Grande Torino

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Main article: Torino F.C.
A formation of the Grande Torino, multiple champions of Italy

The Grande Torino was the historic Italian football team of Torino Football Club in the 1940s, five-time champions of Italy, whose players were the backbone of the Italian national team and died on 4 May 1949 in the plane crash known as Superga air disaster.[1]

With this name, although it is commonly used to identify the team that died in the disaster, it defines the entire sports cycle, which lasted eight years, and led to the conquest of five consecutive championships, equaling the record previously set by Juventus of the Quinquennio d'oro, and a Coppa Italia.[2][3]

Ferruccio Novo, or how to build the myth

Ferruccio Novo

In the summer of 1939 the industrialist Ferruccio Novo, at age 42, assumed the presidency of AC Torino, succeeding Giovanni Battista Cuniberti.

Novo was not a patron, but a careful administrator: he had entered Torino at a young age, even doning the jersey as a player, in 1913: a subpar player ("I was a duffer" he said smiling), he continued to follow the team as an enthusiastic fan first, then with the tasks socio-financier and advisor. He also once started a factory of leather accessories with his brother.

His first moves as Torino president were therefore ones to reorganise the club, and following the suggestions of Vittorio Pozzo, make management more similar to the models of the English teams, then at the forefront: he surrounded himself with competent employees, such former players Antonio Janni and Mario Sperone (Italian Champions 1928), and Giacinto Ellena; Rinaldo Agnisetta was given the role of managing director, Roberto Copernicus (who owned a clothing store) was named the role of counselor, Englishman Leslie Lievesley was given the role of youth coach, while the technical direction of the team was given to Ernest Egri Erbstein (who, of Jewish origin, worked incognito because of the racial laws).

The first "hit" of Novo was to purchase a talented 18-year-old Franco Ossola from Varese that, with hindsight, would be first piece of the squad: Ossola cost 55 thousand lire, a small amount at the time, under the suggestion Janni (who had managed Varese) and Ellena. He made his debut 4 February 1940, Novara - Torino 0–1. That year Ossola played two more games (against Bologna and Napoli).

Italy enters the war, football goes on

Italy, which until then had remained neutral, on 10 June 1940 entered the Second World War on the side of Germany. Mussolini was so sure that this would be a "lightning war", that he announced that the players would remain at home, claiming that "We need them more on the fields than the army".

The following year Ossola showed his value as top scorer for the Granata, realising 14 goals out of 22 appearances, but the team as a whole does not change form. Torino ended the season 7th with 30 points, nine less than the champions Bologna. Two players retired that year: Oberdan Ussello, who in turn took over the youth team, and Raf Vallone, who devoted himself to a career in cinema and theatre.

The foresight to Novo allowed him to take advantage of the climate of stagnation and lack of investment. There was little money in football, which Novo anticipated. In view of the 1941–42 Serie A season Torino brought in five new players: from Ambrosiana came Ferraris II for 250,000 lira, the left winger of the 1938 FIFA World Cup champions; from Fiorentina, at the suggestion of Ellena, came Romeo Menti, a fast winger with good technique and a powerful shot (the transfer was completed through the exchange of Gei, specially taken from Liguria for 300,000 lire); then Alfredo Bodoira, Felice Borel and Guglielmo Gabetto, a trio directly from the "enemies" Juventus.

The arrival of Gabetto at Torino was due in part to Borel, who, perhaps to reward Novo for his faith after acquiring him from Juventus after years of misunderstanding techniques, revealed that Gabetto, which Juventus considered "finished", would be sold to the Genoa for 300,000 lire. Borel suggested to raise the bid and Novo bought the striker for 330,000 lire.

From the "metodo" to the "sistema"

The tactical formation of the "Sistema"

The turning point came when Felice Borel, who, in future would hold the role of manager, Ellena and Copernicus suggested to Novo that Torino should be setup with the "sistema" tactic, a new form of the game in those years.

Until then the most popular tactic was the "metodo", a more defensive arrangement, whose strength was mainly the counterattack, which had allowed the Italian national team of Vittorio Pozzo to win the World Cup in 1934 and 1938. In defence there were only two fullbacks and a defensive midfielder that shuttled forward on the offence; in midfield the offence was set by the centre midfielders, while the wingers were designed to serve the ball for the striker. The attacking phase was not easy as the offside rule stated that there must be three players between the striker and the goal, therefore only one defender had to advance to trigger the offside trap.

