Judge Dee

Judge Dee (also, Judge Di) is a semi-fictional character based on the historical figure Di Renjie, magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. The character first appeared in the 18th-century Chinese detective and gong'an crime novel Di Gong An. After Robert van Gulik came across it in a second-hand book store in Tokyo, he translated the novel into English and then used the style and characters to write his own original Judge Dee historical mystery stories.

The series is set in Tang Dynasty China and deals with various criminal cases solved by the upright Judge Dee (judges in ancient China were investigating magistrates).

Dee Goong An

Main article: Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee

The Judge Dee character is based on the historical figure Di Renjie (c. 630–c. 700), magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) in China, a "folk novel" was written set in former times, but filled with anachronisms. Van Gulik found in the 18th century Di Gong An (Chinese:狄公案 Pinyin: dí gōng àn, lit. "Cases of Judge Dee") an original tale dealing with three cases simultaneously, and, which was unusual among Chinese mystery tales, a plot that for the most part lacked an overbearing supernatural element which could alienate Western readers. He translated it into English and had it published in 1949 under the title Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee.

Van Gulik's stories

This gave van Gulik the idea of writing his own novels, set with the similar Ming anachronisms, but using the historical character. Van Gulik was careful in writing the main novels to deal with cases wherein Dee was newly appointed to a city, thereby isolating him from the existing lifestyle and enabling him to maintain an objective role in the books. Van Gulik's novels and stories made no direct reference to the original Chinese work, and so Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee is not considered to be part of the Judge Dee series.

Initially Dee is assisted only by his faithful clerk, Sergeant Hoong, an old family retainer. However, in The Chinese Gold Murders, which describes Dee's initial appointment and first criminal cases, the judge encounters two highwaymen, euphemistically called "men of the greenwood", Ma Joong and Chiao Tai, who attempt to rob him but are so impressed with his character that they give up their criminal careers and join his retinue on the spot. A little later, in The Chinese Lake Murders, a third criminal, Tao Gan, an itinerant confidence trickster and swindler, similarly joins. Judge Dee ends his career being promoted to the position of senior Metropolitan Judge in the capital, and his assistants obtain official ranks in the Army and civil service.

Van Gulik also wrote series of newspaper comics about Judge Dee in 1964-1967, which totalled 19 adventures. The first four were regular balloon strips, but the later 15 had the more typically Dutch textblock under the pictures.

Judge Dee, naturally, is responsible for deciding sentences as well as assessing guilt or innocence, although van Gulik notes in the stories that all capital punishments must be referred to and decided by officials in the capital. One of the sentences he frequently has to deal with is slow slicing; if he is inclined to mercy, he orders the final, fatal, cut to be made first, thus rendering the ceremony anticlimactic.

Other authors

Several other authors have created stories based on Van Gulik's Judge Dee character.

• French author Frédéric Lenormand wrote 19 new Judge Dee mysteries from year 2004 at Editions Fayard, Paris (not yet translated into English). Some of them have been translated into Spanish (Ediciones Paidos Iberica), Portuguese (Europress), Bulgarian (Paradox), Czech (Garamond) and Polish.

• Sven Roussel, another French author, has written La dernière enquête du Juge Ti.

• The Chinese-American author Zhu Xiao Di wrote a book about Judge Dee called Tales of Judge Dee (2006), set when the Judge was the magistrate of Poo-yang (the same time period as The Chinese Bell Murders and several other novels). Zhu Xiao Di has no relation to Robert van Gulik but tried to stay faithful to the fictionalized history of van Gulik's Judge Dee.

• Judge Dee appears, along with a fictionalized Wu Zetian, in Eleanor Cooney & Daniel Alteri's mystery novel Deception: A Novel of Mystery and Madness in Ancient China.

Bibliography

By van Gulik

The following novels and short stories were published in English by van Gulik. The short story collection Judge Dee at Work (published in 1967) contains a "Judge Dee Chronology" detailing Dee's various posts in specific years and stories set in these times. Van Gulik's last two books, Poets and Murder and Necklace and Calabash, were not listed in the chronology, as they were written after Judge Dee at Work, but they are both set in the time when Judge Dee was the magistrate in Poo-yang.

