Hanyang Arsenal

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File:Wuchang Uprising Memorial - Hanyang Arsenal boundary marker - P1040985.JPG
A boundary marker from the arsenal. Presently on display in the Xinhai Revolution Museum, Wuhan

Hanyang Arsenal (simplified Chinese: 汉阳兵工厂; traditional Chinese: 漢陽兵工廠; pinyin: Hànyáng Bīnggōngchǎng) was one of the largest and oldest modern arsenals in Chinese history.

History

File:Hanyang Arsenal.jpg
Photograph of the Hanyang arsenal

Originally known as the Hubei Arsenal, it was founded in 1891 by Qing official Zhang Zhidong, who diverted funds from the Nanyang Fleet in Guangdong to build the arsenal. It cost about 250,000 pounds sterling and was built in 4 years.[1] On 23 April 1894, construction was completed and the arsenal, occupying some 40 acres (160,000 m2), could start production of small-calibre cannons. It built magazine-fed rifles, Gruson quick fire guns, and cartridges.[2]

On 14 June 1894, an industrial accident started a fire in the arsenal that destroyed all the equipment and most of the structures in the arsenal, $1,000,000 in damages were reported.[3] In July of the same year rebuilding began, and in August 1895, all was back to normal and the arsenal started production of German M1888 Commission rifles, locally called 7.92 cm Type 88 Mauser rifle (even though the Commission rifle was unrelated to the Mauser), today these rifles are known as the Hanyang 88 or Type 88 rifle. At the same time, ammunition for the rifle were being produced at a rate of 13,000 rounds per month.

500,000 taels were spent annually in the arsenal, which constructed Mauser rifles and used steel from the works around Hanyang. Iron and coal mines surrounded the area. 160,000 Mausers were purchased by the Chinese military, along with mountain guns and small caliber versions.[4] Smokeless powders was produced for guns at a factory next to the arsenal. The arsenal itself built 40 Mausers a day, 6 field guns a month. Every day the following was manufactured: 300 shells, 35,000 rifle cartridges, 1,000 pounds smokeless powder. They were moved via Yangzi river until reaching Wuchang. Fortifications across China in the interior and on the coast received these weapons.[5]

During the Boxer Uprising of 1900, the arsenal supplied the Boxers with more than 3,000 rifles and 1 million rounds of ammunition.

In 1904, the arsenal made several modifications to their design of the Type 88, and, at the same time, production capacity was expanded to 50 rifles and 12,000 rounds of ammunition per day. For a time in 1910, the arsenal switched to producing the Type 68 rifle, at a rate of 38 per day.

The quality of the firearms produced in this period was generally low, because the local steel foundries were often ill-equipped and badly managed.

Because of its proximity to Wuchang, the revolutionaries, during the Wuchang Uprising of Xinhai Revolution, largely equipped themselves with foreign and locally made weapons stored at this arsenal - some 7,000 rifles, 5 million rounds, 150 pack guns and 2,000 shells. The arsenal, in support of the revolution, switched into full gear and began producing weapons and ammunition day and night.[citation needed]

The Republic of China expanded the arsenal numerous times, and production soared. Quality, however, remained low. In 1917, a training school was established alongside the arsenal. In 1921, production began on copies of the Browning M1917 and the Mauser M1932 "Broomhandle" pistol. In 1930, the design of the Type 88 was once again modified, extending the bayonet. In 1935, a version of the Maxim gun--the Type 24 HMG—was being produced, based on blueprints from the German M08.

As the Imperial Japanese Army approached Hanyang and Wuhan in 1938, the arsenal was forced to move to Hunan, with parts of its assets transferred to various other arsenals across the country. At Hunan, it continued production of the Type 88 rifle and carbine, and also the Chinese version of the Karabiner 98k, the Chiang Kai-shek rifle otherwise known as the Type Chungcheng style rifle.

With the Allies' victory in 1945, orders to the arsenal gradually stopped, and, on 1 July 1947, the arsenal was shut down. Many of the senior employees transferred to Taiwan and built the basis of today's Taiwanese arsenals.

Firearms produced

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References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(Original from the University of Michigan)
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(Original from the University of Michigan)
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(Original from Harvard University)
  6. ↑ General Liu rifle
  7. ↑ Rare Chinese Liu semi-auto military rifle. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun.[1]
  8. ↑ Bin Shih and the General Liu Rifle
  9. ↑ The first Chinese semi-automatic rifle by General Liu Qing En 國造半自動步槍第一人- 劉慶恩將軍
  10. ↑ From the October 2003 issue, pages 261 - 264
  11. ↑ The first Chinese semi-automatic rifle by General Liu Qing En 國造半自動步槍第一人- 劉慶恩將軍
  12. ↑ Semiauto Rifles of WWI and Before
  13. ↑ Rare Chinese Liu Semi-Automatic Military Rifle
  14. ↑ Hanyang report on the General Liu Rifle
  15. ↑ Hanyang report on the General Liu Rifle (in Chinese)
  16. ↑ Springfield Armory Museum Record
  •  This article incorporates text from The Chicago daily news almanac and yearbook ...., Volume 1922, a publication from 1895 now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Timely topics, Volume 5, by Henry Romaine Pattengill, a publication from 1900 now in the public domain in the United States.
  •  This article incorporates text from Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries during the years ..., Volume 2, by United States. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Bureau of Manufactures, a publication from 1904 now in the public domain in the United States.

See also

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