In 1926 the offside rule was changed: two players needed to advance to trigger offside. This created many immediate difficulties for the teams of the time and greatly increased the number of goals in the league.

In the 1930s the Englishman Herbert Chapman, manager of Arsenal, developed a new tactic, called the "sistema" or "WM": in practice, a sort of 3-2-2-3, with three defenders, four midfielders (two midfielders and two inside-forwards) and three forwards; positioned at the points of a "W" and "M". Chapman, reorganising the defence, chose to move back a holding midfielder, creating a de facto "stopper", while the full-backs were tasked with marking the wingers. The tasks of marking were simpler, and being a mirrored array man marking was born. The system was also more dynamic, more balanced and, if played with the right players, was a tactic that for the first time guaranteed control of the "hotspot": the midfield. This was set to four players arranged in a square (as placed precisely at the top of "W" and "M") and involved the use of two midfielders and two mezzepunte. Novo approved the suggestion and based Torino on this tactic.

He called in the Hungarian manager András Kuttik instead of Tony Cargnelli. Ellena was given a position in centre midfield, a role that he previously held in Fiorentina, until then the only Italian club to experiment with the tactic with little success. The change of tactic also interested Pozzo, the manager of the Italian national team, which had already begun to shape his own national side on his "block", Torino.

The 1941–42 season was the prerogative of A.S. Roma. That year two losses betrayed the Bull: the first round exit of Coppa Italia and a league loss, with three games remaining, against the Venezia of Loik and Mazzola.

The work is complete, the big team arrives

The Torino of 1941–42 is a team now very competitive and tested but, as mentioned, the two capitulations that cost participation in the Coppa Italia and the league title ambitions happen all against the same team, the Venezia of Mazzola and Loik.

The first is an excellent playmaker, the second a fast winger; both are already staples of the Italy of Vittorio Pozzo. Novo senses they are the cherries that are missing from the cake to make the team unbeatable. At the end of a Venezia-Torino, third last of the championship, which in practice puts an end to the dreams of the tricolor granata, Novo went to the locker room and directly purchased the two, that will end up costing 1,400,000 liras together, along with two other players (Petron and Mezzadra).

A curious detail: on the trail of the two was also Juventus, who were followed by Virginio Rosetta, and deal with the Bianconeri seemed almost on the verge of being concluded. The dynamism of Novo thwarted the plan of the cousins and acquired the two cherries that were missing. Thus was born the eleven destined to be remembered as the Grande Torino.

At the start of the 1942–43 season, available to Hungarian Kuttik, there's a squad that includes top players: experts goalkeepers Bodoira and Cavalli; defenders of expertise such as Ferrini, Ellena and quality like Piacentini and Cassano; in midfield the veterans Baldi and Gallea, with the new Ezio Loik and Mazzola; forward Menti and Ferraris, without forgetting Gabetto and Ossola.

On paper Torino is the team to beat, but the departure is not the best: the Bull is to compete with surprise Livorno. This duel creates a thrilling championship, solved only on the final day when Torino, with a goal of Mazzola, sunk Bari.

Torino also managed to win the Coppa Italia against their "terrible" Venezia of the year before and became the first team to hit the "double". The game is played in Milan and the Granata, thanks to a brace from Gabetto and goals from Mazzola and Ferraris II, get the win with a resounding 4–0.

The championship of war 1944

In 1944 Italy, now devastated by war, is broken in two by the Gothic Line. The fascist regime fell, the US military advanced in the south of the peninsula. Yet the league goes ahead and, at the decision of the Federation, was organised into a group stage. Transfers are however difficult since the bombing of the Allies, often interrupting rail links, forcing travelers to face long walking.

The union of Torino FIAT, reinforced by Silvio Piola and protagonist in the championship of the war in 1944

To prevent the risk of call to arms, many teams are ingenious: with clever diplomacy, they ensure their players are part of the most important industries in the country, by passing them as indispensable to the national production of the defence industry, managing effectively to exempt them from use on the front. The Torino of Novo found such a collaboration with FIAT, creating the FIAT Torino, a name similar to that of a corporate structure: in fact, Mazzola and the other, for the sake of appearances, are in fact classified as workers in the automobile of the Agnelli; some photos of that portray them on the lathe and machine tools. The cousins of Juventus, moreover, similarly had emigrated in turn to Alba to the Cisitalia, a car factory belonging to the then Juventus president Piero Dusio.

