Entomopoxvirinae

Entomopoxvirinae
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Family:	Poxviridae
Subfamily:	Entomopoxvirinae
Genera
Alphaentomopoxvirus Betaentomopoxvirus Gammaentomopoxvirus

Entomopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses, in the family Poxviridae. Insects, human, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 31 species in this subfamily, divided among 3 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: impairment of motility and development.

Structure

The virions are generally enveloped though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum. The virion is exceptionally large, around 250-380kb in length and the diameter is around 350 nm. It carries its genome in a single, linear, double-stranded segment of DNA.

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Alphaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Betaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Gammaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core into the host cytoplasm. Early phase: early genes are transcribed in the cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes post-infection. Core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, viral genome is now free in the cytoplasm. Intermediate phase: Intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication at approximately 100 minutes post-infection. Late phase: Late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours post-infection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing an spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into brick-shaped intracellular mature virion (IMV). IMV virion can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion (EEV). Mature virion can be occluded in spheroids composed of spheroidin proteinhost receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. Dna templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host. Insects, human, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as the natural host.

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Alphaentomopoxvirus	Monkeys; baboons	None	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Contact; insects
Betaentomopoxvirus	Lepidoptera insects; orthoptera insects	Hemocytes; fat bodies	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Unknown
Gammaentomopoxvirus	Insects	Hemocytes; fat bodies	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Unknown

Taxonomy

The classification in this subfamily is based on the morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms and the type of disease caused. Three genera in this subfamily are recognized. There are also a number of species that have not yet been assigned to a genus.

• The species of the genus Alphaentomopoxvirus infect beetles.
• The species of the genus Betaentomopoxvirus infect butterflies, moths, grasshoppers and locusts.
• The species of the genus Gammaentomopoxvirus infect flies and mosquitoes.

Group: dsDNA

Order: Unassigned

• Family: Poxviridae

  • Sub-Family: Entomopoxvirinae

    • Genus: Alphaentomopoxvirus

      • Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus
      • Aphodius tasmaniae entomopoxvirus
      • Demodema bonariensis entomopoxvirus
      • Dermolepida albohirtum entomopoxvirus
      • Figulus sublaevis entomopoxvirus
      • Geotrupes sylvaticus entomopoxvirus
      • Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus
    • Genus: Betaentomopoxvirus

      • Acrobasis zelleri entomopoxvirus
      • Adoxophyes honmai entomopoxvirus
      • Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus
      • Arphia conspersa entomopoxvirus
      • Choristoneura biennis entomopoxvirus
      • Choristoneura conflicta entomopoxvirus
      • Choristoneura diversuma entomopoxvirus
      • Choristoneura fumiferana entomopoxvirus
      • Choristoneura rosaceana entomopoxvirus
      • Chorizagrotis auxiliaris entomopoxvirus
      • Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus
      • Locusta migratoria entomopoxvirus
      • Mythimna separata entomopoxvirus
      • Oedaleus senegalensis entomopoxvirus
      • Operophtera brumata entomopoxvirus
      • Schistocerca gregaria entomopoxvirus
    • Genus: Gammaentomopoxvirus

      • Aedes aegypti entomopoxvirus
      • Camptochironomus tentans entomopoxvirus
      • Chironomus attenuatus entomopoxvirus
      • Chironomus luridus entomopoxvirus
      • Chironomus plumosus entomopoxvirus
      • Goeldichironomus holoprasinus entomopoxvirus
    • Genus: Unassigned

      • Diachasmimorpha entomopoxvirus
      • Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus 'O'

External Links

• Viralzone: Entomopoxvirinae
• ICTV
• Electron micrographs - [1]