List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes

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File:NCVP map.png
Minor and major volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, including the Queen Charlotte, Denali and Tintina fault zones

The geography of northwestern British Columbia and Yukon, Canada is dominated by volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province formed due to continental rifting of the North American Plate. It is the most active volcanic region in Canada.[1] Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Tseax Cone for its catastrophic eruption estimated to have occurred in the 18th century which was responsible for the death of at least 2,000 Nisga'a people from poisonous volcanic gases,[2] the Mount Edziza volcanic complex for at least 20 eruptions throughout the past 10,000 years, and The Volcano (also known as Lava Fork volcano) for the most recent eruption in Canada during 1904.[3] The majority of volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province lie in Canada while a very small portion of the volcanic province lies in the U.S. state of Alaska.

Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province are a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The largest and most persistent volcanoes are the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and Level Mountain in northwestern British Columbia which have had volcanic activity for millions of years. In the past 7.5 million years, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex has had five phases of volcanic activity while Level Mountain north of Edziza has had three phases of volcanic activity in the past 14.9 million years.[4] The 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) Mount Edziza volcanic complex has been made into a provincial park since 1972 to protect its volcanic landscape. The 102 Northern Cordilleran volcanoes in the list below are grouped into their political regions in north-south order.

Scope

There is no single standard definition for a volcano. It can be defined from individual vents, volcanic edifices or volcanic fields. Interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded, creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. Many contemporary volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Some volcanoes are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, although individual vents are named by local people. The status of a volcano, either active, dormant or extinct, cannot be defined precisely. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its historical records, potassium-argon dating, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities.

The primary source of the list below is taken from the Geological Survey of Canada website, compiled by the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada, in which Northern Cordilleran volcanoes in the past 66.4 million years are listed.[5] The Geological Survey of Canada use a catalogue of volcanoes grouped by volcano fields, lava fields and mountain ranges.[5] The Geological Survey of Canada list is the most complete list of volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, but work of understanding the frequency and eruption characteristics at volcanoes in Canada is a slow process.[6] This is because most of Canada's dormant and potentially active volcanoes are located in isolated jagged regions, very few scientists study Canadian volcanoes and the provision of money in the Canadian government is limited.[6] Because of these issues, scientists that study Canada's volcanoes have a basic understanding of Canada's volcanic heritage and how it might impact people in the future.[6] Therefore, instead of using the dates of recorded eruptions, the Geological Survey of Canada mostly uses geological epochs for estimating when a volcano last erupted. Geological epoches include the Cenozoic (66.4 million years ago to present)[7] and its subdivisions Miocene (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago),[8] Pliocene (5.3 to 1.6 million years ago),[9] Quaternary (1.6 million years ago to present),[10] Pleistocene (1.6 to 0.01 million years ago)[11] and Holocene (0.01 million years ago to present).[12]

Political groups

Alaska

The northernmost portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province extends just across the Alaska-Yukon border into the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area of eastcentral Alaska. Here, a single cinder cone, dated at 177,000 years old occurs within the metamorphic and granitic composed upland of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane.[4][13] Prindle Volcano is approximately 31 km (19 mi) west of the Alaska-Yukon border.[4]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Prindle Volcano Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Yukon

File:Alligator Lake.jpg
Alligator Lake (right-middle) and the Alligator Lake volcanic field

The central portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province extends through Yukon where very few Northern Cordilleran volcanoes exist. Near the junction of the Yukon and Pelly rivers in central Yukon lies the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field.[14] It is the northernmost Holocene age volcanic field in Canada, consisting of a sequence of valley-filling basalt and basanite lava flows.[14] Further south near the capital city of Whitehorse, a group of volcanoes and lava flows were constructed near Alligator Lake possibly in the past 10,000 years.[15]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Volcano Mountain Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Fort Selkirk Vent Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ne Ch'e Ddhawa Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ibex Mountain Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Watson Lake Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Erupted products
Name Type Age Location
Clinton Creek Lava flow Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Forty Mile Unknown Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Moose Creek Unknown Cenozoic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sixty Mile Unknown Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Rosebud Creek Lava flow Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Yukon River Lava flow Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Holbrook Creek Lava flow Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mushroom Lava flow Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pelly Formation Lava flow Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Wolverine Formation Lava flow Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Minto Lava flow Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Miles Canyon Basalts Lava flow Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

