Kostur dialect

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  Kostur dialect
File:Bulgarian-Greek dictionary page (Vatican Archive, San Pietro, C152, Fol134v).jpg
Page from „Ἀρχὴ ἐν βουλγαρίοις ριμάτον εἰς κῑνῆ γλότα ἐρχομένη”, a Bulgarian-Greek dictionary from the 16th century written in Kostur dialect.

The Kostur dialect (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., Kosturski dijalekt) is a member of the Southwestern subgroup of the Southeastern group of dialects of the Macedonian language.[1] This dialect is mainly spoken in and around the town of Kastoria, known locally in Macedonian as Kostur, and in the surrounding Korešta region, (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) which encompasses most of the area to the northwest of the town. The Kostur dialect is also partially spoken in Albania, most notably in Bilisht and the village of Vërnik (Vrabnik).[2] The dialect is partially preserved among the ″people of Bulgarian origin in Mustafapaşa and Cemilköy, Turkey, descending from the village of Agios Antonios (Zhèrveni) in Kostur region (Aegean Macedonia)″.[3]

The Kostur dialect shares strong similarities with the Nestram-Kostenar dialect and the Korča dialect. Bulgarian linguist Stoyko Stoykov regarded the Nestram dialect as a subgroup of the Kostur dialect, part of Bulgarian dialects.[4] Other Bulgarian linguists also regard the dialect as a Bulgarian dialect.[5][6]

Phonological characteristics

  • PSl. *ǫ → [ən] (and [əŋ]) and [əm], but also isolated instances of [ə], [a̹], [u̯ɔ], [a] and [u];[4]
    • PSl. *sǫtь > [sənt], PSl. *krǫgъ > [krəŋk], PSl. *gǫba > [ˈgəmba], PSl. *pǫtь > [pət] ~ [pa̹t] ~ [pu̯ɔt], PSl. *mǫka > [ˈmaka], *kǫtja > [ˈkuca].
  • PSl. *ę → [en] (and [eŋ]) and [em];[4]
    • PSl. *govędo > [goˈvendo], PSl. *zvękъ > [d͡zveŋk], PSl. *(j)erębica > [eremˈbit͡sa].
  • PSl. *ě → [e];
    • PSl. *mlěko (← *melko) > [ˈmleko].
  • PSl. *ъ and *ь → [o] and [e], respectively;[4]
    • PSl. *sladъkъ (← *soldъkъ) > [ˈsɫadok], PSl. *dьnь > [den].
  • PSl. *tj (and *kt) and *dj → [ʃt͡ʃ] and [ʒ] (or, less commonly, [ʒd͡ʒ]), respectively, but also isolated instances of [c] and [ɟ];[4]
    • PSl. *světja > [ˈsveʃt͡ʃa], PSl. *medja > [ˈmeʒa] ~ [ˈmeʒd͡ʒa], PSl. *dъkti > [ˈcerka].
  • In some subdialects, the distinction between PSl. *i and *y is preserved (i.e. they have not merged to *i as in other Macedonian dialects).[7]
  • Fixed stress. The stress is on the penult, although there are exceptions. It is valid when not taken into account the definite morphemes.[8]

Morphological characteristics

  • Third-person personal pronouns: masc. [toj], fem. [ˈtaja], neut. [to], pl. [ˈtija] ('he, she, it, they').[4]

Usage

The dialect is commonly viewed as one of the most divergent forms of the Macedonian dialect continuum. Today it is primarily restricted to oral communication among native speakers; however, in the past the dialect was frequently used in its written form. As late as the Greek Civil War the dialect was being used in newspapers and other print. The Nova Makedonka (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., New Macedonian Woman) newspaper published in the period 1948–1949, was published both in the Kostur dialect and in Greek.[9] The Edinstvo newspaper published from 1947 to 1949 also solely made use of the Kostur dialect.[10]

In 2011 a memoir book in the Kostur dialect using a Bulgarian orthography was published in Sofia, Bulgaria.[11]

