Alirocumab

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Alirocumab
Monoclonal antibody
Type Whole antibody
Source Human
Target Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)
Clinical data
Trade names Praluent
Legal status
  • FDA approved
Routes of
administration		 Subcutaneous injection
Identifiers
CAS Number 1245916-14-6
ATC code none
Chemical data
Formula C6472H9996N1736O2032S42
Molecular mass 146.0 kg/mol

Alirocumab (trade name Praluent)[1] is a biopharmaceutical drug approved by the FDA on July 24, 2015 as a second line treatment for high cholesterol for adults whose cholesterol is not controlled by diet and statin treatment. It is a human monoclonal antibody that belongs to a novel class of anti-cholesterol drugs, known as PCSK9 inhibitors, and it was the first such agent to receive FDA approval. The FDA approval was contingent on the completion of further clinical trials to better determine efficacy and safety.[2]

Medical uses

Alirocumab is used as a second line treatment to lower LDL cholesterol for adults who have a severe form of hereditary high cholesterol and people with atherosclerosis who require additional lowering of LDL cholesterol when diet and statin treatment have not worked.[3] It is administered by subcutaneous injection.[3] As of July 2015, it is not known whether alirocumab prevents early death from cardiovascular disease or prevents heart attacks;[3] a clinical trial to determine outcomes was ongoing at that time,[4] the results of which were expected in 2017.[5]

Side effects

Side effects that occurred in more than 2% of people treated with alirocumab in clinical trials and that occurred more frequently than with placebo, included nose and throat irritation, injection site reactions and bruising, flu-like symptoms, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, bronchitis and cough, and muscle pain, soreness, and spasms.[3]

There are no available data on use of alirocumab in pregnant women to assess risks to the fetus, nor is there data on use in children.[3]

Pharmacology

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Main article: PCSK9

Alirocumab works by inhibiting the PCSK9 protein.[6] PCSK9 binds to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (which takes cholesterol out of circulation), and that binding leads to the receptor being degraded, and less LDL cholesterol being removed from circulation. Inhibiting PCSK9 prevents the receptor from being degraded, and promotes removal of LDL cholesterol from circulation.[7]

After subcutaneous administration of alirocumab, maximal suppression of free PCSK9 occurs within 4 to 8 hours and has an apparent half-life of 17 to 20 days. Inhibition is dose-dependent. The antibody is distributed through the circulation, and it is eliminated at low concentrations by binding to its target, and at higher concentrations through a proteolytic pathway.[3]

Physical and chemical properties

Alirocumab is a human monoclonal antibody of the IgG1 isotype.[1] It is made of two disulfide-linked human heavy chains, each disulfide-linked to a human light chain. It has an approximate molecular weight of 146 kDa.[3]

It is produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with recombinant DNA, that are grown in tanks.[3]

History

The importance of PCSK9 as a biological target for drug discovery emerged in 2003, when a series of discoveries led to identification of the protein and its gene, its role in causing some cases of familial hypercholesterolaemia when some mutations are present, and its role in causing very low levels of LDL cholesterol when other mutations are present.[8]

The discovery and validation of the target set off a race among pharmaceutical and biotech companies.[9][10]

Alirocumab was discovered by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals using its "VelocImmune" mouse,[11] in which many of the genes coding for antibodies have been replaced with human genes.[12][13]:255–258 In an investor presentation, Regeneron claimed that with their system, it took only about 19 months from when they first immunized mice with PCSK9 until they filed their IND.[14]:Slide 26 Alirocumab was co-developed with Sanofi under a deal made in 2007.[15] Before it received its international nonproprietary name it was known as REGN727 and SAR236553.[16]

Phase 1 trial results were reported in 2012 in the New England Journal of Medicine.[12][17] A phase 3 trial of statin intolerant patients called ODYSSEY ran for 65 weeks.[18] Results were presented at the 2014 European Society of Cardiology meeting.[19] A 78-week study of alirocumab in 2341 people taking statins who were at high risk for cardiovascular events and had high LDL cholesterol levels was published in April 2015.[20]

In July 2014, Regeneron and Sanofi announced that they had purchased a priority review voucher that BioMarin had won for a recent rare disease drug approval for $67.5 million; the voucher cut four months off the regulatory review time for alirocumab and was part of their strategy to beat Amgen to market with the first approval of a PCSK9 inhibitor.[21][22][23]

In July 2015, the FDA approved alirocumab as a second line treatment to lower LDL cholesterol for adults who have hereditary high cholesterol and people with atherosclerosis who require additional lowering of LDL cholesterol when diet and statin treatment have not worked.[4] This was the first approval of a PCSK9 inhibitor.[4] The FDA approval was contingent on the completion of further clinical trials to better determine efficacy and safety.[24]

Society and culture

In 2014 as PCSK9 inhibitors approached regulatory approval, market analysts estimated that that overall market for these drugs could be $10B per year, with each of alirocumab and Amgen's competing drugs having sales of $3B per year, and other competitors dividing the remaining $4B, based on estimates of an annual price for alirocumab of $10,000 per year.[25] At the same time, pharmacy benefit managers such as Express Scripts and CVS Caremark, while recognizing that the new drugs could help patients who were otherwise left with uncontrolled cholesterol levels, and recognizing that injectable biopharmaceuticals will always be more expensive than pills, and especially more expensive than generic pills, expressed concerns about the burden of the new costs on the health care system.[25]

When the drug was approved in July 2015, the announced price was higher than analysts had predicted: $14,600 a year.[5] Pharmacy benefit managers continued expressing their concerns, as did insurance companies and some doctors, who were especially concerned over the price, in light of the fact that the FDA approval was based on lowering cholesterol alone, and not on better health outcomes, such as fewer heart attacks or longer life.[5]

The current treatment for people with very high cholesterol that cannot be controlled with diet or statins is apheresis, which is similar to dialysis in that a person visits a clinic each month and his or her blood is mechanically filtered, in this case to remove LDL cholesterol. That treatment costs $8000 per month, or $96,000 per year. The price of alirocumab was determined based in part on making apheresis no longer necessary.[2]

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN), World Health Organization
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gina Kolata for the New York Times. July 27, 2015 Praluent Looks Cheap to Those With Extreme Cholesterol
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Alirocumab label Label revised, July 2015. Page accessed July 25, 2015
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 FDA. July 24, 2015 FDA Press release: FDA approves Praluent to treat certain patients with high cholesterol
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Liz Szabo for USA Today July 24, 2015 FDA approves new cholesterol drug - at $14,600 a year
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ *Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Stephen S. Hall for Nature News. April 9, 2013 Genetics: A gene of rare effect. A mutation that gives people rock-bottom cholesterol levels has led geneticists to what could be the next blockbuster heart drug.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Regeneron website December 29, 2015 [1] Veloclmmune website
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 BiotechDaily International staff writers. Apr 17, 2012 LDL-Lowering Monoclonal Antibody Shines in Early Clinical Trials
  13. ↑ Susana Magadán Mompó and África González-Fernández. Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice. Chapter 13 in Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols Ed. Michael Steinitz. Springer Science+Business Media, 2014. ISBN 978-1-62703-585-9
  14. ↑ Regeneron. Presentation to Credit Suisse 2013 Antibody Day on Friday, May 10, 2013 Regeneron: Science to Medicine
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.open access publication - free to read
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ New Alternatives to Statins Add to a Quandary on Cholesterol By GINA KOLATA, New York Times, AUG. 29, 2015
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Tracy Staton for FiercePharmaMarketing. May 7, 2014 Payers fret about the next drug doomsday: Pricey PCSK9 cholesterol meds
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