Fourier profilometry
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Fourier profilometry is a method for measuring profiles using distortions in periodic patterns. The method uses Fourier analysis (a 2-dimensional Fast Fourier transform) to determine localized slopes on a curving surface.
This allows a x, y, z coordinate system of the surface to be generated from a single image which has been overlaid with the distortion pattern.
It is used specifically in measuring the shape of the human cornea for use in contact lens design.
References
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