Cantons of Switzerland

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For Districts within each Swiss Canton, see Districts of Switzerland.
Swiss cantons
Schweizer Kantone  (German) Cantons suisses  (French)
Cantoni Svizzeri  (Italian) Chantuns svizras   (Romansh)
Also known as:
Stände, États, Stati
Category Federated state
Location Switzerland
Found in Country
Created 13th century
Number 26 cantons (as of 1979)
Populations 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,487,969 (Canton of Zürich)
Areas 37 km2 (14 sq mi) – 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi)
Government List of cantonal executives of Switzerland
Subdivisions Districts and municipalities

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The 26 cantons of Switzerland (German: Kanton; French: canton [kɑ̃tɔ̃]; Italian: cantone ; Sursilvan and Surmiran: cantun; Vallader and Puter: Chantun; Sutsilvan: cantùn; Rumantsch Grischun: chantun) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Acht Orte ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353–1481) and Dreizehn Orte ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513–1798).[1]

Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also Ort ('location', from before 1450), or Stand ('estate', from c. 1550), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Kanton has been widely used since the 19th century.[2]

The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979.[3] The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.

The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km2 (15 sq. mi.) (canton of Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km2 (2743 sq. mi.) (canton of the Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (canton of Zürich).

Terminology

The term canton, now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467),[4] from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German ort.[5] After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy.[2] English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense) dates to the early 17th century.[6]

In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term Ort (plural: Orte) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons.[2] The founding cantons specifically were also known as Waldstätte 'forest settlements', 'forest cantons' (singular: Waldstatt). The formulaic Stette und Waldstette for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with Stett und Lender ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until the late 15th century.[7] Ort was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände) 'estate' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term[which?] was revived in 1815 and remains in use today.[2]

The French term canton adopted into German after 1648, and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of Ort and Stand gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.[2]

The term Stand (French: état, Italian: stato ) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (German: Ständerat, French: Conseil des États, Italian: Consiglio degli Stati , Romansh: Cussegl dals Stadis).

In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular: Geneva (formally République et canton de Genève, 'Republic and canton of Geneva'), Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais,[8] Vaud[9] and Ticino.[10]

History

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Main articles: Eight Cantons, Thirteen Cantons, Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland, and Switzerland as a federal state

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Further information: Flags and coats of arms of cantons of Switzerland
The "Thirteen-Canton Confederation" of the Old Swiss Confederacy (1513–1798)

In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons; German: Die Dreizehn Alten Orte), and there were two different kinds: five rural states (German: Länder) – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states (German: Städte) – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.

Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach.[11]

In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde, the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.[Note 1]

The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.

The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Constitutions and powers

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See also: List of cantonal executives of Switzerland and List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland
The 22 cantonal coats of arms (all but Jura, with the half-cantons represented jointly) in stained glass set in the dome of the Federal Palace of Switzerland (c. 1900)

The Swiss Federal Constitution[13] declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.[14] Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.

Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts.[14] Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.

The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.[15] For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.

The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).

The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.

As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.

Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.

Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.

List

The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution.[Note 2] This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.[16]

Arms
[Note 3]		 Code Name in official language(s) Name in English As a Swiss canton since Capital GDP (2017)[18]
in million CHF		 GDP per
capita (2018)[19]
in CHF		 Population
[Note 4]		 Area (km2) Density
(per km2) [Note 5]		 No. munic. (2018)[20] Official languages
1 Coat of arms of Zürich

      

 ZH Zürich Zurich 1351 Zurich 143,044 104,820 1,443,436 1,729 835 166 German
2 Coat of arms of Bern

      

 BE Bern; Berne Berne / Bern 1353 Berne / Bern 78,278 79,115 1,009,418 5,959 169 347 German, French
3 Coat of arms of Luzern

      

 LU Luzern Lucerne 1332 Lucerne 26,992 69,256 394,604 1,493 264 83 German
4 Coat of arms of Uri

      

 UR Uri Uri 1291
[Note 6]		 Altdorf 1,900 54,291 36,008 1,077 33 20 German
5 Coat of arms of Schwyz

      

