady, Ny... more During the season 2012/2013 an excavation in the cadastral area of Polabec (town of Poděbrady, Nymburk District;
Fig. 1:A) proved abundant evidence for human occupation, namely 227 features predominantly dating
from the Early and High Middle Ages. Earlier features (and movable finds) were also present, although in limi -
ted numbers. These were almost exclusively dating from the Roman period. These finds were complemented in
2018 when up to three sunken-floored features were discovered on the opposite bank of the Elbe River (already
in the cadastral area of Poděbrady; Fig. 1:B).
The right-bank site (Fig. 3:4) is relatively well-known in professional circles, as it is an important multiperiod
site with Neolithic, Aeneolithic, Bronze Age and especially early medieval finds. A fortification system
and a linear cemetery also allegedly date back to this period (Hellich 1923). However, finds dating from the
above-mentioned Roman period were recorded as well, represented in particular by a Roman coin (Gordian III,
238–244 AD) which was found on the bank of the Elbe River (Hellich 1916). The presented study summarizes
earlier archaeological findings and complements them with new finds. In the case of the excavation at Polabec,
these were a sunked-floored Roman period hut (Fig. 6:A), several smaller features (Fig. 6:B,C) and movable material
which ended up in medieval features as an admixture (Fig. 7). Remains of a large settlement pit (Fig. 6:D)
and two less certain post/pole built houses without a distinctive archaeological record (Fig. 6:E,F) were disco -
vered in Poděbrady (site of Na Vinicích).
The core of this study is a confrontation of this state of knowledge and natural-scientific (geological and geomorphological)
data which framed and conditioned the emergence of human occupation on this site. The site
of Polabec is namely situated in a Holocene floodplain and this fact influences all attempts at interpretation of
the finds.
Three levels of the floodplain have been identified on the middle course of the Elbe River – the higher
floodplain level, the lower floodplain level and the current floodplain (Růžičková – Zeman 1994a), whereas this
arrangement has already been observed on a number of sites in the Elbe region. A Pleistocene terrace framing
the Holocene floodplain was convincingly documented on the left bank in the analyzed area (Fig. 2:5) whose
surface lay approx. 188 m above sea level. In the same way, it is also possible to identify the current floodplain
at an altitude of ca. 186 m above sea level (Fig. 2:2). A convincing terrace step (Fig. 2:E–F) which we interpret as
one of the above mentioned floodplain levels, can be seen on the eastern side of one of the test pits excavated
during the 2012/2013 season.
In the area of the village of Polabec, elevation of Pre-quaternary chalk bedrock was identified through a
series of bore holes (Matula – Tomášek 2008; 2011) which in its maximum extent reaches the water surface of the
present-day Elbe River. This bedrock can be found at the depth of 3.7 m on the site, which is a rather low value
with regard to the fact that the surface of the floodplain terrace is situated at an altitude of 187 m above sea level
and the usual water surface of the Elbe is 184 m above sea level. Bore holes along the edge of the current
floodplain confirm the existence of a firm, stony riverbed in the place where a river crossing (a ford) connecting
Polabec and Poděbrady was possibly located. In addition, the current floodplain is relatively narrow in this
area (max. 300 m) – which is diametrically different from the expanding floodplain to the east of Polabec. On
the basis of the presented archaeological findings, we are inclined to agree with the conclusion drawn by J.
Hellich, who anticipated the existence and location of the Poděbrady ford there not only in the Early Middle
Ages, but as early as the Roman period.
