List of animal names

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"Young animal" redirects here. For the manga magazine, see Young Animal.
File:Mother sea otter with sleeping pup.jpeg
Mother sea otter with sleeping pup, Morro Bay, California

Many animals, particularly domesticated, have been given specific names for males, females, young, and groups.

The best known source of many of the bizarre words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Dame Juliana Berners.[1]

Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]

Generic terms

The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.

Animal Young Female Male Collective noun Collateral adjective Trivial name
Aves chick hen cock flock avian bird
Bovidae calf cow (bred), heifer (not bred) bull, steer (castrated) herd bovine cattle; cows
Canidae puppy, pup,[5] cub bitch dog pack canine dog
Equidae colt (male), filly (female), foal jenny (asses), mare (other equids) jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) herd equine horse
Felidae kitten, cub queen tom clowder feline cat
Osteichthyes fry, fingerling ? ? school, shoal piscine, ichthyic bony fish

Terms by species or taxon

Animal Young Female Male Collective noun Collateral adjective Culinary noun for meat
A
Aardvark cub sow boar N/A orycteropodian
Albatross chick N/A N/A flock[6]
rookery[7]
gam (when searching for mates)[8]		 ?
Alligator hatchling cow bull congregation[9] eusuchian
Alpaca cria ? ? herd camelid
Ant larva
pupa		 queen (fertile)
worker
soldier		 drone army[10]
bike[10]
colony[10][11]
nest[9]
swarm[10]		 formic
myrmicine
Anteater pup sow boar N/A ?
Antelope calf[12] doe buck herd[10][13]
cluster[10][13]
tribe[10][13]		 alcelaphine
bubaline
antilopine
Ape infant N/A N/A shrewdness[2][9][13][14]
troop[9][10][13]
 simian
Armadillo pup
baby		 sow boar N/A cingulatan
Ass/donkey foal jenny jack herd[10]
coffle[10][13]
drove[9][10][13]
pace[10][11][13]		 asinine
B
Baboon infant N/A ? flange[15][note 1]
troop[2][9][15]		 ?
Badger cub
kit		 sow boar cete[2][9][11][15]
colony[15]
 musteline
Barracuda ? ? ? school[16] percesocine
Bat pup N/A N/A cloud[15][17]
colony[11][15]
flock[18]		 pteropine
noctillionine
Bear (list) cub[19] sow
she-bear		 boar sleuth[9][11][15]
sloth[9][11][15]		 ursine
Beaver kit
kitten
pup		 N/A N/A family[9]
colony[9][15]		 castoridine
Bee larva
pupa		 queen
worker [note 2]		 drone cast (a second swarm)[15]
cluster (of workers around the queen)[15]
colony[15]
drift[2][15]
erst[2][15]
grist[9][15]
hive[2][9][15]
nest[9]
rabble[15]
stand[15]
swarm[2][9][15]		 apic
apian
apiarian
Bird (list)
Also see Aves		 chick hen cock flock[2]
flight[2]
pod[2]		 avian
Bison calf cow bull herd bovine
bubaline
Boar (wild pig)
Also see Pig		 piglet
farrow
shoat/shote (just weaned)
 sow ? herd[15][20]
singular[9][20]