Research

In the Vatican Apostolic Archive is preserved a dictionary called in Greek: Ἀρχὴ ἐν βουλγαρίοις ριμάτον εἰς κῑνῆ γλότα ἐρχομένη from the 16th century, written in Kostur dialect with Greek letters.[12] This title was translated by the linguist Aleksandar Nichev in Bulgarian as "Начални думи у българите, които се отнасят към народния език", i.e. "Simple Bulgarian words, that refer to the common language".[13][14] The dictionary was published firstly in 1958 in Paris, under the title "Macedonian lexicon from the XVI сentury" (in French: Un lexique Macedonien du XVIe siecle).[15] The dictionary reflects features of the Kostur dialect in its old form, the most specific characteristic of which is the presence of the East Bulgarian dialectal Yat vowel, which gave Ivan Kochev reason to assume that the Yat border in the Middle Ages reached as far east as Kostur and Korcha.

The first modern written materials in the Kostur dialect were of different types of folklore texts, such as songs and folk tales, which were collected in the 19th century. The Bulgarian folklorists Miladinov brothers published 13 folk songs from region of Kostur in their important collection of folk songs, Bulgarian Folk Songs.[16] In Western European Slavic studies relevant to the research of the dialect is the book by André Mazon about the Slavic songs and the dialects from southwestern Macedonia, published in 1923.[17]

The most complete study of the Kostur dialect was written by the Bulgarian linguist Blagoy Shklifov, himself a native of the Kostur region.[18] The first complete dictionary of the Kostur dialect was published by Blagoy Shklifov.[19] Afterwards, Shklifov analyzed his native Kostur dialect, comparing it and standard Bulgarian with Old Church Slavonic, and explained the development of many sounds in Bulgarian language, notably ѫ.[20]

References

  1. ↑ Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: (Обид за класификација). Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: научен собир, Скопје 23-24 декември 1991. Скопје: МАНУ, 1994, стр. 23-60.
  2. ↑ According to some dialectologists the dialect of Vrabnik is a part from Kostur dialect only in general terms – see Христова, Евдокия. Българска реч от Албания. Говорът на село Връбник, Университетско издателство “Неофит Рилски”, Благоевград 2003, с. 10 [Hristova, Evdokia. Bulgarian speech from Albania. The dialect of the village Vrabnik, University Press "Neophyte Rilski", Blagoevgrad 2003, p. 10.] (in Bulgarian)
  3. ↑ Koroloff, Larry Labro. Notes on the Dialect of Zhèrveni, Kostur Region, as Spoken by Their Descendants in Mustafapaşa and Cemilköy, Turkey. In: „Slověne“, No.2, p. 112-116.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Стойков, Стойко. Българска диалектология. София, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов“, 2002, стр. 181.
  6. ↑ Kocheva, Ana; Choleva-Dimitrova, Anna; Micheva, Vanya; Nikolov, Georgi; Vasileva, Lilyana; Antonova-Vasileva, Luchia; Kaytchev Naoum; Pavlov, Plamen; Barlieva, Slavia; Keremidchieva, Slavka; Tashev, Spas; Aleksandrova, Tatyana. On the Official Language of The Republic of North Macedonia, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2020, р. 51, 52, 55, ISBN 978-619-245-081-6
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Шклифов, Благой и Екатерина Шклифова, Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 9, 17–18 (Shklifov, Blagoy and Ekaterina Shklifova. Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia, Sofia 2003, p. 9, 17–18)
  9. ↑ Boro Mokrov, Tome Gruevski, Overview of Macedonian Print (1885–1992), Skopje, 1993, pp. 150–151
  10. ↑ Risto Kirjazovski, Macedonian print in the Aegean Part of Macedonia during the Greek Civil War, Skopje, 1971, "History" 8(2), pp. 93–119
  11. ↑ Шклифов, Благой. На кол вода пиехме. Записки за Христовите мъки на българите в Егейска Македония през ХХ век, София 2011, 399 с. [Shklifov, Blagoy. At stake drinking water, Notes on Christ's passion of Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia during the twentieth century, Sofia 2011] (in Bulgarian)
  12. ↑ Vat. Archivio San Pietro C 152, fol. 134.
  13. ↑ Ничев, Александър. Костурският българо-гръцки речник от XVI век, УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1987
  14. ↑ Илиева, Лилия. Нови данни за българската поезия през ХVІ и ХVІІ век // Филологически факултет, Югозападен университет „Неофит Рилски“.
  15. ↑ Giannelli, Ciro, André Vaillant. Un lexique Macedonien du XVIe siecle. Paris, Institut d'Études slaves de l'Université de Paris, 1958.
  16. ↑ Бѫлгарски народни пѣсни. Собрани отъ братья Миладиновци, Димитрıя и Константина и издадени отъ Константина. Въ Загребъ. Въ книгопечатница-та на А. Якича, 1861, с. 386–389. [Miladinov, Dimitar and Konstantin Miladinov, Bulgarian Folk Songs, Zagreb 1861, p. 386-389] (in Bulgarian)
  17. ↑ Mazon, André. Contes slaves de la Macédoine sud-occidentale: étude linguistique; textes et traduction; notes de folklore, Paris, 236 p.
  18. ↑ Шклифов, Благой, Костурският Говор, София, 1973
  19. ↑ Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VIII, с. 201–328 (Shklifov, Blagoy. The dictionary of Kostur dialect, Sofia 1977, Bulgarian Dialectology, Sofia 1977, vol. VIII, p. 201-328)
  20. ↑ Тот, Имре. Предговор към Шклифов, Благой. Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори, София 1995, с. 7–8 (Thoth, Imre. Preface, in: Shklifov, Blagoy. Problems of the Bulgarian dialectal phonology from the point of view of the Macedonian dialects, Sofia 1995, p. 7-8)

