Frank Gehry

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Frank Gehry
Turner 07 FGLecture.JPG
Frank Gehry in 2007
Born Frank Owen Goldberg
(1929-02-28) February 28, 1929 (age 95)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nationality Canadian, American
Alma mater University of Southern California
Occupation Architect
Awards AIA Gold Medal
National Medal of Arts
Order of Canada
Pritzker Prize
Praemium Imperiale
Website foga.com
Practice Gehry Partners LLP
Buildings Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Gehry Residence, Louis Vuitton Foundation, 8 Spruce Street, Weisman Art Museum, Dancing House, Art Gallery of Ontario, EMP Museum, Cinémathèque française, Biomuseo, Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art

Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank Owen Goldberg; (1929-02-28)28 February 1929)[1] is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles.

A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".[2]

Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-clad Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies on the University of Cincinnati campus; Experience Music Project in Seattle; New World Center in Miami Beach; Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and the museum MARTa Herford in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City.

It was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.[3]

Early life

External video
Frank O. Gehry - Parc des Ateliers.jpg
video icon Frank Gehry: My days as a young rebel, 44:28, TED Talks[4]
video icon Frank Gehry: A master architect asks, Now what?, 21:56, TED Talks[5]

Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg[1] on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Irwin and Thelma (née Thelma Caplan) Goldberg.[6] His parents were Polish Jews who had immigrated to Canada prior to World War II.[7][8] A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood.[9] With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.[6]

His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there", Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."[10]

He was given the Hebrew name "Ephraim" by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah.[1]

Education

In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California and changed their surname to Gehry.[9] Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi.[11]

According to Gehry, "I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, 'What do I like?' Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes."[12] Gehry graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954.[citation needed]

After graduation from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army.[9] In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge, where he studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed.[13] Gehry's left-wing ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized,[clarification needed] and the final straw occurred when he sat in on a discussion of one professor's "secret project in progress"—a palace that he was designing for right-wing Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista (1901–1973).[6]

Career

Gehry Residence in Santa Monica, California

In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira and Lickman.[9] In 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles with another architect[9] which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967[9] and then Gehry Partners in 2001.[14] Gehry's earliest commissions were all in Southern California, where he designed a number of innovative commercial structures such as Santa Monica Place (1980) and residential buildings such as the eccentric Norton House (1984) in Venice, California.[15]

Among these works, however, Gehry's most notable design may be the renovation of his own Santa Monica residence.[16] Originally built in 1920 and purchased by Gehry in 1977, the Gehry Residence features a metallic exterior wrapped around the original building that leaves many of the original details visible.[17] Gehry still resides there today.

Other completed buildings designed by Gehry during the 1980s include the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (1981) in San Pedro and the Air and Space exhibit building (1984) at the California Museum of Science and Industry in Los Angeles.

In 1989, Gehry was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize. The jury cited Gehry as "Always open to experimentation, he has as well a sureness and maturity that resists, in the same way that Picasso did, being bound either by critical acceptance or his successes. His buildings are juxtaposed collages of spaces and materials that make users appreciative of both the theatre and the back-stage, simultaneously revealed."[18]

Chiat/Day Building in Venice, California

Though Gehry continued to design other notable buildings in California such as the Chiat/Day Building (1991) in Venice in collaboration with Claes Oldenburg, which is well known for its massive sculpture of binoculars, he also began to receive larger national and international commissions. These include Gehry's first European commission, the Vitra International Furniture Manufacturing Facility and Design Museum in Germany completed in 1989. This was soon followed by other major commissions including the Frederick Weisman Museum of Art[19] (1993) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the Cinémathèque Française[20] (1994) in Paris, France, and the Dancing House[21] (1996) in Prague, Czech Republic.

In 1997, Gehry vaulted to a new level of international acclaim[2] when the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opened in Bilbao, Spain. Hailed by New Yorker Magazine as a "masterpiece of the twentieth century" and legendary architect Philip Johnson as "the greatest building of our time",[22] the museum became famous for its striking yet aesthetically pleasing design and the economic effect that it had on the city.

