Fort Fillmore

Fort Fillmore
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
N.M. State Register of Cultural Properties
Location	Doña Ana County, New Mexico, USA
Nearest city	Mesilla, New Mexico
Area	The post was built on sand hills that were above the Rio Grande, the Rio Grande would later change its course making the fort about 1 mile from its course. This caused the army to have to use water wagons to supply the post with water, and made it hard to defend in event of attack.
Architect	Fort Fillmore was originally constructed in the jacal style upright wood posts plastered over with adobe, later substantial adobe walls were erected. Much of the work on the fort was done by the soldiers with the assistance of local Mexican laborers who made the adobe bricks.
NRHP Reference #	74001196
NMSRCP #	36
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	July 30, 1974
Designated NMSRCP	December 21, 1969

Fort Fillmore was a fortification established by Col Edwin Vose Sumner in September 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily to protect settlers and traders traveling to California. Travelers in the Westward Migration were under constant threat from Indian attack, and a network of forts was created by the US Government to protect and encourage westward expansion. Fort Fillmore was intended to protect a corridor plagued by Apache attacks where several migration routes converged between El Paso and Tucson to take advantage of Apache Pass.

Fort Fillmore would serve as an operating base for units of the 1st Dragoons, briefly the 2d Dragoons, Regiment of Mounted Rifles, and the 3d and briefly the 8th Infantry Regiments. It was for a time headquarters of the 3d Infantry Regiment. The troops were active in the Gila Expedition of 1857 and in operations against the Apaches in the Sacramento Mountains. In one foray Captain Henry Stanton, namesake of Fort Stanton NM, was killed near the Rio Penasco River. His grave was one of the few to be identified when the abandoned post was inspected in 1869. Most of the soldiers and civilians interred in the post cemetery are still buried there on a sand ridge south east of the remains of the post. A fence and flagpole now are located on the cemetery's site.

Possibly the most famous soldier who served at Fort Fillmore was Captain George Pickett. Pickett is best remembered for leading the fateful charge on July 3, 1863 at the battle of Gettysburg. Later Union General Ambrose Burnside used the fort as a supply point when he drilled geo-thermal wells about fifteen miles west of the post in 1855..

After the First Battle of Mesilla on July 25, 1861, Fort Fillmore was set afire and abandoned by the Union army on July 27, 1861 after their unsuccessful attack on Confederate soldiers under the command of Lt Col John Baylor at nearby Mesilla, the proclaimed capital of the Arizona Territory of the Confederate States of America. As the Union army was retreating back to Fort Stanton they became desperately thirsty and exhausted. When the Confederates approached the 500 retreating Union soldiers their Commander, Major Lynde, surrendered his demoralized troops to the 300 Confederate soldiers without firing a shot.

On August 7, 1862, Federal troops near the fort engaged in a skirmish with Confederate troops retreating from Santa Fe, defeating them.

The fort was officially closed by the Union in October 1862, but sources mention Fort Fillmore as a way point along several major routes throughout the period of western expansion. The Upper and Lower Emigrant Trails converged in El Paso and, along with the Butterfield, Pacific and Overland Trails, passed through the corridor Fort Fillmore was erected to defend.

The remains of the fort were leveled at some later date after a failed attempt by the owner to sell or trade it to the State of New Mexico as a park. A grove of pecan trees now stands on the approximate location of the fort.

References

• Hall, Martin, Sibley's New Mexico Campaign, 1960, UNM Press Albuquerque, NM

External links

• Fort Fillmore Lithograph 1854, Lithograph of Fort Fillmore by Carl Schuchard. Schuchard traveled with a crew from the Texas Western Railroad Company that was surveying along the 32nd parallel for a transcontinental railroad route.
• FORT FILLMORE
• Looking for Fort Fillmore
• History of Las Cruces: Retreat from Fort Fillmore