Literature

  • Стойко Стойков за Костурския говор (Българска диалектология, С. 2002, с. 181–182) – Stoykov, Stoyko. Bulgarian Dialectology, Sofia 2002 (in Bulgarian).
  • Кузов, Аргир. https://www.strumski.com/books/A_Kuzov_Kosturskijat_Govor.pdf
  • Ничев, Александър. Костурският българо-гръцки речник от XVI век. С., 1987, 82 с. (Nichev, Alexander. The Bulgarian-Greek Dictionary from Kostur From the 16th Century, Sofia 1987, 82 p.)
  • Матов, Д. Остатъци от звуковете ън, ъм, ен, ем в Костурския говор. – Книжици, 1889, No. 1, 17 – 26.
  • Видоески, Божидар – Фонолошки опис на говорот на село Тиолишча (Костурско). Прилози МАНУ, 4, 1979, No.2, 5–16.
  • Королов, Лари-Лабро (Канада) Развоят на праславянските *tj/ktj и *dj/gdj в диалектите на четири села в Югозападна Македония, Македонски преглед, 2018, кн. 4 с. 109 – 116
  • Королов, Лари-Лабро Бележка за формите на лексемата „български“ в диалектите на Югозападна и Южна Централна Македония Македонски преглед, 2020, кн. 1 c. 145 – 148
  • Королов, Лари-Лабро (Канада). Диалектен текст от село Въмбел, Костурско. Свидетелство за миналото на българите в южна Македония през първата половина на XX век. // Македонски преглед XLV (3). 2022. с. 68 - 79.
  • Королов, Лари –Лабро. „Два диалектни текста с исторически свидетелства от селата Габреш и Дреновени, Костурско“, Македонски преглед, година XLVI/2, 2023, стр. 143 - 154
  • Шклифов, Благой. Глаголната система на костурския говор. – Език и литература, 1967, No. 3, 82 – 91.
  • Шклифов, Благой. Костурският говор, София 1973. (Shklifov, Blagoy. The Kostur dialect, Sofia 1973) https://www.strumski.com/books/b_shklifov_kosturskiot_govor_1973.pdf
  • Шклифов, Благой. Фразеологичен речник на село Черешница, Костурско, София, 2016 (Shklifov, Blagoy. Phraseological Dictionary of the Dialect of the Village of Chereshnitsa, Kostur District. Sofia, 2016)
  • Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VIII, с. 201 – 328. (Shklifov, Blagoy. Dictionary of the Kostur Dialect, Bulgarian Dialectology, Sofia, 1977.
  • Шклифов, Благой. Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, 287 с., в съавторство с Екатерина Шклифова (Shklifov, Blagoy, Shklifova, Ekaterina. Bulgarian Dialect Texts from Aegean Macedonia, Sofia, 2003.
  • Шклифов, Благой. Глаголната система на костурския говор. – Език и литература, 1967, No. 3, 82 – 91.
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