George Brown (Canadian politician)

For other persons named George Brown, see George Brown.

The Honourable George Brown
Premier of Canada West (Ontario)
In office August 2, 1858 – August 6, 1858
Preceded by	John A. Macdonald
Succeeded by	John A. Macdonald
Senator for Lambton, Ontario
In office December 16, 1873 – March 25, 1880
Appointed by	Alexander Mackenzie
Personal details
Born	(1818-11-29)November 29, 1818 Alloa, Clackmannanshire, Scotland
Died	Toronto, Ontario
Political party	Clear Grit Party
Profession	Journalist, publisher
Signature

George Brown (November 29, 1818 – May 9, 1880) was a Scottish-born Canadian journalist, politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation; attended the Charlottetown (Sept. 1864) and Quebec (Oct. 1864) conferences. A noted Reform politician, he is best known as the founder and editor of the Toronto Globe, Canada's most powerful and influential newspaper. He was an articulate champion of the grievances and anger of Upper Canada (Ontario). He played a major role in securing national unity. His career in active politics faltered after 1865, but he remained a powerful spokesman for the Liberal Party promoting Westward expansion And opposing the policies of Conservative Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.

Biography

Brown was born in Alloa, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, on November 29, 1818. His father, an evangelical Presbyterian, committed civil and religious liberty, progress, and laissez-faire economics. He was an enemy of Tory aristocratic privilege, and provided a good education for his son, who brought similar beliefs to the New World.

New York City

The family emigrated to New York in 1837, and began publishing newspapers.

Brown discovered he appreciated British parliamentarianism more than American republicanism. He visited Canada several times and was invited to move there in 1843 by Presbyterians.

Toronto

File:Toronto Globe 2 December, 1845.jpg

2 December 1845

He began the Toronto Banner in 1843, It was a Presbyterian weekly supporting Free Kirk principles and political reform. Brown's father raised the money and founded a daily newspaper, The Globe in 1844. Filled with strong editorials on religious and political affairs, The Globe quickly became the leading Reform newspaper in the Province of Canada. In 1848, he was appointed to head a Royal Commission to examine accusations of official misconduct in Provincial Penitentiary of the Province of Upper Canada at Kingston. The "Brown Report," which Brown drafted early in 1849, included sufficient evidence of abuse to set in motion the termination of warden Henry Smith. Brown's revelations of poor conditions at the Kingston penitentiary were heavily criticized by John A. Macdonald and contributed to the tense relationship between the two rival politicians.

Issues

Brown attacked slavery in the United States and in 1850, helped found the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada. This society was founded to end the practice of slavery in North America, and individual members aided former American slaves reach Canada via the Underground Railroad. As a result, black Canadians enthusiastically supported Brown's political ambitions.

Catholics, however, were another matter. He vehemently ridiculed and denounced the Catholic Church, Jesuits, priests, nunneries, etc. His newspaper promoted the strident speeches of ex-Catholic priests Alessandro Gavazzi, which incited mob violence in 1853 with nine dead in Montreal.

Brown was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1851. He reorganized the Clear Grit (Liberal) Party in 1857, supporting, among other things, the separation of church and state, the annexation of Rupert's Land, and a small government. But the most important issue for George Brown was what he termed representation by population, or commonly known as "rep by pop".

From the Act of Union (1840), the Canadian colonial legislature had been composed of an equal number of members from Canada East (Lower Canada, Quebec) and Canada West (Upper Canada, Ontario, Canada). In 1841, Francophone-dominated Lower Canada had a larger population, and the British colonial administration hoped that the Canadiens in Lower Canada would be legislatively pacified by a coalition of Loyalists from Lower Canada with the Upper Canadian side. But during the 1840s and 1850s, as the population of Upper Canada grew larger than the Canadien population of Lower Canada, the opposite became true. Brown believed that the larger population deserved to have more representatives, rather than an equal number from Upper and Lower Canada. Brown's pursuit of this goal of righting what he perceived to be a great wrong to Canada West was accompanied at times by stridently critical remarks against French Canadians and the power exerted by the Catholic population of Canada East over the affairs of largely Protestant Canada West, referring to the position of Canada West as "a base vassalage to French-Canadian Priestcraft."

Statue on Parliament Hill, Ottawa

Premier

For a period of four days in August 1858, political rival John A. Macdonald lost the support of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada on a non-confidence vote and his cabinet had to resign. After Alexander Galt declined the opportunity, George Brown attempted to form a ministry with Antoine-Aimé Dorion. At the time, newly appointed ministers had to resign their seats and run in by-elections. When members of Brown's ministry resigned their seats to get re-elected, John A. Macdonald re-emerged and through a loophole was re-appointed with his ministry to their old posts. Brown was the de facto premier of Province of Canada in 1858. The short-lived administration was called the Brown-Dorion government, named after the co-premiers George Brown and Antoine-Aimé Dorion. This episode was termed the "double shuffle."

Brown and Confederation

Monument to George Brown at Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, circa 1910

George Brown resigned from the Coalition in 1865 because he was not happy with the United States. Brown thought Canada should pursue free trade, while the conservative government of John A. MacDonald and Alexander Galt thought Canada should increase tariffs.

During the Quebec Conference, Brown argued strongly in favour of an appointed Senate. Like many reformers of the time, he saw Upper Houses as inherently conservative in function, serving to protect the interests of the rich, and wished to deny the Senate the legitimacy and power that naturally follows with an electoral mandate.

The success of the Quebec Conference pleased Brown particularly by the prospect for the end of Lower Canadian interference in the affairs of Canada West. "Is it not wonderful?" he wrote to his wife Anne after the Quebec Conference, "French-Canadianism is entirely extinguished." By this he may have meant either that he was of the view that English-speaking Canada West had emerged triumphant over French Canadians or that Confederation would put an end to French Canadian domination of the affairs of what would become the province of Ontario.