Groups of 12 or more
sounder[9][20]		 ?
Buffalo, African
(for American buffalo, see Bison)		 calf cow, heifer bull herd[9][11][15]
troop[9]
gang[9][11][15]
obstinancy[9][11][15]		 ?
Butterfly caterpillar
larva
pupa
chrysalis		 ? ? flight[15]
flutter[9]
rabble[15]
 pieridine
pierine
lepidopteran
C
Camel calf cow bull caravan[9]
flock[9]
herd
train[9]		 camelid
cameline
Caribou calf doe buck herd rangiferine
Cassowary hatchling
chick		 ? ? N/A ratite
Cat (list) kitten
kit		 molly
queen
pussy		 tom
gib (castrated male)[21]		 clowder[2][9]
cluster[9]
clutter[22]
glaring[2][9]
pounce[9]
kindle (kittens)[23]
litter (kittens)
 feline
Caterpillar ? ? ? army[9][24] ?
Cattle[note 3] (list) calf[25] cow[26] bull herd[9]
drove[9]
yoke (oxen)
team (oxen)		 bovine[note 4]
taurine (male)
vaccine (female)
vituline (young)		 beef
veal
Chamois calf doe bull herd rupicaprine
Cheetah cub ? ? coalition (male)[27] ?
Chicken (list) chick hen
pullet		 rooster
cock
cockerel
capon (castrated male)		 flock
brood[9]
peep (chicks)[9]
clutch (eggs)		 galline poultry
Chimpanzee infant empress blackback ? panine
Chinchilla kit velvet
sow		 boar
bull		 ? chinchilline
Chough chick ? ? chattering[2][14][28]
clattering[2][14][29]		 corvine
Coati pup
kit		 sow boar troop nasuine
Cobra ? ? ? quiver[30] elapid
Cockroach nymph ? ? intrusion[30] blattid
Cod codling ? ? school
 gadoid
gadine
Cormorant chick
shaglet		 ? ? gulp[9][11][30]
flight		 ?
Coyote pup
puppy
cub
whelp		 bitch dog pack canine
Crab N/A hen
jenny		 cock
jimmy		 ? cancrine
Crane chick
colt[31]		 ? ? herd
sedge[11]
sege[32]
siege[33]		 alectorine
Crocodile hatchling cow bull bask[9]
congregation
float[9]
nest		 crocodilian
Crow ? ? ? murder[2][9] corvine
Curlew ? ? ? herd[2][14] ?
D
Deer calf[12]
fawn		 doe
hind
cow[12]		 buck
stag
bull[12]
hart (red deer)		 bunch[34]
herd[34]
mob[34]
rangale[34]		 cervine
elaphine		 venison
humble (organ meat)
Dinosaur (list) hatchling
juvenile		 cow bull herd (herbivores)
pack (carnivores)		 dinosaurian
Dog (list) pup[5]
puppy
whelp[35]		 bitch
 dog
stud
sire		 pack (wild)[11][34]
kennel[34]
mute[11]
litter (young)[36]
cowardice (curs)[11][37]
comedy (boxers)[38][39]
cry (hounds)[40]		 canine
Dogfish
Also see Shark		 ? ? ? troop[34] selachian
squaloid		 Spiny dogfish
capeshark (USA)
flake (UK, AUS)
huss (UK)
kahada (CAN)[41]
rigg (UK)
rock salmon (UK)
Dolphin calf
pup		 cow bull school[34]
pod
herd
team[34]		 delphine
Donkey (list)- See Ass
Dotterel ? ? ? trip[2][11] ?
Dove chick hen cock arc[9]
cote
dole[2][34]
dule[9][34]
flight[2][9][34]
piteousness[2][34]
pitying[9]		 columbine
Dragonfly nymph queen king
drake		 cluster
flight		 anisopteran
Duck (list)
Also see Mallard		 duckling duck
hen		 drake On land
flock
herd
badling[11]
brace[11]
safe[2]
sord[34]
sore[34]
waddling[34]

On water
bunch[2][34]
paddling[2][34]
raft[2][34]