 SZ Schwyz Schwyz 1291
[Note 6]		 Schwyz 9,444 62,040 152,759 908 168 30 German
6 Coat of arms of Obwalden

      

 OW Obwalden Obwald / Obwalden 1291
[Note 6] or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden)		 Sarnen 2,510 67,458 36,834 491 75 7 German
7 Coat of arms of Nidwalden

      

 NW Nidwalden Nidwald / Nidwalden 1291
[Note 6] (as Unterwalden)		 Stans 3,050 73,729 42,080 276 153 11 German
8 Coat of arms of Glarus

      

 GL Glarus Glarus 1352 Glaris / Glarus 2,764 68,860 39,794 685 58 3 German
9 Coat of arms of Zug

      

 ZG Zug Zoug / Zug 1352 Zoug / Zug 18,921 160,884 120,089 239 503 11 German
10 Coat of arms of Fribourg

      

 FR Fribourg; Freiburg Friburg / Fribourg 1481 Friburg / Fribourg 18,635 61,237 303,377 1,671 182 136 French, German
11 Coat of arms of Solothurn

      

 SO Solothurn Soleure / Solothurn 1481 Soleure / Solothurn 17,702 68,640 263,719 790 334 109 German
12 Coat of arms of Basel-City

      

 BS Basel-Stadt Basle-City / Basel-City / Basel-Stadt 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) Basle / Basel 35,955 203,967 196,850 37 5,320 3 German
13 Coat of arms of Basel-Country

      

 BL Basel-Landschaft Basle-Country / Basel-Country / Basel-Landschaft 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) Liestal 20,347 73,550 283,421 518 548 86 German
14 Coat of arms of Schaffhausen

      

 SH Schaffhausen Schaffhouse / Schaffhausen 1501 Schaffhouse / Schaffhausen 6,963 91,379 79,417 298 266 26 German
15 Coat of arms of Appenzell Ausserrhoden

      

 AR Appenzell Ausserrhoden Appenzell Outer-Rhodes / Appenzell Ausserrhoden 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) Herisau[Note 7] 3,086 58,807 54,064 243 223 20 German
16 Coat of arms of Appenzell Innerrhoden

      

 AI Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Inner-Rhodes / Appenzell Innerrhoden 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) Appenzell 989 64,868 15,854 173 92 6 German
17 Coat of arms of St. Gallen

      

 SG St. Gallen St. Gall / St. Gallen 1803
[Note 8]		 St. Gall / St. Gallen 36,794 76,219 495,824 2,026 245 77 German
18 Coat of arms of Graubünden

      

 GR Graubünden; Grischun; Grigioni Grisons / Graubünden 1803
[Note 9]		 Chur 14,020 73,366 195,886 7,105 28 108 German, Romansh, Italian
19 Coat of arms of Aargau

      

 AG Aargau Argovia / Aargau 1803
[Note 10]		 Aarau 41,592 64,996 645,277 1,404 460 212 German
20 Coat of arms of Thurgau

      

 TG Thurgau Thurgovia / Thurgau 1803
[Note 11]		 Frauenfeld[Note 12] 16,374 62,739 263,733 991 266 80 German
21 Coat of arms of Ticino

      

 TI Ticino Ticino / Tessin 1803
[Note 13]		 Bellinzona 28,512 87,612 350,363 2,812 125 115 Italian
22 Coat of arms of Vaud

      

 VD Vaud Vaud 1803
[Note 14]		 Lausanne 53,731 74,060 761,446 3,212 237 309 French
23 Coat of arms of Valais

      

 VS Valais; Wallis Wallis / Valais 1815
[Note 15]		 Sion 18,405 56,627 331,763 5,224 64 126 French, German
24 Coat of arms of Neuchâtel

      

 NE Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 1815/1857
[Note 16]		 Neuchâtel 15,435 93,227 177,327 803 221 31 French
25 Coat of arms of Geneva

      

 GE Genève Geneva 1815
[Note 17]		 Geneva 49,467 109,847 482,545 282 1,708 45 French
26 Coat of arms of Jura

      

 JU Jura Jura 1979
[Note 18]		 Delémont 4,629 68,876 72,410 839 86 55 French
- Coat of arms of Switzerland CH Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; Confédération suisse; Confederazione Svizzera; Confederaziun svizra Swiss Confederation 1815/1848
[Note 19]		 (Berne / Bern) 669,542 84,518 8,237,666 41,285 200 2,222 German, French, Italian, Romansh

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Confœderatio Helvetica — Helvetian Confederation — Helvetia having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.