The contribution to the reconstruction of the Poděbrady Castle based on archaeological research i... more The contribution to the reconstruction of the Poděbrady Castle based on archaeological research in 2014 LUDĚK KOS Ústav archeologické památkové péče středních Čech, p.o., Nad Olšinami 448/3, 100 00 Praha 10 ludekkos@uappsc.cz Citace: Kos L., 2017: Příspěvek k rekonstrukci podoby poděbradského hradu na základě archeologického výzkumu v roce 2014. Vlastivědný zpravodaj Polabí 48: 146 -159. Abstrakt: Počáteční etapy stavebně-historického vývoje poděbradského zámku tvořil přemyslovský hrad dokončený nejpozději k roku 1268. Povědomí o pozdně gotických, resp. obecně předrenesančních stavebních jednotkách tohoto objektu obohatil v roce 2014 drobný výzkum na jižní terase zámku. Archeologickému dohledu zde bylo podrobeno ruční hloubení výkopu pro nové schodiště, které propojilo prostor s Labským nábřežím. Během těchto aktivit se podařilo zdokumentovat pozůstatky archaických zdiv, souvisejících s hradním objektem. Tato zdiva je možné sdružit do dvou relativně-chronologických skupin, souvisejících pravděpodobně s gotickými, resp. pozdně gotickými úpravami původního objektu (a jistě předcházející renesanční přestavbě, zahájené před pol. 16. stol.). Starší skupina zdokumentovaných zdiv se po vyhodnocení jeví jako relikt dosud neznámé parkánové hradby předstupující ve vzdálenosti cca 6 m před jižní palác; mladší skupina je pak její komplexní úpravou. Jeví se pravděpodobným, že středobodem této mladší úpravy se zdá realizace jedné z podjednotek skupiny, relativně mohutné zdi o šíři minimálně 160 cm, jejíž účel zůstává zatím nejasný (zesílená původní parkánová hradba, bašta, apod.), její možná přítomnost pod základy renesančního křídla však zvýrazňuje její význam. Kromě prezentace nových terénních dat a jejich interpretace je příspěvek veden též snahou shrnout alespoň základní dostupné archeologické poznatky k pozoruhodnému, v posledních letech však archeologickým bádáním spíše opomíjenému areálu poděbradského zámku. Abstract: The initial stages of the construction-historical development of the Poděbrady Chateau was formed Premyslid castle completed no later than 1268. Awareness about late Gothic, respectively generally the pre-Renaissance building units of this building enriched in 2014 a small research on the southern terrace of the castle. The small digging of the trench was here under the archeological surveillance for the new staircase that connected the area with the Elbe embankment. During these activities, the remains of archaic masonry were documented, related to the castle object. This masonry can be grouped into two relatively chronological groups, probably associated with Gothic, respectively late Gothic reconstructions of the original building (and certainly the previous Renaissance reconstruction, commenced before the middle of the 16th century). After the evaluation the older group of documented masonry appear to be as relict unknown moat walls until now, there is a distance of about 6 m in front of the southern palace, the younger group is then its complex modification. It seems probable, that the centerpiece of this younger reconstruction seems to be the realization of one of the group's subunits, a relatively massive wall with a width of at least 180 cm, which purpose remains so unclear (reinforced original moat wall, bastion, etc.), its possible presence under the foundation of the Renaissance wing, however highlights its meaning. Except presenting new terrain data and their interpretation, the contribution is also sought to summarize at least the basic available archeological findings to the remarkable, in recent years, however, archaeological research rather the neglected area of the Poděbrady chateau.
V roce 2012 byly Ústavem archeologické památkové péče středních Čech v okrese Nymburk provedeny d... more V roce 2012 byly Ústavem archeologické památkové péče středních Čech v okrese Nymburk provedeny dva záchranné archeologické výzkumy motivované odlišnými stavebními zásahy (rekonstrukce plynovodu v Nymburce, Palackého třídě, resp. vodovodní přivaděč pro obec Dvory), během nichž byly zachyceny relikty osídlení z mladší doby bronzové (obr. 1). Přestože se jednalo o plošně omezené akce na liniových stavbách, je moderní zachycení objektů kultury lužických popelnicových polí v prostoru cenným příspěvkem k mapě osídlení tohoto regionu a pro kontaktní povahu širšího okolí Labe v této době také do diskuze o vztahu jednotlivých kulturních okruhů mladší doby bronzové. Výsledky zpracování, jakož i zhodnocení nálezů a nálezových okolností z obou lokalit představí následující příspěvek. 1 Město Nymburk se nachází na soutoku říčky Mrliny s Labem a podoba jeho jádra je značně ovlivněna antropogenními aktivitami (např. prstence obou vodních příkopů). Za soutokem obou toků byla v druhohorním materiálu jizerského souvrství a v kvartérních pokryvech (spraších) formována lokální terénní dominanta, převýšená o několik metrů nad tok Labe (s nejvyšším bodem přibližně v prostoru dnešního Kostelního náměstí), která zřetelně přitahovala sídelní aktivity minimálně od počátku zemědělského pravěku. Dobré podmínky klimatické (roční průměrná teplota nad 9 °C, relativně průměrný úhrn srážek 550-600 mm; Tolasz et al. eds. 2007) v kombinaci s vhodnými vlastnostmi půdy/pod loží (pararendziny a černozemě; Tomášek 2007, mapa) učinily tedy z prostoru vlastního Nymburka a okolí atraktivní prostor v celistvé řadě pravěkých epoch, což se v moderní době odrazilo na adekvátním zájmu archeologického bádání. 2 Širší okolí města (na obou stranách řeky) nicméně stále nabízí perspektivu zásadního obohacení fondu lokalit, jak ukazují plošně rozsáhlé objevy při větších stavebních akcích (např. při výstavbě silnice I/38, Baloun 2011) i bádání prospekčního charakteru (např. pravděpodobně časně eneolitické ohrazení ve Všechlapech, Kos 2013). 1 Za konzultaci materiálu, jakož i celkové problematiky děkuji Z. Bláhové, L. Smejtkovi, D. Šťastnému a M. Vávrovi. 2 123 pozitivních archeologických akcí z celkem 157 hlášených; zdroj: Archeologická databáze Čech, 2013.
Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 2016, str. 967-975 967 Obr. 1. Kostomlaty nad Labem, okr. Ny... more Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 2016, str. 967-975 967 Obr. 1. Kostomlaty nad Labem, okr. Nymburk. Situační mapka. Vyznačen prostor stavby na východním okraji obce Pohřebiště kultury s vypíchanou keramikou v kostomlatech nad labem, okr. nymburk. Předběžná zpráva Luděk Kos, Ústav archeologické památkové péče středních Čech, Nad Olšinami 448/3,
Obnovený zájem o zemědělské využití části předhradí butovického hradiště (Hl. m. Praha, k. ú. Pra... more Obnovený zájem o zemědělské využití části předhradí butovického hradiště (Hl. m. Praha, k. ú. Praha--Jinonice, pol. Na Hradištích) umožnil v roce 2015 dvě etapy nedestruktivní archeologické prospekce prostoru. 1 Zorání po několik posledních let vhodně zatravněné plochy na parcelách p. č. 1169, 1168, 1167 a také části parcely p. č. 1166 nelze z hlediska archeologické památkové péče pokládat za vhodné, a to zvláště s ohledem na hloubku orby, která po celé ploše zasáhla nečekaně silně do intaktního podloží. Tyto aktivity však nabídly možnost vyslovit směrem k dlouhodobě badatelsky podceněnému prostoru několik otázek. Prvotní prospekci uměle degradovaného archeologického terénu tedy následoval analytický sběr na části plochy a archeologem vedený průzkum detektory kovů.
The paper gives information about the discovery of a Neolithic grave in the municipality of Sány,... more The paper gives information about the discovery of a Neolithic grave in the municipality of Sány, Nymburk district. Despite considerable damage by non--professional interference before the arrival of an archaeologist, it was possible to identify part of the original grave pit and several bones in situ, and then deduce from them the basic formal characteristics of the nd. The skeleton, probably lying in a crouching position, was oriented south-north (i.e. head towards the south). Apart from human bones, animal bones were also identi ed, as well as other elements of accompanying objects (two pieces of pottery vessels, a sharpened implement).
Rešerše geografických dat k popisu několika stavebních akcí v oblasti severně od Nymburka přinesl... more Rešerše geografických dat k popisu několika stavebních akcí v oblasti severně od Nymburka přinesla v roce 2012 nečekané zjištění u obce Všechlapy, okr. Nymburk (Středočeský kraj). Na jejím severním okraji, v poloze Na Kyselce, na p. č. 186/1, zachytily ortofotomapy několika veřejně dostupných zdrojů 1 patrně v roce 2010 poměrně zřetelné obrysy ohrazeného objektu o výměře přibližně 3,6 ha (obr. 1). Vegetační příznaky se na snímku projevují ve fázi zrajícího obilí, kdy povrch nevýrazného terénního útvaru, resp. části mimo erozní rýhy postupně žloutnou, zatímco části níže položené a také obrysy ohrazení stejně jako zahloubené objekty na ploše zůstávají zelené. Následující krátké sdělení představí základní poznatky o dosud neznámé lokalitě, posoudí formální znaky ohrazeného areálu, konfrontuje jej s pozadím lokalit již prozkoumaných (jednak sídelním kontextem mikroregionu a také spektrem ohrazení obdobných znaků v oblasti širší) a představí výsledky prospekčních sběrů.
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Papers by Luděk Kos
The contribution discusses the early medieval fortification of the outer bailey in Žatec,
Louny District. The fortification line separates a 14.5-hectare promontory from the terrace itself.
A recapitulation of new surveys carried out in various sections of the fortification in 2003,
2004 and 2008 has confirmed the existence of two basic early medieval blocks of layers, which
were perceived as two chronological phases by the original research in 1999.
