Corn wet-milling
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The corn wet-milling industry has established the process of breaking corn into its component parts, corn oil, protein, corn starch, and fiber.
Contents
History of corn wet-milling process
The corn wet-milling industry has been a primary component of American manufacturing for more than 150 years. The process of separating corn into its component parts to produce a variety of value-added products have been establishing by corn refiners. The four main component such as oil, protein, starch, and fiber are the primary product from the corn wet-milling process.
The Associated Manufacturers of Products from Corn was formed in 1913 when the group of corn refining companies’ industry successfully grew.[1]
What is corn wet-milling process?
The process when corn was extracted from each component to produce a highly purified product is called the corn wet-milling process. Most of the products from this process are valuable and mainly required by the food industry. Through this process, every part of the corn is useful to produce the quality ingredient depends on the requirements of the industry. The characteristics of this process are based on physical separation of components, mostly on weight and size. The higher amount of water is needed as it is a wet process and it works as separation/carrier agents in washing steps. Therefore, this process can be considered as having high capital cost.[2] The only chemical use in this process is aqueous sulfur dioxide solution which used in the steeping process. The corn was soaked in this solution just to the softened kernel so that the oil in the germ will not contaminate other product and easy to separate.
Parts of corn
Endosperm
About 82 percent of the corn kernel’s dry weight consists of endosperm. Starch is the primary source and it most widely used part of the kernel. It is known as the key component in fuel, sweeteners, bioplastics and other products.
Germ
The germ is the only living part of the corn kernel and also called its embryo. It consists the important genetic information, vitamin, enzymes and minerals for the plant to grow. Germ account 25 percent of the corn oils and it is the valuable part of the kernel.
Pericarp
The pericarp is the outer covering and that protects the kernel and it also maintains the kernel's nutrient value and moisture content. It has lots of fiber that can be produced as corn gluten feed.
Tip cap
The tip cap is the attachment point of the kernel to the corn cob, where the nutrient and water flow, and this is the only part that not covered by the pericarp. It contains fiber.
Primary product
The wet-milling process will have four major products: steep water solids, germ, fiber, starch, and gluten. However, the co-product from this process will produce corn oil, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, corn gluten and feed steep water. The average of one bushel of corn generally will have about 32 lb of starch or 33 lb sweeteners or 2.5 gallons of fuel ethanol and 11.4lb gluten feed and 3 lb gluten meal and 1.6lb corn oil.[3][4]
Process steps
Cleaning
As per the standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Grade 2 corn is usually used for wet-milling.[5] Harvested corn has to be cleaned before it is milled. Dockage tester with appropriate sieve number is used to removes particles other than the required grain like cob pieces, foreign seeds, metal pieces, leaves, dirt and the percentage of dockage contained can be calculated.[6] The cleaned corn is then analyzed for its composition using NIR spectrometer. The compositional analysis of Yellow dent corn carried out in Centre of Crop Utilization Research, Iowa State University is recorded in the table below.
| Moisture (in %) | Protein (in %, dry basis) | Oil (in %, db) | Starch (in %, db) | Density (in g/cc) | Test Weight (in lb/bu) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13.8 | 8.93 | 4.29 | 70.4 | 1.282 | 65.6 |
Steeping
In this process, the corn is hydrated in order to loosen starch granules from the protein matrix and to make germ resilient to milling. This process reduces the germ density and softens the kernel making the milling easy. Chemicals like Sulphur dioxide and Lactic acid are added to the water too. Lactic acid breaks down the endosperm protein matrix and helps in better separation of starch. It also lowers pH preventing growth of microbes. SO2 reacts with the disulphide bonds and weaken matrix allowing starch granules to separate out cleanly. It also serves as an anti-microbial. At the end of steeping, the protein matrix is weakened, endosperm proteins are solubilized and some soluble solids diffuse out into the steepwater. The clean corn is steeped in large tanks with water at 125-130˚F containing Lactic acid and SO2 for nearly 40 hours. The steepwater is then drained using appropriate sized mesh screen and concentrated using multiple effect evaporators.[5] Use of concentrated Steepwater: This extract is protein rich and can be used as nutrient media for fermentation to produce enzymes or antibodies. It is also used in animal feed.
Germ recovery
As the process step suggests, in this step the germ is separated from the other parts of the corn. Recovering germ as intact as possible is necessary to prevent any oil contamination in the final products. Attrition mills like Disk mill is used to coarse grind the softened corn kernels. The grinding is slow and the elements used to grind are blunt to ensure intact removal of germ. Water is added to the grinded material to make a thick slurry of macerated kernels and whole germ.[5] 40-50% of crude oil in germ makes it is less dense than other particles and as a result germ floats in the mixture. The mixture is then passed through germ hydrocyclones with an over and underflow. Overflow will be composed majorly of germ and water and underflow will have fiber, starch, protein and water. The overflow is passed through the hydroclone multiple times since 100% separation cannot be achieved in single pass. The separated germ is cleaned, dried and passed through germ press to extract oil from it. Solvent extraction can also be used alternatively. The solid particles remaining after oil extraction is called germ meal which is further dried. Use of germ meal: It is a good source of amino acids and is carrier of micro-ingredients in animal food formulations. Use of corn oil: The refined corn oil can be used as salad oil and cooking oil. It is also used to prepare corn oil margarines.