File:New World Center - Image01.jpg
New World Center in Miami Beach, Florida

Since then, Gehry has regularly won major commissions and has further established himself as one of the world's most notable architects. His best received works include several concert halls for classical music, such as the boisterous and curvaceous Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in Downtown Los Angeles,[23] which has been the centerpiece of the neighborhood's revitalization and has been labeled by the LA Times as "the most effective answer to doubters, naysayers, and grumbling critics an American architect has ever produced",[24] the open-air Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) adjacent to Millennium Park in Chicago,[25] and the understated New World Center (2011) in Miami Beach, which the LA Times called "a piece of architecture that dares you to underestimate it or write it off at first glance."[26]

Other notable works include academic buildings such as the Stata Center (2004)[27] at MIT and the Peter B. Lewis Library (2008) at Princeton University,[28] museums such as the EMP Museum (2000) in Seattle, Washington,[29] commercial buildings such as the IAC Building (2007) in New York City,[30] and residential buildings such as Gehry's first skyscraper, the Beekman Tower at 8 Spruce Street (2011)[31] in New York City.

Several recent and ongoing major works by Gehry around the world include the Dr Chau Chak Wing in the University of Technology, Sydney, completed in 2014.[32] The Chau Chak Wing, with its 320,000 bricks in "sweeping lines" is described as "10 out of 10" on a scale of difficulty.[33] An ongoing project is the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi on Saadiyat Island in the United Arab Emirates.[34] Other significant projects such as the Mirvish Towers in Toronto,[35] and a multi-decade renovation of the Philadelphia Museum of Art are currently in the design stage. In October 2013, Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design the "High Street" phase of the development of Battersea Power Station in London, England, which will represent Gehry's first project in London.[36]

However, in recent years, some of Gehry's more prominent designs have failed to go forward. In addition to unrealized designs such as a major Corcoran Art Gallery expansion in Washington, D.C., and a new Guggenheim museum near the South Street Seaport in New York City, Gehry was notoriously dropped by developer Bruce Ratner from the Pacific Park redevelopment project and was also fired in 2014 as the designer of the World Trade Center Performing Arts Center; both of these projects were in New York City.[37] That said, some stalled projects have recently shown progress: after many years and a dismissal, Gehry was recently reinstated as architect for the Grand Avenue Project in Los Angeles and, though Gehry's controversial[38][39] [40] design of the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington, D.C., has been subject to numerous delays during the approval process with the United States Congress, the project was finally approved in 2014 with a modified design.

In 2014, two significant, long-awaited museums designed by Gehry opened: the Biomuseo,[41] a biodiversity museum in Panama City, Panama, and the Fondation Louis Vuitton,[42][43][44] a modern art museum in the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris, France, which opened to some rave reviews.[45]

In February 2015 the new building for the University of Technology, Sydney was officially opened, with a facade constructed from more than 320,000 hand-placed bricks and glass slabs, and costing $180 million. Gehry said he would "never again design a building quite like the "crumpled paper bag".[46]

In 2014, Gehry was commissioned by the L.A. River Revitalization Corp., a nonprofit group founded by the city in 2009 to coordinate river policy, to devise a wide-ranging new plan for the river.[47]

Architectural style

File:Peter B. Lewis Bldg.JPG
Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
The tower at 8 Spruce Street in Lower Manhattan, completed in February 2011, has a stainless steel and glass exterior and is 76 stories high.
File:Guggenheim-bilbao-jan05.jpg
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
File:Dus Hafen2.JPG
Neuer Zollhof in Düsseldorf, Germany

Much of Gehry's work reflects a spirit of experimentation coupled with a respect for the demands of professional practice. Gehry's work has remained largely unaligned with broader stylistic tendencies or movements.[citation needed] With his earliest educational influences rooted in modernism, Gehry's work has sought to escape modernist stylistic tropes while still remaining interested in some of its underlying transformative agendas. Continually working between given circumstances and unanticipated materializations, Gehry's style works to disrupt expectations.[citation needed]

Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School" or the "Santa Monica School" of architecture. The appropriateness of this designation and the existence of such a school, however, remains controversial due to the lack of a unifying philosophy or theory. This designation stems from the Los Angeles area's producing a group of the most influential postmodern architects, including such notable Gehry contemporaries as Eric Owen Moss and Pritzker Prize-winner Thom Mayne of Morphosis, as well as the famous schools of architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (co‑founded by Mayne), UCLA, and USC where Gehry is a member of the board of directors.[citation needed]

Gehry's style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California "funk" art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art.[48] Gehry has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding".[49] However, a retrospective exhibit at New York's Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist, who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting.[48]

Bilbao effect

After the colossal success of Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, critics began referring to the economic and cultural revitalization of cities through iconic, innovative architecture as the "Bilbao effect".[50] In the first 12 months after the museum was opened, an estimated $160 million were added to the Basque economy. In subsequent years there have been many attempts to replicate this effect through large-scale eye-catching architectural commissions that have been both successful and unsuccessful, such as Daniel Libeskind's expansion of the Denver Art Museum and buildings by Gehry himself such as the almost universally well-received Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles and the more controversial EMP Museum in Seattle.[51] Though some link the concept of the Bilbao Effect to the notion of starchitecture, Gehry has consistently rejected the label of a starchitect.[52]

Criticism

Though much of Gehry's work has been well-received, reception of Gehry's work is not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding.[53] Criticism of his work includes complaints that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings and are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate.[54]

Other aspects of career

Academia

In January 2011, Gehry joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the Judge Widney Professor of Architecture.[55] He has since continued in this role at his alma mater.

As of December 2013, Gehry has received over a dozen honorary degrees from various universities (see #Honorary doctorates).

Cultural image

In 2004, he voiced himself on the children's TV show Arthur, where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse.[56] Gehry also voiced himself in the 2005 episode of The Simpsons called "The Seven-Beer Snitch", in which he designs a concert hall for the fictional city of Springfield. Gehry has since voiced that he regrets his appearance since a joke about his design technique has led people to misunderstand his architectural process.[57]

Though Gehry is often referred to as a "starchitect", Gehry has repeatedly expressed his disdain for the term, insisting instead that he is only an architect.[52][58] Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate".

In 2006, filmmaker Sydney Pollack made a documentary about Gehry's work called Sketches of Frank Gehry. The film, which followed Gehry over the course of five years and painted a positive portrait of his character, was well-received critically.[59]

In 2009, architecturally-inspired ice cream sandwich upstart Coolhaus named a cookie and ice cream combination after Gehry. Dubbed the "Frank Behry", it features Strawberries & Cream gelato and snickerdoodle cookies.[60][61]

Gehry is also known for his sometimes cantankerous personality. During a trip to Oviedo, Spain, to accept the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in October 2014, he received a significant amount of attention, both positive and negative, for publicly flipping off a reporter at a press conference who accused him of being a "showy" architect.[62][63]

Exhibition and set design

Gehry has been involved in exhibition designs at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art dating back to the 1960s. In 1965 Gehry designed the exhibition display for the "Art Treasures of Japan" exhibition at the LACMA. This was followed soon after by the exhibition design for the "Assyrian Reliefs" show in 1966 and the "Billy Al Bengston Retrospective" in 1968. The LACMA then had Gehry design the installation for the "Treasures of Tutankhamen" exhibition in 1978 followed by the "Avant-Garde in Russia 1910–1930" exhibition in 1980. The subsequent year Gehry designed the exhibition for "Seventeen Artists in the 60's" at the LACMA followed soon after by the "German Expressionist Sculpture Exhibition" in 1983. In 1991/92, Gehry designed the installation of the landmark exhibition "Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany", which opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the Altes Museum in Berlin.[64][65] In 2014, Gehry was asked to design an exhibition on the work of Alexander Calder at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art's Resnick Pavilion, again invited by the museum's curator Stephanie Barron.[66] The exhibition began on November 24, 2013, and ran through July 27, 2014.