Half-cantons

Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (German: Halbkanton, French: demi-canton, Italian: semicantone , Romansh: mez-chantun). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulted in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are[27]—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.[28]

The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald [‘above and beneath the woods’])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft [‘city and country’])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden [‘both Rhoden’])".[29] The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.

The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":

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The People and the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura form the Swiss Confederation.

— Article 1 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation[30]

The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other.[31] While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".[32]

The ​1⁄2, 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.[33]

Caricature of the division of Basel, 1833

The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:

With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:[37]

  • They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
  • In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142).[38] This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.[39]

Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.

In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura.[40] Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.

Names in national languages

The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.

Abbr English[Note 20] German French Italian Romansh
AG Aargau; Argovia <phonos file="De-Aargau.ogg">Aargau</phonos> Argovie Argovia Argovia
AI Appenzell Innerrhoden; Appenzell Inner-Rhodes <phonos file="De-Appenzell-Innerrhoden.ogg">Appenzell Innerrhoden</phonos> Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures Appenzello Interno Appenzell dadens
AR Appenzell Ausserrhoden; Appenzell Outer-Rhodes <phonos file="De-Appenzell-Ausserrhoden.ogg">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</phonos> Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures Appenzello Esterno Appenzell dador
BS Basel-Stadt; Basle-City <phonos file="De-Basel-Stadt.ogg">Basel-Stadt</phonos> Bâle-Ville Basilea Città Basilea-Citad
BL Basel-Landschaft; Basle-Country <phonos file="De-Basel-Landschaft.ogg">Basel-Landschaft</phonos> Bâle-Campagne Basilea Campagna Basilea-Champagna
BE Bern; Berne <phonos file="De-Bern.ogg">Bern</phonos> Berne Berna Berna
FR Fribourg; Friburg[citation needed] <phonos file="De-Freiburg.ogg">Freiburg</phonos> Fribourg Friburgo Friburg
GE Genève; Geneva <phonos file="De-Genf.ogg">Genf</phonos> Genève Ginevra Genevra
GL Glarus; Glaris[citation needed] <phonos file="De-Glarus.ogg">Glarus</phonos> Glaris Glarona Glaruna
GR Graubünden; Grisons <phonos file="De-Graubuenden.ogg">Graubünden</phonos> Grisons Grigioni Grischun
JU Jura <phonos file="De-Jura.ogg">Jura</phonos> Jura Giura Giura
LU Lucerne <phonos file="De-Luzern.ogg">Luzern</phonos> Lucerne Lucerna Lucerna
NE Neuchâtel <phonos file="De-Neuenburg.ogg">Neuenburg</phonos> Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Neuchâtel
NW Nidwalden; Nidwald[citation needed] <phonos file="De-Nidwalden.ogg">Nidwalden</phonos> Nidwald Nidvaldo Sutsilvania
OW Obwalden; Obwald[citation needed] <phonos file="De-Obwalden.ogg">Obwalden</phonos> Obwald Obvaldo Sursilvania
SH Schaffhausen; Schaffhouse <phonos file="De-Schaffhausen.ogg">Schaffhausen</phonos> Schaffhouse Sciaffusa Schaffusa
SZ Schwyz <phonos file="De-Schwyz.ogg">Schwyz</phonos> Schwyz (or Schwytz) Svitto Sviz
SO Solothurn; Soleure <phonos file="De-Solothurn.ogg">Solothurn</phonos> Soleure Soletta Soloturn
SG St. Gallen; St Gall <phonos file="De-StGallen.ogg">St. Gallen</phonos> Saint-Gall San Gallo Son Gagl
TG Thurgau; Thurgovia <phonos file="De-Thurgau.ogg">Thurgau</phonos> Thurgovie Turgovia Turgovia
TI Ticino; Tessin <phonos file="De-Tessin.ogg">Tessin</phonos> Tessin Ticino Tessin
UR Uri <phonos file="De-Uri.ogg">Uri</phonos> Uri Uri Uri
VS Valais; Wallis <phonos file="De-Wallis.ogg">Wallis</phonos> Valais Vallese Vallais
VD Vaud <phonos file="De-Waadt.ogg">Waadt</phonos> Vaud Vaud Vad
ZG Zug; Zoug <phonos file="De-Zug.ogg">Zug</phonos> Zoug Zugo Zug
ZH Zürich; Zurich <phonos file="De-Zürich.ogg">Zürich</phonos> Zurich Zurigo Turitg