In flight
skein[34]
string[34]
team[11][34]		 anatine
fuliguline		 poultry
Dugong calf cow bull herd dugongine
Dunlin chick ? ? fling[2] ?
E
Eagle eaglet
fledgling		 N/A N/A convocation[9][11] aquiline
Echidna puggle
(in common use, but not scientifically endorsed)		 ? ? N/A tachyglossine
Eel leptocephalus (larva)
elver (juvenile)		 N/A N/A bed[9]
swarm[9]
 anguilline
Eland calf cow bull herd ?
Elephant calf[25] cow[26] bull[42] herd
memory[9]		 elephantine
proboscine
proboscidean
Elephant seal calf cow bull herd
pack
 miroungan
Elk (wapiti) calf[12] cow[12] bull[12] gang[9]
herd[9]		 cervine venison
Emu chick
hatchling		 ? ? mob[9] ?
F
Falcon eyass/eyas falcon tiercel
tercel
terzel		 ? acciptrine
Ferret kit jill hob busyness[14]
business[9][11]		 musteline
Finch chick hen cock charm[11] fringilline
Fish (list) fry
fingerling		 ? ? school[3] piscine
Flamingo ? ? ? ? phoenicopterine
Fly maggot ? ? business[9]
cloud[9]
swarm[9]		 dipterous
Fox cub[19]
kit
pup[5]		 vixen tod
dog
reynard		 leash[9][11]
skulk[9][11]		 vulpine
Frog polliwog
tadpole
froglet		 ? ? army[11] ranine
G
Gaur calf cow bull herd bovine
gaurine		 garabeef
Gazelle calf[12] cow[12] bull[12] herd gazelline
Gerbil pup doe buck horde cricetine
Giant panda cub sow boar sleuth[43] ailuropodine
Giraffe calf cow bull herd
corps[44]
tower[44][45]		 giraffine
Gnat larva ? ? cloud[9][11][44]
horde[9][11][44]
rabble[44]
swarm[9][44]		 ?
Gnu calf cow bull herd
implausibility[46]		 ?
Goat (list) kid nanny
doe
doeling		 billy
buck
buckling
[note 5]		 herd
flock[44]
tribe[44]
trip[44]
trippe[44]		 caprine chevon
cabrito
mutton
Goldfinch ? ? ? charm[44] cardueline
Goosander ? ? ? dopping[44] ?
Goose gosling goose gander On land
flock
gaggle[11][44]
plump[44]

In flight
skein[2][11][44]
team[2][44]
wedge[2][44]		 anatine
anserine		 poultry
Gorilla infant N/A blackback
silverback		 band[9][11][44]
troop[9]
whoop[44]		 simian
Goshawk ? ? ? flight[14][44] ?
Grasshopper nymph ? ? cloud[44]
swarm[44]		 caeliferian
Grouse ? ? ? covey[44]
pack[44]		 tetraonine
Guanaco chulengo[47] ? ? herd camelid
Guinea fowl keet hen cock rasp[48]
flock[49]		 numidine poultry
Guinea pig pup sow boar herd ? cuy
Gull chick
 hen cock colony
flock		 larine
H
Hamster pup doe buck horde cricetid
Hare leveret doe
jill		 buck
jack		 band
down[50]
drove[50]
flick[50]
husk[50]		 leverine
leporine
Hawk eyas hen tiercel cast[51][note 6]
aerie[51][note 7]
staff[51][note 8]
leash[51][note 9]
flight[51][note 10]
flock[51]

