Hydrogen station

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Hydrogen fueling nozzle

A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or hydrogen highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept.[1] The stations are usually intended to power hydrogen vehicles, but can also be used to power small devices.[2] Vehicles use hydrogen as fuel in one of several ways, including fuel cells and mixed fuels like HCNG. The hydrogen fuel dispensers[3] dispense the fuel by the kilogram.[4]

Hydrogen filling stations

Hydrogen station pump
Five stations have been built in British Columbia since 2005, one each in Whistler, at the University of British Columbia, in Burnaby, and two that were later moved to Surrey. There are no official plans to build any more fuelling stations In Canada as the project ended in March 2011.[5]
There were 2 public stations in the hydrogen linek network in 2014. Four more are expected to open in 2015
As of September 2013, there are 15 publicly available hydrogen fuel station in operation.[6] Most but not all of these stations are operated by partners of the Clean Energy Partnership.[7] The stations nationwide are expanded to 50 by 2015 under a letter of intent[8][9] through its public private partnership Now GMBH.[10] program NIP[11] with a subsidy of 20 Million Euro.,[12] the H2 Mobility initiative wants to raise that number to 100 stations from 2015 to 2017 and to 400 stations in 2023 at a cost of €350 million Euro.[13]
Iceland opened the first commercial hydrogen station in 2003 as part of the country's initiative to implement a hydrogen economy.[14]
Japan had a number of hydrogen filling stations under the JHFC project from 2002 to 2010 to test various technologies of hydrogen generation.[15] At the end of 2012 there were 17 hydrogen stations, 19 new stations are expected to be installed by 2015.,[16] the Government expects to add up to 100 hydrogen stations under a budget of 460 million dollars covering 50% of the installation costs with the last ones operational in 2015.[17][18] JX Energy expects to install 40 stations by 2015.[19] and another 60 in the period 2016-2018[20] Toho Gas and Iwatani Corp[21] expect to install an additional 20 stations.[22] Toyota Tsusho and Air Liquide made a JV to build 2 hydrogen stations to be ready by 2015.[23] Osaka Gas planned 2 stations for 2014-2015.[24] A "task force" led by Yuriko Koike, Japan's former environment minister, and supported by the country's Liberal Democratic Party was set up to guide the process.[25]
The Netherlands had its first public refueling stationed opened on September 3rd 2014 in Rhoon near Rotterdam. The station uses hydrogen from the pipeline from Rotterdam to Belgium. 2 private stations in Amsterdam and Arnhem are going public before 2017, Helmond is not open for public access.[26]
Norway's first Hynor hydrogen fueling station was opened in February 2007.[27] which is part of the Scandinavian hydrogen highway partnership.[28] June 2008 - The Handbook for approval of hydrogen refuelling stations (HyApproval) project, FP6 N° 019813 developed a universal handbook to facilitate the approval process of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS) in Europe.[29]
South Korea had 11 hydrogen stations in operation in 2014 another 10 stations are planned for 2020.[30]
UNIDO launched in May 2010 on behalf of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, a call for tender related to the supply and installation by the end of 2011 of a hydrogen production, storage and filling facility on the Golden Horn, in Istanbul. This station will be used for the refueling of a hydrogen fuel cell driven passenger boat as well as for that of a hydrogen internal combustion bus.[31]
In 2011 the first public station in Swindon opened.[32] In 2014 HyTec opened the London Hatton Cross station.[33] On 11th March 2015 the London Hydrogen Network Expansion project opened the first supermarket located hydrogen refuelling station at Sainsbury's Hendon.[34] Bedfordshire and Stratford are going public before 2016.[35] The HyFive project has 3 stations planned for London in 2015.[36] On 9 October 2014 the Government announced funding of £11 million to have 15 public hydrogen refuelling stations at the end of 2015.[37] In September 2015, Shell and ITM Power announced a strategic siting partnership for the placement of an initial three ITM hydrogen refuellers on Shell forecourts in London and the South East of the UK.[38]
In 2000, Ford and Air Products opened the first hydrogen station in North America in Dearborn, MI.[39] A hydrogen filling station opened in 2007 on the campus of The Ohio State University at the Center for Automotive Research. This station is the only one in Ohio.[40] Stations in California opened by the California Fuel Cell Partnership, and under Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's California Hydrogen Highway program.[41][42] Missouri's only Hydrogen Filling Station is located at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus.[43] A prototype hydrogen fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.[44][45] A hydrogen station was built in 2004 in Evermont in Burlington, VT. The project was partially funded through the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program.[46] In 2013 Governor Brown signed AB 8, a bill to fund 20 million a year for 10 years for up to 100 stations.[47] The California Energy Commission funded $46.6 million for 28 stations to be completed in 2016.[48]
  • Hawaii opened its first hydrogen station at Hickam in 2009.[49][50] In 2012 Aloha Motor Company opened its hydrogen station in Honolulu[51]

Hydrogen highway

File:Hydrogen.safety pic.jpg
Hydrogen fueling pump

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Main article: Hydrogen highway

A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped filling stations and other infrastructure along a road or highway. Italy and Germany are collaborating to build a hydrogen highway between Mantua in northern Italy and Munich in southern Germany. Italy completed building a hydrogen filling station in Mantua on 21 September 2007 (see Zero Regio).

Costs

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See also: Hydrogen fuel

Since the turn of the millennium, filling stations offering hydrogen have been opening worldwide. However, this does not begin to replace the existing extensive gasoline fuel station infrastructure, which in the US alone numbered 168,000 retail outlets [52] in 2004, with revenues for 2014 of US$536 billion.[53] According to Joseph Romm in 2004[54] replacing these would cost a half trillion U.S. dollars. The cost of the necessary European-wide hydrogen fuelling infrastructure could be five times lower than the cost of the charging network required for battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[55]

Hydrogen home stations

Hydrogen home stations come in different types.

  • A more complete home station would combine the solar home system on the inlet with natural gas and a reformer[60] and from the storage tank to a fuel cell microCHP system to produce heat and electricity for the house and the excess electricity to the grid to become part as a distributed generation resource.
  • Integrated systems that convert solar energy photoelectrochemically are more efficient than splitting water.[61]

See also

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References

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External links

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