In Torino play the goalkeeper Luigi Griffanti, from the national team, taken from Fiorentina, and the Vercellese Silvio Piola, a striker coming from Lazio, who came to the North to take his family to the Capital, and instead remained stuck in Upper Italy due to the armistice.

In the championship of war played to the north, in the first group stage, Torino was inserted in the group Ligure-Piemontese. The team beat 7-1 Genoa and Biella, 7-0 Alexandria, for the 8-2 Novara and Juventus 5-0. In the semifinal round Torino faced Ambrosiana-Inter, Varese and Juventus; the derby concluded in a 1-3 defeat and a 3-3 draw, then comes the victory against Inter, thus giving way to the final round of three - along with VV.FF. Spezia and Venezia - which is played at Arena Civica in Milan.

Torino would eventually lose tournament, due in part to an unofficial match of the national team, organised for propaganda purposes, held in Trieste two days before the game against La Spezia. Despite the trip made difficult by the operations of war, the president Novo, underestimating their opponents, rejects the proposal of the Federation to postpone the match against Spezia who, fresher, leave Milan. The "Fire Brigade", which came from the 1-1 draw against Venice, in the decisive match prevail 2-1, thus making unnecessary the subsequent victory of the Granata at Venezia 5-2.

1945: After the War, football returns

After the end of the Second World War Italy was found in rubble and broken in two. The fierce fighting along the Gothic Line of winter 1944 had severely undermined, if not destroyed, the lines of communication from the Apennine Mountains, making it very difficult to travel between the Po Valley and the Italian Peninsula.

Under these conditions, the Federation decided to restart the championship of football with a one-off formula. For the first time since 1929, the tournament was not played in a single round.

In the North of the country was organised a Championship of Northern Italy (officially the Divisione Nazionale) which was placed in continuity with the pre-war Serie A, there being open to all club that would have been entitled to participate in the top flight of the suppressed 1943-44 season. In southern Italy the situation was even more complex, since there were insufficient clubs in the top flight. The solution was found by organising a mixed tournament between the teams of Serie A and those of Serie B.

At the conclusion of the two groups, the top four teams in each league would qualify to the final round which would determine the winner of the championship, with a structure that remembered that of championships prior to 1926, with the only difference that in those tournaments only two teams qualified. For this complex mechanism the championship 1945-46, while appearing regularly in the record books, is not assimilated to those of Serie A and does not appear in the statistics.

The "Grande Torino" of 1945-1946

On 14 October 1945 the championship began with the Scudetto on the shirts of Torino. Ferruccio Novo gave the team the final arrangement with the arrival of goalkeeper Valerio Bacigalupo from Savona, the defender Aldo Ballarin from Triestina, from which he had already "fished" Giuseppe Grezar, the return of Virgilio Maroso from Alessandria, the centre midfielder Mario Rigamonti from Brescia, the lateral Eusebio Castigliano and Pietro Ferraris, from Spezia .

Virtually revolutionised in defence and an attack identical to the past, Novo relied on the Torinese Luigi Ferrero, a former Torino winger of the pre-war period, that as a coach had been successful at A.S. Bari.

The derby opened the championship and Torino immediately suffered their first defeat: Silvio Piola decided the match - who had moved to Juventus after the parenthesis at Torino in 1944 - with a penalty. In the following two rounds Torino realised eleven goals without conceding against Genoa and Sampierdarenese, beginning a rousing march in the group, which led to Torino breaking all records. The Granata defeated Juventus in the return derby, scheduled in January, but recovered in mid-March, with a goal of Eusebio Castigliano. The round ended with a three-point advantage on Inter Milan, followed by Juventus and A.C. Milan. The final round gave access to the southern teams, Napoli, A.S. Bari, A.S. Roma and Pro Livorno.

The beginning is overwhelming: Torino play in Rome, and realise six goals in half an hour, one every five minutes; in the second half another goal. Among the other high-scoring matches Torino defeated Napoli 7-1 and on the final day Pro Livorno 9-1. Juventus beat Torino in the second leg (still a penalty of Silvio Piola) and on the penultimate day held a two-point lead. In the return derby, with a goal from Guglielmo Gabetto, Torino drew level with the Bianconeri at the top.