The stratigraphically earlier block consists of a hewn-in berm, above which a sandy-gravel
body is built aligned with a subtle stone wall with a width of a single line of stones, without
wooden reinforcement elements except for one layer of timbers perpendicular to the course
of the fortification situated in the upper parts of the block. The block is about 1 metre high
in all sections of the line. On the surface of the block were situated the layers of the later,
1.5–1.7 metres high block and on them, wooden structures in the basis of the stone-front rampart.
This later part thus consists of a massive beam parallel with the course of the rampart,
which is secured against shifting along the slope by an upturned tree fork – a hook. Smaller
beams of the foundation grid fit tightly to the parallel beam from the inner side. The face of
the wood-and-clay rampart in the form of a dry-stone wall is situated right above the beam.
The subtle lower structure, the absence of its destruction on the berm, the unusual solution
of the base of the later block and the possible chronological proximity of the two parts lead to
the idea that they might be remnants of a single combined rampart. The dating of the Žatec
rampart (the later block has been dendrochronologically dated to the boundary between the
first and second thirds of the tenth century) offers the possibility of further discussion of the
extraordinarily interesting cultural overlap of the discovered structure.
Fig. 1:A) proved abundant evidence for human occupation, namely 227 features predominantly dating
from the Early and High Middle Ages. Earlier features (and movable finds) were also present, although in limi -
ted numbers. These were almost exclusively dating from the Roman period. These finds were complemented in
2018 when up to three sunken-floored features were discovered on the opposite bank of the Elbe River (already
in the cadastral area of Poděbrady; Fig. 1:B).
The right-bank site (Fig. 3:4) is relatively well-known in professional circles, as it is an important multiperiod
site with Neolithic, Aeneolithic, Bronze Age and especially early medieval finds. A fortification system
and a linear cemetery also allegedly date back to this period (Hellich 1923). However, finds dating from the
above-mentioned Roman period were recorded as well, represented in particular by a Roman coin (Gordian III,
238–244 AD) which was found on the bank of the Elbe River (Hellich 1916). The presented study summarizes
earlier archaeological findings and complements them with new finds. In the case of the excavation at Polabec,
these were a sunked-floored Roman period hut (Fig. 6:A), several smaller features (Fig. 6:B,C) and movable material
which ended up in medieval features as an admixture (Fig. 7). Remains of a large settlement pit (Fig. 6:D)
and two less certain post/pole built houses without a distinctive archaeological record (Fig. 6:E,F) were disco -
vered in Poděbrady (site of Na Vinicích).
The core of this study is a confrontation of this state of knowledge and natural-scientific (geological and geomorphological)
data which framed and conditioned the emergence of human occupation on this site. The site
of Polabec is namely situated in a Holocene floodplain and this fact influences all attempts at interpretation of
the finds.
Three levels of the floodplain have been identified on the middle course of the Elbe River – the higher
floodplain level, the lower floodplain level and the current floodplain (Růžičková – Zeman 1994a), whereas this
arrangement has already been observed on a number of sites in the Elbe region. A Pleistocene terrace framing
the Holocene floodplain was convincingly documented on the left bank in the analyzed area (Fig. 2:5) whose
surface lay approx. 188 m above sea level. In the same way, it is also possible to identify the current floodplain
at an altitude of ca. 186 m above sea level (Fig. 2:2). A convincing terrace step (Fig. 2:E–F) which we interpret as
one of the above mentioned floodplain levels, can be seen on the eastern side of one of the test pits excavated
during the 2012/2013 season.
In the area of the village of Polabec, elevation of Pre-quaternary chalk bedrock was identified through a
series of bore holes (Matula – Tomášek 2008; 2011) which in its maximum extent reaches the water surface of the
present-day Elbe River. This bedrock can be found at the depth of 3.7 m on the site, which is a rather low value
with regard to the fact that the surface of the floodplain terrace is situated at an altitude of 187 m above sea level
and the usual water surface of the Elbe is 184 m above sea level. Bore holes along the edge of the current
floodplain confirm the existence of a firm, stony riverbed in the place where a river crossing (a ford) connecting
Polabec and Poděbrady was possibly located. In addition, the current floodplain is relatively narrow in this
area (max. 300 m) – which is diametrically different from the expanding floodplain to the east of Polabec. On
the basis of the presented archaeological findings, we are inclined to agree with the conclusion drawn by J.
Hellich, who anticipated the existence and location of the Poděbrady ford there not only in the Early Middle
Ages, but as early as the Roman period.
The contribution discusses the early medieval fortification of the outer bailey in Žatec,
Louny District. The fortification line separates a 14.5-hectare promontory from the terrace itself.
A recapitulation of new surveys carried out in various sections of the fortification in 2003,
2004 and 2008 has confirmed the existence of two basic early medieval blocks of layers, which
were perceived as two chronological phases by the original research in 1999.
