Jebero language

Not to be confused with Jibaro languages.

Jebero
Shiwilu
Native to	Peru
Native speakers	2,500 (2006)
Language family	Cahuapanan Jebero
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jeb
Glottolog	jebe1250

Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is an indigenous American language spoken by the Jebero people of Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.

Phonology

Vowels

File:Jebero monophthongs chart.svg

Monophthongs of Jebero, from Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)

Monophthong phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ɘ
Open		a

• /i/ varies between close front unrounded [i], near-close front unrounded [i̞] and close-mid front unrounded [e].
• /u/ varies between near-close near-front rounded [ʊ] and close-mid back weakly rounded [o̜], with the latter realization being the most usual.
• /ɘ/ varies between mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] and close-mid central unrounded [ɘ].
  • /ɘ/ is shorter than the other vowels, particularly between voiceless consonants.
  • The sequence /ɘn/ is sometimes realized as a syllabic [n̩].
• /a/ varies between open central unrounded [ä] and near-open retracted front [æ̠]. The vowel chart in Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) puts /a/ in the near-open central position [ɐ].
  • In closed syllables, /a/ is realized as open-mid central unrounded [ɜ].

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ		(h)
Trill	plain		r
	glottalized		ˀr
Approximant	central	w	ð	j
	lateral		l	ʎ

• /m, p/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
• /tʃ/ is an affricate, rather than a plosive. It has nevertheless been placed in the table in that manner to save space.
• /n, t, ð, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, ð̪, l̪].
  • In the syllable coda, /n/ is realized with a wider contact, maximally dentoalveolo-velar [n̪͡ŋ].
  • After /u, a/, the denti-alveolar contact is often not made, which makes /n/ sound more like a velar nasal [ŋ].
  • /ð/ may sometimes sound as if it were a lateral consonant, but it is never realized as lateral.
• /ɲ, ʎ/ are dentoalveolo-palatal [ɲ̪, ʎ̪].
  • /ʎ/ is sometimes realized as a weak fricative [ʎ̪˔].
• /h/ occurs only in the affirmative interjection [ahã].
• /r/ is realized as a flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset and as a trill [r] in the syllable coda.
• /ˀr/ is a glottalized flap [ˀɾ]. Intervocalically, it is reaized as a sequence [ɾʔ].