On the last day, Torino scored nine goals at the Filadefia against Pro Livorno, while Juventus were held to a 1-1 draw in Naples. The Scudetto was won by Torino, the third in its history, the second triumph of the team of Ferruccio Novo.

Championship 1946-1947

The wounds of war are healing and football returned to single round. The league, for the immediate difficulties to find the sixteen best teams, is played with a huge tournament of twenty teams, then occupying 38 days, from September to July 1947. Torino did not make substantial changes to its team, but has strengthened the park of players. Along with the return of Romeo Menti, came the midfielder Danilo Martelli from Brescia, the back-stopper Francesco Rosetta of Novara, the goalkeeper Dante Piani, the Vercellese Guido Tieghi.

Still under coach Luigi Ferrero, Torino began the season with a home draw with Triestina, and, after the narrow victory away to Lazio another draw with Sampdoria, defeat in the home of Venezia, who relegated after the season.

On the fifth day there was the derby: with Juventus it finished 0-0. After five days Torino managed to collect five points. From the sixth day Torino collected six successive victories with the thirteenth day ahead. On the eighth day, 10 November 1946, Bologna arrived at the Filadelfia, unbeaten in seven games, with the keeper Glauco Vanz who has still not conceded a goal since the beginning of the tournament. After a few minutes Giuseppe Grezar failed to convert a penalty, thus Torino closed Bologna in its half of the field. Around the 20th minute the ball reached Eusebio Castigliano, who scored from the edge of the area. Torino went on to win 4-0. In the locker room the president of Bologna was heard shouting to his team: "Are you crazy, do not you know that in Turin to also mark the midfielder? And you let one free! Do you know at least who is Castilian?"

Torino Campione d'Italia 1946-1947

Even more resounding success of this phase comes with Fiorentina, 7-2. Torino then lost the championship lead when they were defeated by Alessandria. Along with the home draw with Modena two weeks after, it is the last time that Torino would drop points before the end of the tournament. From the 21st round the Granata returned to the lead and gradually strengthening their position, only to win the tournament, with a ten-point lead over Juventus. Torino, after a last misstep with Sampdoria (the only team in this tournament to take away three points out of four from Torino) put together a sixteen match unbeaten run, of which fourteen are victories, beginning with the derby won by Guglielmo Gabetto, to go to other successes such as the five goals to Inter and Atalanta, the six to Vicenza, to Genoa and Milan. That attack ends with 104 goals scored, an average of nearly three per game, and with Valentino Mazzola Serie A top-scorer.

1947–48 season

The Torino of 1947–48 Torino set many records throughout the season: top score in the standings, with 65 points in 40 games; the maximum advantage over 2nd place: 16 points over A.C. Milan, Juventus and Triestina; biggest home win, 10–0 against Alessandria; a total of 29 wins out of 40 games; the longest unbeaten run, 21, with 17 wins and 4 draws; the most number of points at home, having won 19 games out of 20 at Stadio Filadelfia; the highest number of goals scored, 125; and fewest conceded, 33.

1948–49 season

After a short summer interval from the end of previous season, competition officially resumed in Italy after the 1948 Summer Olympics. Prematurely eliminated, Vittorio Pozzo lost his position as sole commissioner of the Italy national team and Ferruccio Novo took his place.

Torino in 1948–49

After some friendly matches, the season began in mid-September with a Torino almost identical to that of the previous championships; there was only Franco Ossola permanently in place of Pietro Ferraris, who, at age 36, had moved to Novara. The midfielder Rubens Fadini arrived from Gallarate, Dino Ballarin, brother of the goalkeeper Aldo was signed from Chioggia; the Hungarian-Czechoslovakian Július Schubert, a left-sided midfielder; and strikers Emile Bongiorni and Ruggero Grava arrived from Racing Parigi and Roubaix-Tourcoing respectively.

Torino began the season after a long tour in Brazil where the team met Palmeiras, Corinthians, São Paulo and Portuguesa, losing only once. During the season, reduced to 24 teams after three promotions and relegations, Ernest Erbstein was appointed as the team's technical director and the Englishman Leslie Lievesley became the coach.

The season also saw injuries to Virgilio Maroso, Eusebio Castigliano, Romeo Menti and Sauro Tomà, plus the long suspension for Aldo Ballarin. The Granata, which debuted with a victory against Pro Patria, suffered a defeat in the second round to Atalanta; the team recovered with five straight wins, including that of the derby, but lost again, in Milan, against the Rossoneri.