In addition to his long-standing involvement with exhibition design at the LACMA, Gehry has also designed numerous exhibition installations with other institutions. In 1998, "The Art of the Motorcycle" exhibition opened at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum with its installation designed by Gehry. This exhibition subsequently traveled to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the Guggenheim Las Vegas.

In 2012 Gehry designed the set for the Los Angeles Philharmonic's opera production of "Don Giovanni" held at the Walt Disney Concert Hall.

In 2014, he also curated an exhibition of photography by his close friend and businessman Peter Arnell that ran from March 5 through April 1 at Milk Studios Gallery in Los Angeles.[67]

In April 2014 Gehry designed a set for an "exploration of the life and career of Pierre Boulez" by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra performed in November 2014.[68]

Furniture, clothing, jewelry and sculpture design

In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry for Tiffany & Co., various household items, sculptures, and even a glass bottle for Wyborowa Vodka. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969 to 1973, was called "Easy Edges", constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture". Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture in 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers.

In many of his designs, Gehry is inspired by fish. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues are recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."[69]

As a result of his fascination, the first Fish Lamps were fabricated between 1984 and 1986. They employed wire armatures molded into fish shapes, onto which shards of plastic laminate ColorCore are individually glued. Since the creation of the first lamp in 1984, the fish has become a recurrent motif in Gehry's work, most notably in the Fish Sculpture at La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou in Barcelona (1989–92) and Standing Glass Fish for the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden (1986).[70]

Gehry has previously collaborated with luxury jewelry company Tiffany & Co creating six distinct jewelry collections: the Orchid collection, Fish collection, Torque collection, Equus collection, Axis collection and Fold collection. In addition to jewelry, Gehry designed other items including a distinctive collector's chess set as well as a series of tableware items including vases, cups and bowls for the company.[71]

In 2004, Gehry designed the idiosyncratic official trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[72]

In 2014, Gehry was one of the 6 "iconoclasts" selected by French fashion house Louis Vuitton to design a piece using their iconic monogram pattern as part of their CELEBRATING MONOGRAM campaign.[73]

In 2015, Gehry designed his first yacht.[74]

Software development

Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software.[75] His firm spun off another firm called Gehry Technologies that was established in 2002. In 2005, Gehry Technologies began a partnership with Dassault Systèmes to bring innovations from the aerospace and manufacturing world to AEC and developed Digital Project software as well as GTeam software. In 2014, Gehry Technologies was acquired by software company Trimble Navigation.[76] Its client list includes Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelb(l)au and Zaha Hadid.

Exhibitions of Gehry's work

In October 2014, the first major European exhibition of Gehry's work debuted at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, France.[77] Other museums or major galleries that have done exhibitions on Gehry's architecture or design include the Leo Castelli Gallery in 1983 and the Walker Art Institute in 1986 whose exhibition then traveled to the Toronto Harborfront Museum, the Houston Museum of Contemporary Art, the Atlanta High Museum, the LACMA and the Whitney Museum. Subsequently, further museums that have done major exhibitions on Gehry's work include the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art in 1992, the Gagosian Gallery in 1984, 1992 and 1993, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2001, the Guggenheim Bilbao in 2002, the Jewish Museum in Manhattan in 2010 and the Milan Triennale first in 1988 and then in 2010 with an exhibition entitled "Frank Gehry from 1997." In 2015, LACMA held a major retrospective of Gehry's work.[78]

Gehry participated in the 1980 Venice Biennale's "La Strada Novissima" installation. He also contributed to the 1985 Venice Biennale with an installation and performance named "Il Corso del Coltello" done in collaboration with Claes Oldenburg. His projects were featured in the 1996 Venice Biennale. He subsequently contributed to the 2008 Venice Biennale with an installation named "Ungapatchket."