Fiber recovery
The underflow from the hydroclone consisting of fiber, protein and starch is finely ground and screened using multiple grind mills and pressure fed screens. Screens are used to separate the fiber from the mixture. Various screen sizes are used to remove coarse and fine fibers. A wedge bar or profile bar screen is used. Starch and protein passes through the screen and collected whereas the fibers remain on the screen and it is called corn gluten feed. The principle of separation is difference in size. The corn gluten feed has approximately 21% protein, 1% fat and 10% fiber and 15% starch. Use of Gluten Feed: Since it is high in water soluble nutrients, it is used as one of the main ingredients in animal feed. It can also be used to produce refined corn fiber to be used for human consumption.[5]
Gluten recovery
The slurry containing just the protein (gluten) and starch is called millstarch. Water is removed from the millstarch in a thickener before moving it into a separator. Centrifugal forces are applied to separate starch and gluten which differ in density. The heavier starch slurry is then washed multiple times in hydrocyclones with fresh water. The starch stream typically has 90% starch and the gluten stream consists of 60% protein.[5] The lighter gluten, separated out from the top, is thickened and the heavy gluten is further sent for dewatering into vacuum rotary filter. This corn gluten meal consist of approximately 60% protein, 1% fat and 3% fiber. The process water from both the processes are either added to steepwater or removed. Use of Gluten Meal: Since it has around 60% protein, it is used as Animal feed and zein products.
Starch processing
Starch goes through multiple stage washing using hydrocyclones. The supernatant are separated at each washing stage. The water from each stage is recycled to the previous hydrocyclones to ensure maximum amount of starch is separated. A very high purity of starch (>99.5% db) can be recovered by wet-milling. Purity is important when the end product is high fructose corn syrup or when we need to modify starch (using chemicals or enzymes) but it is not important during ethanol production. After centrifugation and washing, the starch is dried.[5]
Co-product manufacture
Co-products account for 34% of wet-milled yield. In fact, 23% of corn that is processed has very low or no value. The fiber, concentrated steepwater and germ meal are mixed to produce corn gluten feed. As mentioned before, corn gluten meal is also used as animal feed. Interestingly, though both have ‘Gluten’ in the name, no gluten protein is present in them in fact there is none in corn on whole.[7]
A typical solid yield (on db) data for yellow dent corn is shown in the table below.[8]
| Fraction | Yield on dry basis (in %) |
|---|---|
| Starch | 58-68 |
| Gluten Meal | 5.8-15.4 |
| Fiber (coarse+fine) | 8.8-19.2 |
| Germ | 5.2-10.5 |
| Steepwater solubles | 5.1-7.5 |
| Total solids recovery | 97.3-99.9 |
Research in the field of corn wet-milling
Even though corn wet-milling has been used for years to produce food products, animal feed and fuel, research in this field is still going on to make the process more and more efficient. Studies have shown that the steeping time can be decreased from 40 hours to 6–8 hours if enzymes like protease are added and the milling is modified to a two stage procedure. This even eliminates the need of Sulphur dioxide. The yield were found to be equivalent to the conventional process.[9] In a similar study, it was shown that adding phytic acid degrading enzyme reduced the steeping time. Phytic acid is present in the corn which largely ends up in corn steep liquor. Adding phytic acid degrading enzymes along with cellulose can decrease the steeping time.[10] Effect of drying was tested on the final yield of corn wet-milling and it was found that decreasing the initial moisture content of corn and increasing the drying air temperature decreased the yield. This is because low water content made protein and starch separation difficult.[11]
References
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- ↑ Singh, N, Eckhoff, S.R.. 1996. Wet milling of Corn- A review of Laboratory-Scale and Pilot Plant-Scale Porcedure. Cereal Chem. 73(6):659-667
- ↑ Johnston, David B., Singh, Vijay. 2001. Use of Protease to reduce steep time and SO2 requirements in corn wet-milling process. Cereal Chem. 78(4):401-411
- ↑ Ing, Carsana A. et al, 1988. A Novel Enzyme Application for Corn Wet Milling. Starch Bio. 40(11):409-411
- ↑ Haros, Monica, Suarez, Costantino. 1997. Effect of drying, initial moisture and variety in corn wet milling. Journal of Food Engineering 34(4):473-481
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