Vigna subterranea
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| File:Vigna subterranea.jpg | |
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V. subterranea
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| Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.
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Vigna subterranea (also known by its common names Bambara groundnut, Bambara-bean,[2] Congo goober,[2] earth pea,[3] ground-bean,[2] or hog-peanut[2]) is a member of the family Fabaceae. The plant originated in West Africa. Vigna subterranea ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a groundnut). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying.
Names in other languages
The name for the Bambara groundnut in the Bambara language of Mali (Bamanankan) is tiganingɛlɛn or tiganinkurun, literally "little hard peanut" (peanut is tiga). Among other West African languages it is known by other names; in Hausa it is variously referred to as Gurjiya or Kwaruru. In Goemai, Kwam; and in Kanuri, Ngangala; in Ibo, Okpa and in Ga, Akwei.
Bambara groundnuts are also known as jugo beans or in Swahili, njugumawe. In the Republic of Zambia, bambara groundnuts are known as either ntoyo (ciBemba),katoyo (kiKaonde), or mbwiila (chiTonga). In Shangaan they are known as tindluwa. In Malagasy, the language of Madagascar, they are known as voanjobory, which translates to "round peanut." Interestingly enough, in the Ghanaian Ewe language, they are known as azi nogui, which also translates to "round peanut." In Indonesia it is called "kacang bogor", which literally means "Bogor peanut", because this plant is widely cultured in Bogor, West Java. It is called "kacang poi" in Malay language, not to be confused with "kacang pool" which serves as one of popular dishes in the southern region of Malaysia. In the Shona language of Zimbabwe it is known as "Nyimo", and "indlubu" in the ndebele language. language|Silozi]], they are called 'Lituu.' In Oshiwambo, it is called "ofukwa" or "eefukwa" for plural.
Agronomic aspects
Origin and regions of cultivation
The origin of the Bambara groundnut is West Africa[4] and the region of cultivation is Sub-Saharan Africa's warm tropics.[5]
Importance in the world food system
Bambara groundnut represents the third[6] most important grain legume in semi-arid Africa. “It is resistant to high temperature and is suitable for marginal soils where other leguminous crops cannot be grown”.[7] In addition, it makes very little demand on the soil[8] and has a high nutritive value with 65% carbohydrate[9] and 18% protein[9] content. For these reasons it is not prone to the risk of total harvest failure even in low and uncertain rainfall regions. "Due to its high protein value it is a very important crop for people in Africa[8] Despite its nutritional value, it is still considered as one of the prioritized neglected and underutilized species in Benin.[10]
Product use
The seeds are used for food and beverage because of its high protein content[11] and for digestive system applications.[11] The entire plant is known for soil improvement[11] because of nitrogen fixation. In West Africa, the nuts are eaten as a snack, roasted and salted, or as a meal, boiled similar to other beans.
Soil requirements
Optimal soils for Bambara groundnut production are sandy soils to prevent waterlogging. Optimal soil depth is between 50 and 100 cm,[11] with a light soil texture.[11] soil fertility should be low[11] and soil pH is best suited between 5 and 6.5[11] and should not be lower than 4.3[11] or higher than 7.[11]
Climate requirements
The production is best suited between a latitude of 20° - 30°,[11] i.e. the tropical wet and dry (Aw)[11] and the subtropical dry summer (Cs)[11] climate zones. Optimal temperature is between 19 °C[11] and 30 °C.[11] Temperatures below 16 °C[11] and above 38 °C[11] are not suited for the production of bambara groundnut. The bambara groundnut is very drought resistant.[5] The minimal annual rainfall requirement is about 300 mm[11] and optimal annual rainfall is between 750 mm[11] and 1400 mm[11] and should not exceed 3000 mm.[11]
Cropping system
The cropping system is semi-permanent[11] and the Bambara groundnut can be cultivated as single crop or as intercrop.[11] Best suited intercrops are sorghum,[11] millet,[11] maize,[11] groundnut,[11] yams[11] and cassava.[11]
Bambara groundnut is mainly cultivated as intercrop, however the planting density varies between 6 to 29 plants per square meter.[12] For woodland savannas of Côte d'Ivoire the highest yield is attainable with a plant density of 25[13] plants per square meter.
Fertilization
Since Vigna subterranea is usually intercropped, no fertilizer is applied. A yield of 1000 kg seed and 925 kg leaves remove 55.7 kg N,[14] 26.2 kg K,[14] 25.1 kg C,[14] 7.8 kg P[14] and 6.6 kg Mg.[14] Since Bambara groundnut is a legume, phosphor is the most important nutrient. An application rate of 60 kg/ha[15] of P2O5 is recommended for bambara groundnut in Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria.
Production
World production of Vigna subterranea increased from 29'800 tonnes[16] in 1972 to 79'155 tonnes[16] in 2005, while the yield during this period did not increase. "As an under-utilised crop, bambara groundnut has not received sustained research"[17] until recent years and therefore no yield increase occurred.
| Production Year 2013 (Source FAOSTAT)[16] | Area Harvested (Ha) | Yield (kg/ha) | Production (tonnes) |
|---|---|---|---|
 Mali |
120,000 | 9,498 | 113,981 |
 Niger |
68,000 | 4,412 | 30,000 |
 Burkina Faso |
55,000 | 8,909 | 49,000 |
 Cameroon |
43,392 | 8,444 | 36,639 |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
4,828 | 750 | 14,000 |
| World | 315,392 | 7,724 | 243,620 |
Pest and diseases
Pest and diseases are not considered to be a serious problem for Vigna subterranea.[14]
Reported diseases:[14]
- Leaf spot (Cerscospora canescens & Phyllosticta voandzeia)
- Powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.)
- Wilt (Fusarium sp.)
- Leaf blotch (Phomopsis sp.)
- Stem rot (Scleorotium rolfsii)
Reported pests:[14]
- Aphids (Aphis sp.)
- Bruchids (Callosobruchus sp.)
- Leaf hoppers (Hilda patruelis)
- Termites
- Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)
- Rodents
- Parasitic plants (Alectra vogelii and Striga gesnerioides)
Physiology
Growth
The growth cycle is between (min-max) 90–170 days[11] and under optimal conditions the cycle is about 120–150 days[5] to pod maturity. Flowers appear 40–60 days[5] after planting. 30 days[5] after pollination the pod reaches maturity and during another 55 days[5] the seeds fully develop. Every 30 days they are produced again.
Generative reproduction
Generative reproduction is for the Bambara groundnut autogamous[5] (self-fertilization) and cleistogamous[5] (self-pollinating).
References
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External links
- Bambara Groundnut -- Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars
- Bambara Groundnut ... a Link from the Past and Resource for the Future
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Vigna subterranea in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
