Hajduk

This article is about the former outlaws and guerrilla fighters of the Balkans. For other uses, see Hajduk (disambiguation).

Hajduk, 1703

Hajduk is a term most commonly referring to outlaws, brigands, highwaymen or freedom fighters in Southeastern Europe, and parts of Central and Eastern Europe.

In the Ottoman Empire, the term hajduk was used for Balkan bandits, brigands, while for the South Slavs it was used for bandits who protected Christians against Ottoman oppression. In the 17th century, the concept was firmly established in the Ottoman Balkans, related to increased taxes, Christian victories against the Ottomans, and general security decline. Hajduk bands predominantly numbered 100 men each, with a firm hierarchy under one leader. They targeted Ottoman representatives and rich people, mainly Muslims, for plunder or punishment to oppressive Ottomans, or revenge.

In Balkan folkloric tradition, the hajduk (hajduci or haiduci in the plural) is a romanticised hero figure who steals from, and leads his fighters into battle against, the Ottoman or Habsburg authorities. They are comparable to the English legend of Robin Hood and his merry men, who stole from the rich (which as in the case of the hajduci happened to be also foreign occupants) and gave to the poor, while defying unjust laws and authority.

In reality, the hajduci of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries commonly were as much guerrilla fighters against the Ottoman rule as they were bandits and highwaymen who preyed not only on Ottomans and their local representatives, but also on local merchants and travelers. As such, the term could also refer to any robber and carry a negative connotation.

Etymology

The etymology of the word "hajduk" is unclear. One theory is that hajduk was derived from the Turkish word haidut or haydut, which was originally used by the Ottomans to refer to Hungarian infantry soldiers. Another theory suggests that the word comes from the Hungarian hajtó or "hajdó" (plural hajtók or "hajdók"), meaning a (cattle) drover. Indeed, these two theories do not necessarily contradict each other, as the Balkan word is said to be derived from the Turkish word haiduk or hayduk (bandit).

Other spellings in English include ajduk, haydut, haiduk, haiduc, hayduck, hayduk.

Forms of the word in various languages

Forms of the word in various languages, in singular form, include:

• hajdut, in Albanian; in the ordinary sense of "thief"
• hayduk (հայդուկ), in Armenian; used as a male given name, and it means "Armenian freedom fighter".
• hajduk, in Bosnian
• haydut (хайдут), haydutin (хайдутин) or hayduk (хайдук), in Bulgarian
• hajduk, in Croatian
• haidouk, haiduque, in French
• aiducco, in Italian
• hajdúk, in Hungarian
• ajduk (ајдук), ajdutin (ајдутин), in Macedonian
• hajduk, in Polish
• Hajduk, in Romani
• haiduc, in Romanian
• hajduk (хајдук), in Serbian
• hejduk, in Swedish
• haydut, in Turkish; in the ordinary sense of "bandit"
• hejduk, in Kurdish
• gajduk (гайдук), in Russian
• haidamaka (гайдамака), in Ukrainian
• haydamak (הײַדאַמאַק), in Yiddish

Irregular military

Kingdom of Hungary

See also: Hajduk (Kingdom of Hungary)

In 1604–1606, István Bocskay, Lord of Bihar, led an insurrection against the Habsburg Emperor, whose army had recently occupied Transylvania and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of serfs who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward Catholic conversion, or been discharged from the Imperial Army. These peasants, freelance soldiers, were known as the hajduk. As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom. The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian feudal society. Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix Hajdú such as Hajdúbagos, Hajdúböszörmény, Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúsámson, Hajdúszoboszló, Hajdúszovát, Hajdúvid etc., and the whole area is called Hajdúság (Land of the Hajduk) (see Hajdú County).

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main article: Hajduk (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

Polish nobleman and two hajduk guards.

The word hajduk was initially a colloquial term for a style of footsoldier, Hungarian or Turco-Balkan in inspiration, that formed the backbone of the Polish infantry arm from the 1570s until about the 1630s. Unusually for this period, Polish-Lithuanian hajduks wore uniforms, typically of grey-blue woolen cloth, with red collar and cuffs. Their principal weapon was a small calibre matchlock firearm, known as an arquebus. For close combat they also carried a heavy variety of sabre, capable of hacking off the heads of enemy pikes and polearms. Contrary to popular opinion, the small axe they often wore tucked in their belt (not to be confused with the huge half-moon shaped berdysz axe, which was seldom carried by hajduks) was not a combat weapon, but rather was intended for cutting wood.

In the mid-17th century hajduk-style infantry largely fell out of fashion in Poland-Lithuania, and were replaced by musket-armed infantry of Western style. However, commanders or hetmans of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth continued to maintain their own liveried bodyguards of hajduks, well into the 18th century as something of a throwback to the past, even though they were now rarely used as field troops. In imitation of these bodyguards, in the 18th century wealthy members of the szlachta hired liveried domestic servants who they called hajduks, thereby creating the meaning of the term 'hajduk' as it is generally understood in modern Polish.

Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)

Main article: Serbian Militia (1718–39)

The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians. The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups. In this period, the most notable obor-kapetans were Vuk Isaković from Crna Bara, Mlatišuma from Kragujevac and Kosta Dimitrijević from Paraćin.

Cultural influence

The Croatian football team HNK Hajduk Split; Serbian football teams Hajduk Kula, FK Hajduk Beograd, FK Hajduk Veljko and Hajduk Lion; the Macedonian football team FK Hajduk - Vratnica; the pop-music project Haiducii, and Romanian Roma musical troupe Taraful Haiducilor are all named after the hajduci. The surnames of the fictional character George Washington Hayduke, invented by Edward Abbey, actress Stacy Haiduk, US national soccer team defender Frankie Hejduk and Czech Republic national ice hockey team forward Milan Hejduk, are likewise derived from this word.

The term "haiduci" was used by the Romanian resistance movement Haiducii Muscelului, between 1947 and 1959, which opposed the Soviet occupation and the Communist government.

In academics

In the early 1970s, after the publication of the now classic sociological studies Primitive Rebels and Bandits by historian Eric Hobsbawm, hajduks started appearing in western social and anthropological literature. Hobsbawm invented the term "social bandit" to describe outlaws who operate on the edges of rural societies by fighting against authorities and sometimes helping the ordinary people. There has always been a degree of fluidity in their status, whereby, as described by John Koliopoulos in his study of Greek klephts, Brigands with a Cause, brigands would sometimes change sides and start acting on behalf of the authorities to preserve peace and suppress banditry, and vice versa.

From the early 1980s, sociological studies started narrating the stories of hajduks, klephts, bandits, brigands, outlaws, rebels, and pirates in all parts of the planet, from Australia to republican China, the Balkans, the American Wild West, Cuba and Mexico.

Notable hajduks

Bulgarian

Bulgarian Ilyo Voyvoda (1805–1898), known as "the last haydut".

• Delyo
• Chavdar Voyvoda
• Indzhe Voyvoda
• Ilyo Voyvoda
• Angel Voyvoda
• Captain Petko Voyvoda
• Panayot Hitov
• Filip Totyu
• Hadzhi Dimitar
• Stefan Karadzha
• Karposh

Romanian

• Iancu Jianu (1787–1842), hajduk in Oltenia, participant of the Wallachian Uprising
• Radu Şapcă (Popa Șapcă, fl. 1848–64), priest and hajduk in Oltenia, participant in the 1848 Revolutions in Wallachia
• Grigore Pintea (Pintea Viteazul, d. 1703), rebel in the area of Maramureș.

Greek

Main articles: Klepht and Armatoloi

• Theodoros Kolokotronis
• Geórgios Karaïskákis
• Markos Botsaris
• Athanasios Diakos
• Nikitaras
• Odysseas Androutsos
• Antonis Katsantonis

Hungarian

Main article: Betyárs

• Angyal Bandi
• Jóska Sobri
• Sándor Rózsa

Ukrainian

Main article: Haidamaka

• Ustym Karmaliuk

Slovak

• Juraj Jánošík

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia

Harambaša from Dalmatia in the 19th century.

See also: Serbian hajduks

• Starina Novak (1530s–1601), guerilla fighter, ally of Michael the Brave, Serb
• Ivo Senjanin (d. 1612), uskok, Croat
• Mijat Tomić (1610–1656), brigand, Bosnian Croat
• Petar Mrkonjić (fl. 1645–69), Venetian-employed rebel, Morlach
• Bajo Pivljanin (fl. 1669–85), Venetian-employed rebel leader, Serb
• Ilija Perajica (fl. 1685), Venetian-employed rebel leader, Morlach, Orthodox (Serb)
• Ivan Bušić Roša (1745–1783), Venetian-employed rebel leader, Morlach, Catholic (Croat)
• Stanislav Sočivica (1715–1776), Venetian-employed rebel leader, Morlach, Orthodox (Serb)
• Andrijica Šimić (1833–1905), rebel in Herzegovina, Croat
• Pecija (1826–1875), rebel leader, Bosnian Krajina, Serb
• Stanoje Glavaš, commander in the First Serbian Uprising
• Stojan Čupić, commander in the First Serbian Uprising
• Hajduk Veljko, commander in the First Serbian Uprising
• Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga (1897–1925), outlaw in Slavonia, Serb

See also

• Armenian fedayi, guerillas and irregulars (1880s–1920s)
• Bushrangers, bandits in Australia (1790s–1900s)
• Kachaks, Albanian bandits and rebels (1880s–1930)
• Klepht, Ottoman Greek bandits and rebels
• Haidamaka, pro-Cossack paramility (18th century)
• Rapparee, Irish guerillas (1690s)
• Uskoks, Habsburg Croatian irregulars (1520s–1618)
• Zeybeks, Ottoman irregulars (17th to 20th centuries)
• Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića, a micronation
• Hayduke, term used by environmental activists

Further reading

• (Serbian)

External links

• Metaweb entry on "Haiduks"