Admission of new cantons

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Main article: Territorial evolution of Switzerland

The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal.[41] The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.[42]

See also

Notes

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References

Citations

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Sources

Works cited
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cited as Häfelin.

External links

  • Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
  • Swisskarte.ch – Maps of the Cantons of Switzerland
  • GeoPuzzle – Assemble cantons on a Swiss map
  • Badac – Database on Swiss cantons and cities Script error: No such module "In lang".

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  1. ↑ rendered "the 'confederacy of eight'" and "the 'Thirteen-Canton Confederation'", respectively, in: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Andreas Kley: Kantone in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 13 April 2016. "Die Bündnispartner der frühen Eidgenossenschaft wurden im 14. Jh. meist als Städte und Länder, ab der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. immer mehr als Orte bezeichnet."
  3. ↑ François Schifferdecker, François Kohler: Jura (canton) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 20 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Comptes Trés. 129, Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom., cited after TFLi.
  5. ↑ "So werden die Cantons der Schweizer daselbst nur Orte, oder Ortschaften genannt. Das gleichbedeutende Canton stammet auf ähnliche Art von Kante, Ecke, ab, wie Ort von Ort, Ecke." Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French canton 'corner, angle' is a loan from Occitan, first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from North Italian cantone, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century (TFLi).
  6. ↑ etymonline.com: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from the 1610s."
  7. ↑ Josef Wiget: Waldstätte in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 27 December 2014.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Jackson Spielvogel, Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715, (Cengage 2008), p. 386.
  13. ↑ Official and updated Swiss Federal Constitution Archived 21 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (English)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cantons, In the Federal State since 1848 in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  15. ↑ Swiss Government website Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Louis, Mühlemann, Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre Confoederatio Helvetica, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991. Swiss Armed Forces, Fahnenreglement, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[1] Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Canton of Zurich Statistical Office (German) accessed 17 June 2015
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB, online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (German) accessed 31 August 2015 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SFSO_2014" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ Canton of Basel-Stadt Statistics, MS Excel document – Bevölkerung nach Wohnviertel im April 2015 (German) accessed 18 June 2015
  24. ↑ Canton of Basel-Land Statistics, Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität und Konfession per 30. Juni 2015 (German) accessed 3 September 2015
  25. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistics Office – STAT-TAB Ständige und Nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Region, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Alter (German) accessed 31 August 2015
  26. ↑ Canton of Geneva Statistics, MS Excel document – Population Population résidante totale par commune, depuis 1950 (French) accessed 23 June 2015
  27. ↑ Welcome to the canton of Zug Official document published by the canton of Zug government (PDF)
  28. ↑ Bhagwan and Bhushan" (2009) World Constitutions - A Comparative Study - Ninth Edition (page 311)
  29. ↑ Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874, Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 12. September 1848 Script error: No such module "In lang".; author's translation.
  30. ↑ Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, SR/RS 101 (E·D·F·I), art. 1 (E·D·F·I)
  31. ↑ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.
  32. ↑ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 10; Häfelin, N 963
  33. ↑ Swissmint, Sterne auf Schweizer Münzen (2008), p. 4.
  34. ↑ Pacte fédéral du 1er Archived 30 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.
  35. ↑ Pacte fédéral du 1er août 1291 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine sur Cliotexte
  36. ↑ Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
  37. ↑ Häfelin, N 963, 967
  38. ↑ Swiss Constitutional Law, Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2005, page 120
  39. ↑ Häfelin, N 950
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.


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