Brown realized, nevertheless, that satisfaction for Canada West would not be achieved without the support of the French-speaking majority of Canada East. In his speech in support of Confederation in the Legislature of the Province of Canada on February 8, 1865, in which he spoke glowingly of the prospects for Canada's future, Brown insisted that "whether we ask for parliamentary reform for Canada alone or in union with the Maritime Provinces, the views of French Canadians must be consulted as well as ours. This scheme can be carried, and no scheme can be that has not the support of both sections of the province". Following the speech, Brown was praised by the Quebec newspaper Le Canadien as well as by the Rouge paper, L'Union Nationale. Although he supported the idea of a legislative union at the Quebec Conference, Brown was eventually persuaded to favour the federal view of Confederation, closer to that supported by Cartier and the Bleus of Canada East, as this was the structure that would ensure that the provinces retained sufficient control over local matters to satisfy the need of the French-speaking population in Canada East for jurisdiction over matters essential to its survival. However Brown, like Macdonald, remained a proponent of a stronger central government, with weaker constituent provincial governments.

In 1867, Brown ran for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons. As leader of the provincial Liberals, he also ran for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. His intention was to become Premier but he failed to win election to either chamber. He was widely seen as the leader of the federal Liberals in the 1867 federal election. The Liberals were officially leaderless until 1873, but Brown was considered the party's "elder statesman" even without a seat in the House of Commons, and was regularly consulted by leading Liberal parliamentarians. Brown was made a senator in 1873.

Brown's post-parliamentary career

Fatal shooting of George Brown, Toronto

Brown fought endless battles with the typographical union from 1843 to 1872. He paid union wages not because of generosity but only when the power of the union forced it upon him.

On March 25, 1880, a former Globe employee, George Bennett, dismissed by a foreman, shot George Brown at the Globe office. Brown caught his hand and pushed the gun down, but Bennett managed to shoot Brown in the leg. What seemed to be a minor injury turned gangrenous, and seven weeks later, on May 9, 1880, Brown died from the wound.

Brown was buried at Toronto Necropolis.

His wife, Anne Nelson, returned to Scotland thereafter where she died in 1906. She is buried on the southern terrace of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. The grave also commemorates George Wilson. In 1885 his daughters Margaret and Catherine were two of the first women to graduate from University of Toronto.

The grave of Anne Nelson, George Brown's wife, Dean Cemetery

Legacy

Upon being rescued from drowning in the Don River by William Peyton Hubbard, Brown took him under his wing and encouraged his political career. Hubbard would go on to 13 straight years as alderman for the elite Ward 4, sitting on the powerful Board of Control, and become Toronto's first black deputy mayor, functioning as acting mayor on several occasions.

His residence, formerly called Lambton Lodge and now called George Brown House, at 186 Beverley Street in Toronto, was named a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974. It is now operated by the Ontario Heritage Trust as a conference centre and offices.

Brown also maintained an estate, Bow Park, near Brantford, Ontario. Bought in 1826, it was a cattle farm during Brown's time and is currently a seed farm.

Toronto's George Brown College (founded 1967) is named after him. A statue of George Brown can be found on the front west lawn of Queen's Park and another on Parliament Hill in Ottawa (sculpted by George William Hill in 1913). A large portrait of Brown also hangs in the upper lobby of the Ontario legislature.

Brown was married to Anne Nelson (d. 1906) and had two sons and three daughters. One of his sons, George Mackenzie Brown (1869–1946), became a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

He was portrayed by Peter Outerbridge in the 2011 CBC Television film John A.: Birth of a Country.

George Brown appeared on a Canadian postage stamp issued on August 21, 1968.

George Brown

Further reading

• Bélanger, Claude. "George Brown", in L’Encyclopédie de l’histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia. (Marianopolis College, March 2006) online
• Careless, J.M.C. Brown of the Globe: Volume One: Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859 (1959) online
  • Careless, J.M.C. Brown of the Globe: Volume Two: Statesman of Confederation 1860-1880. (Vol. 2. Dundurn, 1996) excerpt
• Careless, J. M. S. "BROWN, GEORGE," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 10, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 18, 2015, online
• Careless, J.M.C. "George Brown and Confederation," Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, Number 26, 1969-70 online
• Creighton, Donald G. "George Brown, Sir John Macdonald, and the “Workingman”." Canadian Historical Review (1943) 24#4 pp: 362-376.
• Gauvreau, Michael. "Reluctant Voluntaries: Peter and George Brown: The Scottish Disruption and the Politics of Church and State in Canada." Journal of religious history 25.2 (2001): 134-157.

Primary sources

• Mackenzie, Alexander. The life and speeches of Hon. George Brown (Toronto, Globe, 1882)

External links

• George Brown (Canadian politician) – Parliament of Canada biography
• A website for an upcoming documentary film on George Brown
• George Brown at Project Gutenberg (Biography by John Lewis)
• George Brown at Find a Grave
• Photograph: Hon. George Brown in 1865. McCord Museum
• Photograph: Hon. George Brown in 1865. McCord Museum

Political offices
Preceded by Sir John Alexander Macdonald	Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada - Canada West August 2–6, 1858	Succeeded by Sir John Alexander Macdonald
Party political offices
Preceded by none	Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada West/Ontario Liberal Party 1857-1873	Succeeded by Archibald McKellar
Preceded by Robert Baldwin as Reformer Leader	Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada unofficial 1857–1873	Succeeded by Alexander Mackenzie