In October 2015 21 21 Design Sight in Tokyo held the exhibition Frank Gehry. I Have An Idea, curated by Japanese architect Tsuyoshi Tane.[79]

Works

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Main article: List of works by Frank Gehry

Awards and honors

Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, and he has received many national, regional and local AIA awards. He is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council and serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.

Honorary doctorates

Personal life

In 1952, Gehry (then Goldberg) married Anita Snyder. He changed his name in 1956 to Frank O. Gehry at Snyder's suggestion, in part because of the antisemitism he had experienced as a child and as an undergraduate at USC.[citation needed] Gehry and Snyder divorced in 1966.

He married his current wife, Panamanian Berta Isabel Aguilera, in 1975. He has two daughters from his first marriage and two sons from his second marriage.

Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is an avid fan of ice hockey.[citation needed] He began a hockey league in his office, FOG (which stands for Frank Owen Gehry), though he no longer plays with them.[citation needed] In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[83] Gehry holds dual citizenship in Canada and the United States. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.

Gehry is a member of the California Yacht Club in Marina Del Rey, California, and enjoys sailing with his fiberglass-hulled yacht, "Foggy."[84] Gehry also serves on the Leadership council of The New York Stem Cell Foundation.[85]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Frank Gehry clears the air", Globe and Mail, July 28, 2010
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ for the design, see: http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/design.htm
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Jewish Currents: "A Golden Age of Jewish Architects" by Abbott Gorin Spring 2015
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ [Gehry Partners, LLP Website http://www.foga.com/]
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Jeffrey Head (October 21, 2009), 'Frank Gehry: The Houses,' a thoughtful retrospective Los Angeles Times.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ [Pritzker Architecture Prize jury citation: Frank Gehry http://www.pritzkerprize.com/1989/jury]
  19. ↑ The Frederick Weisman Museum of Art at www.weisman.umn.edu
  20. ↑ Cinémathèque Française at www.galinsky.com
  21. ↑ “Dancing House”, last modified March 26, 2012
  22. ↑ Tyrnauer, Matt. "Architecture in the Age of Gehry", Vanity Fair, August 2010, accessed 2012-03-27.
  23. ↑ story Archived April 2, 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ The Stata Center at mit.edu
  28. ↑ The Peter B. Lewis Library at www.princeton.edu
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Christopher Hawthorne (August 9, 2015), Hydrology, not landscaping or landmarks, is focus of Frank Gehry's L.A. River plan Los Angeles Times.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ (B. Adams)
  50. ↑ Witold Rybczynski, "The Bilbao Effect", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2002.
  51. ↑ Rybczynski, Witold. When Buildings Try Too Hard, Wall Street Journal, November 22, 2008.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ [Sketches of Frank Gehry on Rotten Tomatoes http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sketches_of_frank_gehry/]
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Suzanne Muchnic (February 6, 1992), LACMA 'Degenerate' Exhibit to Make a Stop in Germany Los Angeles Times.
  65. ↑ William Wilson (February 15, 1991), Revisiting the Unthinkable: Nazi Germany's 'Degenerate Art' Show at LACMA Los Angeles Times.
  66. ↑ Jeffrey Fleishman (February 28, 2014), Frank Gehry and Alexander Calder, a captivating union at LACMA Los Angeles Times.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Frank Gehry: Fish Lamps, November 7 - December 21, 2013 Gagosian Gallery, London.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Shaunacy Ferro (September 11, 2014), Frank Gehry's Software Company Acquired Fast Company.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Official LACMA Exhibition page
  79. ↑ http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2015/11/04/frank_gehry_i_have_an_idea.html
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Baurick, Tristan (May 13, 2004). "Architect's love of the game inspiration behind Cup trophy", Ottawa Citizen, p. C2.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ISBN 978-0-8478-0763-5.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Isenberg, Barbara (2009). Conversations with Frank Gehry. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-307-26800-4, ISBN 978-0-307-26800-6.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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