Kouloughlis

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Kuloughlis
Total population
(Estimates range between 10 million[1] to 30 million[2][3]
Percentage of Turkish origin:
At least 5% of Libya's population[4]
5%-25% of Algeria's population.[5][6]
25% of Tunisia's population[6])
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Sunni Islam

Kouloughlis, also spelled Koulouglis,[7] Cologhlis and Qulaughlis (from Ottoman Turkish kuloğlu "children of servants", kul "servant" + oğlu "son of") was a term used during the Ottoman period to designate the creole offspring of usually Turkish men and Arab women.[8][9][10]

The phrase comes from the fact that the rulers of the Ottoman Empire conquered much of Arab world and sent Turkish people to Ottoman Algeria, Ottoman Egypt, Ottoman Libya, and Ottoman Tunisia. Unlike the Franco-Algerians (pieds-noirs) and the North African Jews, descendants of the Kouloughlis have largely integrated into their local societies after independence.

Migration to North Africa

According to the Turco-Libyan historian Orhan Koloğlu, throughout the 300 years of Ottoman rule in North Africa, the Ottoman administration ensured that Turkish soldiers from the Ocak, rather than the Janissaries, formed at least 5% of the regions population.[11] Turkish-speaking Anatolians were considered to be the ideal migrants to ensure the Turkification of the region. Furthermore, the authorities placed a ban on Turkish speakers from using the Arabic language; this allowed the Turkish language to remain the prestigious language of the region till the nineteenth century.[11] Koloğlu has estimated that approximately 1 million Ottoman soldiers from Anatolia migrated to the Cezayir Eyalet (Ottoman Algeria), the Tunus Eyalet (Ottoman Tunisia), and the Eyālet-i Trâblus Gârp (Ottoman Tripolitania), usually departing from the port of Izmir.[11]

Turkish women in North Africa

Although the term "kuloğlu" implied the term "son of", the Turkish population in North Africa was not solely made up of men. Indeed, Turkish-speaking Anatolian women also migrated to the region. Moreover, the offspring of Turkish men and Arab women would have included females too. Up until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, upper class women in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia were mostly of Turkish origin. This Turkish elite held a deep kinship for the Ottoman state, which increased further during the Italo-Turkish War in favour of the Ottoman state.[12]

Population

In 2015 the Yeni Şafak journalist Abdullah Muradoğlu suggested that at least 10 million Turks were still living in North Africa.[1] However, another 2015 estimate in the report by the Anadolu Agency correspondent Satuk Buğra Kutlugün suggests that there is a total of at least 30 million people of Turkish origin in North Africa.[2][3]

Legacy

Religion

The majority of Turkish-speaking Ottoman Muslims adhered to the Hanafi school of Islam, in contrast to the majority of the North African subjects, who followed the Maliki school.[13] Today the Hanafi school is still followed by the descendants of Turkish families who remain in the region.[14] Traditionally, their mosques are in the Ottoman architectural style and are particularly identifiable from their Turkish-style octagonal minarets.[14]

Language

Words and expressions from the Turkish language, to varying degrees, are still used in most varieties of spoken Arabic in North Africa and the Middle East. For example, in Algeria an estimated 634 Turkish words are still used today.[15] Approximately 800 to 1,500 Turkish loanwords are still used in Egypt, and between 200 to 500 in Libya and Tunisia.[16] Turkish loanwords have also been influential in countries which were never conquered by the Ottomans, such as in Morocco. Furthermore, the Turks also introduced words from the Persian language to the region, which were originally borrowed for the Ottoman Turkish language.[17]

The majority of Turkish loanwords in Arabic are used for private life (such as food and tools), law and government, and the military.

Food

Ottoman rule left a profound influence on the cuisine of North Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkans. Hence, even today, many dishes produced in different countries throughout these regions are derived from the same name, usually a variation of a Turkish word (such as baklava and dolma).[18]

Turkish origin word Arabic Countries using the word
baklava baqlawa Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia[19]
boza büza Algeria, Egpyt, Tunisia[19]
börek Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia[19]
bulgur burgul Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia[19]
çevrime (döner) sawurma/sawirma Egypt, Libya[19]
dondurma dandurma, dundurma Egypt[19]
kavurma qawurma, qawirma Algeria, Egypt[19]
köfte kufta Egypt, Tunisia[19]
pastırma bastirma Algeria, Egypt, Libya[19]
sucuk suğuk Egypt[20]
turşu torshi Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia[20]

Tools

Turkish origin word Arabic Countries using the word English translation
balta balta Egypt, Libya[20] ax
cezve cezve Tunisia[20] pot
çengel sankal Egypt, Tunisia[20] hook
kazan qazan Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia[20] cauldron
kılavuz qalawuz Egypt[20] guide, leader
tava tawwaya Egypt, Tunisia[20] pan
tel tayyala Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia[20] wire, fiber, string
tokmak duqmaq Egypt[20] mallet, door-knocker, wooden pestle
yay yay Egypt[20] straight or curved spring

Military

Turkish origin word Arabic Countries using the word English translation
miralay mīralāy Libya colonel[21]
vapur bābūr Libya boat[21]

Other words

Turkish origin word Arabic Countries using the word English translation
cüzdan dizdān Libya wallet[21]
çanta šǝnṭa Libya bag[21]
çekiç šākūš Libya Algeria hammer[21]
çeşme šīšma Libya tap, fountain[21]
kâǧıt kāġǝṭ Libya Algeria paper[21]
kaşık kāšīk Libya spoon[21]
kundura kindara Libya shoe[21]
şişe šīša Libya bottle[21]

Arts and Literature

The capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (Istanbul), was the central location where specialists in art, literature, and the scientists from all over the provinces would gather to present their work. Hence, many people were influenced here and would borrow from the masterpieces they came into contact with. Consequently, the Arabic language adopted several technical terms of Turkish origin as well as artistic influences.[22]

Music

The cultural interaction between the Arabs and Turks influenced the music of the Arab provinces significantly. New maqamat in Arabic music emerged (i.e. Makam, a Turkish system of melody types), such as al-Hijazkar, Shahnaz and Naw’athar, as well as technical music terminologies.[22]

Theatre

The Turks introduced the Karagöz puppet show, which concerns the adventures of two stock characters: Karagöz (meaning "black-eyed" in Turkish) and Hacivat (meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim"). Evening performances of the show are particularly popular during Ramadan in North Africa.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Pan 1949, 103.
  5. ↑ Oxford Business Group 2008, 10.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hizmetli 1953, 10.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Daumas 1943, 54.
  9. ↑ Ruedy 2005, 39.
  10. ↑ Lorcin 1999, 2.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Khalidi 1991, xvii.
  13. ↑ Kia 2011, 153.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jacobs & Morris 2002, 460.
  15. ↑ Benrabah 2007, 49.
  16. ↑ Prochazka 2004, 191.
  17. ↑ Abu-Haidar 1996, 119.
  18. ↑ Kia 2011, 225.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Prochazka 2004, 194.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 Prochazka 2004, 195.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 Benkato 2014, 90.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 İhsanoğlu 2003, 111.
  23. ↑ Box 2005, 27.

Bibliography

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