Torino would relinquish the lead in the standings, then recapture it, finishing midway through the season on par with Genoa, from which a third defeat was suffered, losing 3–0. In the return leg of the derby Torino would defeat Juventus 3–0.

Torino composed of youth players

Torino's advantage increased in the standings, gaining a maximum of six point on Inter in second place. However, a pair of draws (in Trieste and Bari) allowed Inter to close the gap within four points from Torino. On 30 April, 1949, the two clubs met in Milan, ending 0–0, with Torino approaching their fifth consecutive title (the record would be equaled).

The team travelled to Portugal to play in a friendly against Benfica. However, upon return Torino perished in the Superga air disaster.

The Superga air disaster

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Main article: Superga air disaster

On 4 May 1949 the three-engined Fiat G.212. of Aviolinee Italiane found a thick fog that enveloped Turin and the surrounding hills. At 17:05, off course due to the lack of visibility, the aircraft crashed into the supporting wall of the Basilica of Superga. The impact caused the instantaneous death of all the 31 people on board, including players, coaching staff, journalists and crew. For the reputation of the team, the tragedy was well covered in the world press, as well as in Italy. The day of the funeral almost a million people took to the streets of Turin.

Statistics

The Grande Torino and the national team

Many players of the Grande Torino played in national team, forming the backbone of the team.

16 May 1948 Italy-England 0-4 Mazzola, Loik and Ballarin at the Comunale in Torino with the national team
Record of appearances and goals
Name Birthplace Role Appearances Goals
Valentino Mazzola Cassano d'Adda - 26/01/1919 Mezz'ala 10 3
Aldo Ballarin Chioggia - 10/01/1922 Full-back 9 -
Giuseppe Grezar Trieste - 25/11/1918 Midfielder 7 -
Virgilio Maroso Crosara di Marostica - 26/06/1925 Full-back 7 1
Romeo Menti Vicenza - 05/09/1919 Winger 7 5
Ezio Loik Fiume - 26/09/1919 Mezz'ala 7 3
Eusebio Castigliano Vercelli - 09/02/1921 Midfielder 7 1
Guglielmo Gabetto Torino - 24/02/1916 Centre forward 6 5
Pietro Ferraris Vercelli - 15/02/1912 Winger 6 2
Valerio Bacigalupo Vado Ligure - 12/03/1924 Goalkeeper 5 -8
Mario Rigamonti Brescia - 17/12/1922 Stopper 3 -

League statistics

League season Position Matches won Matches lost Draws Goals scored Average goals scored/per match Goals conceded Average goals conceded/per match Win percentage
1942–43
1°
20
4
6
68
2,27
31
1,03
66,67%
1945–46
1°
19
3
4
65
2,50
18
0,69
73,08%
1946–47
1°
28
3
7
104
2,74
35
0,92
73,68%
1947–48
1°
29
4
7
125
3,13
33
0,82
72,50%
1948–49
1°
25
3
10
78
2,10
34
0,89
65,79%

References

  1. ↑ www.studiodostuni.it
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • AA.VV, "Speciale Grande Torino", Q&P, Torino, 1999
  • AA.VV, "La concertina del Grande Torino", Agami, Cuneo, 1999
  • AA.VV, "Mitissimo: Grande Torino mezzo secolo dopo Superga", Toro club Melfi, Melfi, 1999
  • Campanella-Ormezzano-Tosatti, "Il Grande Torino", Reverdito edizioni, Lavis (TN), 1999
  • Cudiona Giuseppina, "Valentino racconta", Torino, 1950
  • Ossola-Tavella, "Il romanzo del Grande Torino", Newton & Compton, 1993
  • Tavella Renato, "Capitan Valentino", Graphot, Torino, 1983
  • Tomà Sauro, Me Grand Turin", Graphot, Torino, 1999
  • Ossola Franco, "Grande Torino per sempre", Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 1998
  • Ossola-Muliari, "Un secolo di Toro. Tra leggenda e storia cento anni di vita granata", Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2005
  • Ossola Franco, "365 volte Toro" Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2006
  • Beccaria Domenico, "Come nuvole nel vento - Il Grande Torino di Julius Schubert" Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2014

External links

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