British Columbia

Over half of the Northern Cordilleran volcanoes are located in northwestern British Columbia. This portion is where the most recent eruptions in Canada and of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province have occurred, including the catastrophic 18th century eruption of Tseax Cone and the 1904 eruption of The Volcano.[3][16]

The Northern Cordilleran volcanoes of British Columbia comprises shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, lava domes and a large number of small cinder cones and associated lava plains.[4] The Northern Cordilleran volcanoes of northwestern British Columbia are disposed along short, northerly trending segments which are unmistakably involved with north-trending rift structures including synvolcanic grabens and grabens with one major fault line along only one of the boundaries (half-grabens) similar to those associated with the East African Rift, which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa.[4]

Volcanoes
Name Type Last eruption Location
Volcanic Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cracker Creek Cone Cinder cone Quaternary Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ruby Mountain Cinder cone Historic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Iverson Creek Volcano Outcrop Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Toozaza Peak Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Klinkit Lake Peak Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Klinkit Creek Peak Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Gabrielse Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mount Sanford Outcrop Cenozoic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cottonwood Peak Outcrop Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ash Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Chakatah Creek Peak Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Caribou Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
South Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mathews Tuya Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tuya Butte Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Isspah Butte Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mount Josephine Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Chikoida Mountain Outcrop Cenozoic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Meehaz Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kawdy Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Nuthinaw Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tutsingale Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Dark Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Heart Peaks Shield volcano Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Swinton Creek Volcano Outcrop Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Little Eagle Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Meszah Peak Outcrop Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Dome Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Level Mountain Shield volcano Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Enid Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kana Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sidas Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Castle Rock Volcanic plug Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Eve Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Triplex Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Twin Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sleet Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Williams Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Klastline Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tsekone Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Storm Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Moraine Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Glacier Dome Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Pyramid Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pillow Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sphinx Dome Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cinder Cliff Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Triangle Dome Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mount Edziza Stratovolcano Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Nanook Dome Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ice Peak Stratovolcano Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Icefall Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tennena Cone Subglacial mound Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ridge Cone Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Neck Volcanic plug Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cocoa Crater Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pharaoh Dome Lava dome Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Coffee Crater Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Saucer Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Keda Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sezill Volcano Lava dome Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Camp Hill Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Walkout Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
IGC Centre Lava dome Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cartoona Ridge Lava dome Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tadeda Centre Lava dome Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cache Hill Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Armadillo Peak Stratovolcano Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mess Lake Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Little Iskut Outcrop Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Ash Pit Volcanic crater Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Spectrum Range Shield volcano Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Outcast Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Maitland Volcano Shield volcano Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Exile Hill Cinder cone Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Spectrum Dome Lava dome Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Yeda Peak Lava dome Pliocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tadekho Hill Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Nahta Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Wetalth Ridge Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Source Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Thaw Hill Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Little Bear Mountain Tuya Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hoodoo Mountain Stratovolcano Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tom MacKay Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Iskut Canyon Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Snippaker Creek Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cinder Mountain Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cone Glacier Volcano Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
King Creek Cone Subglacial mound Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Volcano Cinder cone Historic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Seconed Canyon Cone Cinder cone Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Thumb Volcanic plug Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tseax Cone Cinder cone Historic Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Crow Lagoon Cinder cone Pleistocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Erupted products
Name Type Age Location
Anderson Bay Lava flow Miocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Desolation Lava Field Lava field Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Snowshoe Lava Field Lava field Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sheep Track Pumice Pumice deposit Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mess Lake Lava Field Lava field Holocene Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
File:Mount Edziza northwest.jpg
Northwestern flank of Mount Edziza
File:Heart Peaks and Level Mountain.jpg
Satellite image of Level Mountain (middle) and Heart Peaks (upper-left corner)
An open cone-shaped mountain rising above a plateau with a glaciated mountain towering in the background.
Eve Cone lying in the Desolation Lava Field
File:Level Mountain valley.jpg
Level Mountain with extensive elevated plateau in the foreground
File:North side hoodoo mountain.jpg
Hoodoo Glacier and lava flows on the flanks of Hoodoo Mountain
Open area of lava beds right by a road.
Nass valley lava beds formed by eruptions of the Tseax Cone
A valley filled with rugged rock in a mountainous area.
Recently extruded basaltic lava at the Blue River

See also

References

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External links

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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