Year	Title	Setting	Notes
1949	Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee	An "early phase of Judge Dee's career."	Translated from Chinese (originally, Dee Goong An); not part of the later continuity. Three stories: "The Case of the Double Murder at Dawn," "The Case of the Strange Corpse", and "The Case of the Poisoned Bride". Dee is the newly appointed Magistrate of Chang-ping in the Province of Shantung. He has all four lieutenants on staff: Sgt. Hoong, Chiao Tai, Ma Joong, and Tao Gan.
1957	The Chinese Maze Murders	670, Lan-fang	Written in 1950, published in Japanese in 1951; Lan-fang is a fictional district at the western frontier of Tang China.
1958	The Chinese Bell Murders	668, Poo-yang	Written between 1953 and 1956; Poo-yang is a fictional wealthy district on the shores of the Grand Canal of China (part of modern-day Jiangsu province).
1959	The Chinese Gold Murders	663, Penglai
1960	The Chinese Lake Murders	666, Han-yuan	Han-yuan is a fictional district on a lakeshore near the capital of Chang-An.
1961	The Chinese Nail Murders	676, Pei-chow	Pei-chow is a fictional district in the far north of Tang China.
1961	The Haunted Monastery	667, Han-yuan	Judge Dee is traveling and forced to take shelter in a monastery.
1961	The Red Pavilion	668, Poo-yang
1962	The Lacquer Screen	664, Penglai
1963	The Emperor's Pearl	669, Poo-yang
1965	The Morning of the Monkey	667, Han-yuan	A short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger
1965	The Night of the Tiger	676, Pei-chow	A short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger
1965	The Willow Pattern	677, Chang-An	Judge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice in the Imperial capital of Chang-An.
1966	Murder in Canton	681, Guangzhou	Judge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice for all of China.
1966	The Phantom of the Temple	670, Lan-fang
1967	"Five Auspicious Clouds"	663, Penglai	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"The Red Tape Murders"	663, Penglai	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"He came with the Rain"	663, Penglai	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"The Murder on the Lotus Pond"	666, Han-yuan	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"The Two Beggers"	668, Poo-yang	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"The Wrong Sword"	668, Poo-yang	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"The Coffins of the Emperor"	670, Lan-fang	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	"Murder on New Year's Eve"	670, Lan-fang	A short story from Judge Dee at Work
1967	Necklace and Calabash	668, Poo-yang
1968	Poets and Murder	669, Poo-yang

By other authors

By the author Frédéric Lenormand (not yet translated into English)

• Le Château du lac Tchou-an (2004) The Zhou-an lake castle
• La Nuit des juges (2004) The Night of the judges
• Petits meurtres entre moines (2004) Little murders among monks
• Le Palais des courtisanes (2004) The courtesans' palace
• Madame Ti mène l'enquête (2005) Mrs. Dee investigates
• Mort d'un cuisinier chinois (2005) Death of a Chinese cook
• L'Art délicat du deuil (2006) The Delicate art of mourning
• Mort d'un maître de go (2006) Death of a Go master
• Dix petits démons chinois (2007) Ten little Chinese devils
• Médecine chinoise à l'usage des assassins (2007) Chinese Medicine for murderers
• Guide de survie d'un juge en Chine (2008) Survival guide for the Chinese judge
• Panique sur la Grande Muraille (2008) Panic on the Great Wall
• Le Mystère du jardin chinois (2009) The Chinese Garden Mystery
• Diplomatie en kimono (2009) Diplomacy in a Kimono
• Thé vert et arsenic (2010) Arsenic and green tea
• Un Chinois ne ment jamais (2010) A Chinese never lies
• Divorce à la chinoise (2011) Chinese-style Divorce
• Meurtres sur le fleuve Jaune (2011) The Yellow River Murders

By the author Zhu Xiao Di

• Tales of Judge Dee (2006), set in the time when Judge Dee is in Poo-yang (AD 669-670)

By the author Sven Roussel

• La Dernière Enquète du Juge Ti (2008) set at the end Judge Dee's term of service in Lan Fang (AD 675)

By authors Eleanor Cooney & Daniel Alteri

• Deception: A Novel of Mystery and Madness in Ancient China, ISBN 0-380-70872-8

By Lin Qianyu (林千羽)

• 狄仁杰 通天帝国 (2010), tie-in novel of Tsui Hark 2010 film: Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame, ISBN 978-7-5385-4859-4

Filmography

Judge Dee has been adapted for television twice in English.

• In 1969, Howard Baker produced six Judge Dee stories for Granada Television. These episodes were in black and white and were not a ratings success. The series was criticised for using an English actor, Michael Goodliffe, with unconvincing make-up to play the Judge.
• In 1974, Gerald Isenberg adapted the novel The Haunted Monastery into a television movie, titled Judge Dee and the Monastery Murders. It starred Khigh Dhiegh as Judge Dee. With the exception of the star (who generally played East Asian roles but was of English and North African descent), the movie had an all-Asian cast, including Mako, Soon-Tek Oh, Keye Luke, and James Hong. The writing was credited to Nicholas Meyer and Robert van Gulik. It was nominated for an Edgar Award, for Best Television Feature or Miniseries in 1975.

Some of Robert van Gulik's Judge Dee stories have been adapted for Chinese TV by CCTV. As of 2012, four different DVD series are available with one series so far with English subtitles. CCTV produced series in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. The series from 2010, entitled "Detective Di Renjie" has been produced on DVD by Tai Seng entertainment with English subtitles.

2010 saw the release of the film Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame, directed by Tsui Hark. In 2013, Tsui Hark followed up with Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon, a prequel set in Luoyang when Dee first secures a post with the Da Lisi and attracts the notice of the Empress Wu Zetian.

See also

• Early Chinese detective fiction

References

• A scholar of American detective fiction explores the historical Chinese figures, the tradition of the Chinese detective story, China and Chinese in American literature, and van Gulick's adaptations.

External links

• Judge Dee: Character chronology and information about the author (English)
• The Judge Dee website by Sven Roussel
• Fansite containing detailed publishing history in various languages (English) and (Dutch)