The stratigraphically earlier block consists of a hewn-in berm, above which a sandy-gravel
body is built aligned with a subtle stone wall with a width of a single line of stones, without
wooden reinforcement elements except for one layer of timbers perpendicular to the course
of the fortification situated in the upper parts of the block. The block is about 1 metre high
in all sections of the line. On the surface of the block were situated the layers of the later,
1.5–1.7 metres high block and on them, wooden structures in the basis of the stone-front rampart.
This later part thus consists of a massive beam parallel with the course of the rampart,
which is secured against shifting along the slope by an upturned tree fork – a hook. Smaller
beams of the foundation grid fit tightly to the parallel beam from the inner side. The face of
the wood-and-clay rampart in the form of a dry-stone wall is situated right above the beam.
The subtle lower structure, the absence of its destruction on the berm, the unusual solution
of the base of the later block and the possible chronological proximity of the two parts lead to
the idea that they might be remnants of a single combined rampart. The dating of the Žatec
rampart (the later block has been dendrochronologically dated to the boundary between the
first and second thirds of the tenth century) offers the possibility of further discussion of the
extraordinarily interesting cultural overlap of the discovered structure.
Fig. 1:A) proved abundant evidence for human occupation, namely 227 features predominantly dating
from the Early and High Middle Ages. Earlier features (and movable finds) were also present, although in limi -
ted numbers. These were almost exclusively dating from the Roman period. These finds were complemented in
2018 when up to three sunken-floored features were discovered on the opposite bank of the Elbe River (already
in the cadastral area of Poděbrady; Fig. 1:B).
The right-bank site (Fig. 3:4) is relatively well-known in professional circles, as it is an important multiperiod
site with Neolithic, Aeneolithic, Bronze Age and especially early medieval finds. A fortification system
and a linear cemetery also allegedly date back to this period (Hellich 1923). However, finds dating from the
above-mentioned Roman period were recorded as well, represented in particular by a Roman coin (Gordian III,
238–244 AD) which was found on the bank of the Elbe River (Hellich 1916). The presented study summarizes
earlier archaeological findings and complements them with new finds. In the case of the excavation at Polabec,
these were a sunked-floored Roman period hut (Fig. 6:A), several smaller features (Fig. 6:B,C) and movable material
which ended up in medieval features as an admixture (Fig. 7). Remains of a large settlement pit (Fig. 6:D)
and two less certain post/pole built houses without a distinctive archaeological record (Fig. 6:E,F) were disco -
vered in Poděbrady (site of Na Vinicích).
The core of this study is a confrontation of this state of knowledge and natural-scientific (geological and geomorphological)
data which framed and conditioned the emergence of human occupation on this site. The site
of Polabec is namely situated in a Holocene floodplain and this fact influences all attempts at interpretation of
the finds.
Three levels of the floodplain have been identified on the middle course of the Elbe River – the higher
floodplain level, the lower floodplain level and the current floodplain (Růžičková – Zeman 1994a), whereas this
arrangement has already been observed on a number of sites in the Elbe region. A Pleistocene terrace framing
the Holocene floodplain was convincingly documented on the left bank in the analyzed area (Fig. 2:5) whose
surface lay approx. 188 m above sea level. In the same way, it is also possible to identify the current floodplain
at an altitude of ca. 186 m above sea level (Fig. 2:2). A convincing terrace step (Fig. 2:E–F) which we interpret as
one of the above mentioned floodplain levels, can be seen on the eastern side of one of the test pits excavated
during the 2012/2013 season.
In the area of the village of Polabec, elevation of Pre-quaternary chalk bedrock was identified through a
series of bore holes (Matula – Tomášek 2008; 2011) which in its maximum extent reaches the water surface of the
present-day Elbe River. This bedrock can be found at the depth of 3.7 m on the site, which is a rather low value
with regard to the fact that the surface of the floodplain terrace is situated at an altitude of 187 m above sea level
and the usual water surface of the Elbe is 184 m above sea level. Bore holes along the edge of the current
floodplain confirm the existence of a firm, stony riverbed in the place where a river crossing (a ford) connecting
Polabec and Poděbrady was possibly located. In addition, the current floodplain is relatively narrow in this
area (max. 300 m) – which is diametrically different from the expanding floodplain to the east of Polabec. On
the basis of the presented archaeological findings, we are inclined to agree with the conclusion drawn by J.
Hellich, who anticipated the existence and location of the Poděbrady ford there not only in the Early Middle
Ages, but as early as the Roman period.