Antonia Minor

Antonia Minor
The Juno Ludovisi (a portrait of Antonia Minor)
Born	31 January 36 BC Athens, Greece
Died	September/October AD 37 (aged 73) Rome
Spouse	Nero Claudius Drusus
Issue	Germanicus Livilla Claudius, Emperor of Rome
Father	Mark Antony
Mother	Octavia Minor

Antonia Minor (PIR² A 885), also known as Julia Antonia Minor, Antonia the Younger or simply Antonia (31 January 36 BC - September/October AD 37) was the younger of two daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and both maternal great-grandmother and paternal great-aunt of the Emperor Nero. She was additionally the maternal great-aunt of the Empress Valeria Messalina and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, the paternal grandmother of Claudia Antonia, Claudia Octavia, and Britannicus, the grandmother of Caligula and the maternal grandmother of Julia Livia and Tiberius Gemellus.

Birth and early life

She was born in Athens, Greece and after 36 BC was brought to Rome by her mother and her siblings. Antonia never had the chance to know her father, Mark Antony, who divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC. She was raised by her mother, her uncle and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Due to inheritances, she owned properties in Italy, Greece and Egypt. She was a wealthy and influential woman who often received people who were visiting Rome. Antonia had many male friends and they included wealthy Jew Alexander the Alabarch and Lucius Vitellius, a consul and father of future Emperor Aulus Vitellius.

Marriage to Drusus

In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and consul Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla and brother of future Emperor Tiberius. They had several children, but only three survived: the famous general Germanicus, Livilla and the Roman Emperor Claudius. Antonia was the grandmother of the Emperor Caligula, the Empress Agrippina the Younger and through Agrippina, great-grandmother and great-aunt of the Emperor Nero. Drusus died in June 9 BC in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.

Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in AD 4 (Suetonius Tiberius 15, Gai. 1., Div. Claudius 2). Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina. On the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral (suggested, but not stated by Tacitus Annals 3.3). When Livia Drusilla died in June 29 AD, Antonia took care of Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla and later Claudia Antonia, Claudius's daughter through his second wife Aelia Paetina, her younger grandchildren.

She outlived her husband, her oldest son, her daughter and several of her grandchildren.

Conflict with Livilla

In 31 AD, Antonia exposed a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius’ notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves. Livilla had allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, Drusus Julius Caesar (nicknamed "Castor") to remove him as a rival. Sejanus was executed on Tiberius’ orders, and Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.

Succession of Caligula and death

When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.

Six months into his reign, Caligula became seriously ill. Antonia would often offer Caligula advice, but he once told her, "I can treat anyone exactly as I please!". Caligula was rumored to have had his young cousin Gemellus beheaded, to remove him as a rival to the throne. This act was said to have outraged Antonia, who was grandmother to Gemellus as well as to Caligula.

Having had enough of Caligula’s anger at her criticisms and of his behavior, she committed suicide. Suetonius’s Caligula, clause 23, mentions how he might have poisoned her.

When his grandmother Antonia asked for a private interview, he refused it except in the presence of the prefect Macro, and by such indignities and annoyances he caused her death; although some think that he also gave her poison. After she was dead, he paid her no honour, but viewed her burning pyre from his dining-room.

When Claudius became emperor after his nephew’s assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.

In art and popular culture

In ancient art

• Juno Ludovisi, Palazzo Altemps, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome
• Malta
• Ara Pacis, Rome [1]
• Location unknown [2]
• Palazzo Massimo, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome [3] and portr-antonia-minor.jpg
• Cossyra [4]
• Cimiez Nice Archaeological Museum [5]
• Musée des Antiques de Toulouse [6]
• Coinage, e.g. [7], [8], [9] and [10]
• Harvard University Art Museums [11],
• Getty Museum [12]
• British Museum, 'Clytie' [13]
• Baiae Nymphaeum, now at Museo Archeologico dei Campi Flegrei at Baiae / Misenum [14]

For more, see Nikos Kokkinos, Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady (London ; New York : Routledge, 1992) [15].

In popular culture

Antonia is one of the main characters in the novel I, Claudius. In the television adaptation of the book she is portrayed by Margaret Tyzack. She is a loyal wife deeply in love with her husband Drusus; however, she is unloving towards her son Claudius whom she regards as a fool. Furthermore, after finding evidence that she murdered her husband Drusus Julius Caesar and rightfully believing she was also poisoning her daughter for the same reason, she kills Livilla by locking her in her room until she starves to death. During the reign of Caligula she is so disgusted by the state of Rome that she commits suicide.

She is a leading character in the novel by Lindsey Davis, The Course of Honour (1997), where she guides and advises Claudius and his supporters.

Antonia was indirectly mentioned by Tiberius (played by André Morell), who noted that Germanicus was a blood relative of Augustus on his mother's [Antonia] side, in the 1968 ITV historical drama The Caesars.

Ancestry

Family of Antonia Minor

16. Gaius Antonius               8. Marcus Antonius Orator                       4. Marcus Antonius Creticus                             2. Mark Antony                                   20. Lucius Julius Caesar II               10. Lucius Julius Caesar III                       5. Julia Antonia                             1. Antonia Minor                                         24. Gaius Octavius               12. Gaius Octavius                       6. Gaius Octavius                             3. Octavia Minor                                   28. Marcus Atius Balbus               14. Marcus Atius                       29. Pompeia               7. Atia Balba Caesonia                             30. Gaius Julius Caesar               15. Julia Caesaris                       31. Aurelia Cotta

References

Ancient sources

• Plutarch - Life of Mark Antony
• Suetonius - Caligula (Gaius) & Claudius
• Tacitus - Annals of Imperial Rome
• Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.3.3

Secondary sources

• E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a. (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933 - . (PIR²)
• J. Minto, The Heliopolis Scrolls, ShieldCrest, 2009