Migrating in large groups
kettle[9][51]
boil[11][51]
cauldron[51]		 accipitrine
falconine
Hedgehog hoglet
piglet
pup		 sow boar array[50] erinaceine
Heron chick hen cock flight[50]
sedge[9][11][50]
sege[32][50]
siege[9][11][33][50]		 ardeidine
Herring ? ? ? army[11][50]
glean[50]
shoal[50]		 clupeidean
Hippopotamus calf cow bull bloat[9][11][50]
herd[50]
thunder[30]		 hippopotamine
Hornet larvae
pupae		 queen drone nest[11]
swarm		 vespine
Horse (list) foal
colt (male)
filly (female)
gelding (castrated male)		 mare
dam		 stallion
stud		 stable[9]
stud[11]
harras[11]
herd (wild horses)[9]
band (wild horses)[9]
team (work horses)[9][11]
rag (colts)[11]
string (ponies)[11]
field (racehorses)		 equine
Hummingbird chick hen cock ? trochiline
trochilidine
Hyena cub
pup
whelp		 bitch dog cackle[9][11] hyenine
I
Ibex kid nanny billy ? ?
Ibis chick ? ? ? threskiornithine
J
Jackal pup ? ? pack ?
Jaguar cub ? ? prowl[52]
leap[52]		 ?
Jay chick hen cock party[11]
scold[11]		 corvine
Jellyfish planula
polyp
ephyra[53]		 sow boar bloom
fluther[2]
smack[2][11]
smuth[7]		 scyphozoan
K
Kangaroo joey flyer
doe
jill
roo		 boomer
buck
jack		 court
herd
troop[11]
mob[54]		 macropodine
Kinkajou pup
kit		 sow boar troop
convergence		 potosine
Koala joey doe buck ? phascolarctine
Komodo dragon hatchling
chick
calf		 cow
hen		 bull
cock		 ? varanine
Kouprey calf cow bull herd sauveline
bovine
Kudu calf cow bull herd tragelaphine
L
Lapwing chick ? ? deceit[11][14]
desert[2]		 vanelline
Lark chick hen cock exaltation[2][14] alaudine
Lemur infant ? ? conspiracy[55]
 lemurine
Leopard cub leopardess leopard leap[2][9][11]
lepe[2]		 pardine
Lion cub[19] lioness lion pride
sawt
 leonine
Llama cria ? ? herd
flock		 camelid
Lobster ? hen[3] cock[3] ? homarine
Locust (list) nymph N/A N/A cloud
host
swarm		 caelifera
Loris infant colony[56] lorisine[57]
Louse nymph N/A N/A colony
 pediculine
Lyrebird chick hen cock ? menurine
M
Magpie chick hen cock flock garruline
Mallard
Also see Duck		 duckling hen greenhead[58] sord[2]
suit[2]		 anatine poultry
Mammoth calf cow bull herd
pack		 mammutine
Manatee calf cow bull herd manatine
sirenian
Mandrill infant N/A N/A horde simian
Mink cub
kit		 sow boar ? musteline
Mole pup sow boar ? talpine
Mongoose pup ? ? troop
committee
delegation		 herpestine
Monkey infant N/A N/A troop[2] simian
Moose calf[12] cow[12] bull[12][42] herd cervine venison
Mouse kitten
pup

As pet food
pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper[59]		 doe buck colony
nest		 murine
Mosquito nymph
wriggler
tumbler		 N/A N/A swarm
cloud		 aedine
anopheline
N
Narwhal calf ? ? ? ?
Newt eft[60] ? ? ? pleurodeline
Nightingale chick hen cock flock
 philomelian
O
Octopus fry hen[61] ? consortium[62] octopodine
Okapi calf cow bull herd okapine
Opossum joey jill jack passel didelphine
Ostrich hatchling
chick		 hen cock flock
troop		 ratite
struthious
Otter pup
whelp		 sow boar ? musteline
lutrine
Owl fledgling
owlet		 ? ? parliament[9]
 strigine
Oyster spat ? ? bed[9] ostracine
P
Panther cub pantheress ? ? pantherine
Parrot chick hen cock flock psittacine
Panda- See Giant panda
Partridge chick hen
chantelle		 cock ? perdicine
Peafowl chick
peachick		 peahen peacock ? pavonine poultry
Pelican chick
nestling		 ? ? pod[9] pelecanine
Penguin chick
nestling		 ? ? waddle (on land)[63][64]
raft (in water)[63]
rookery[63]
colony[63]
huddle[63]		 spheniscine
Pheasant chick hen cock flock
bouquet[9][11]
nest[11]
nide[11]
nye[9][11]		 phasianine
Pig (list)
Also see Boar		 piglet
farrow
shoat/shote (just weaned)		 sow (bred),
gilt (not bred)[65]		 boar
barrow (castrated)[66]		 drift[9][11][67]
drove[9][11]
litter (piglets)		 porcine
suilline		 pork
ham
bacon
Pigeon (list) squab
squeaker		 hen cock flock
flight[68]
kit[68]		 pullastrine squab
Polar bear cub sow boar aurora[69]
celebration[69]
pack[69]
 ursine
Pony- See Horse
Porcupine pup sow boar prickle[68] hystricine
Porpoise calf cow bull pod
school
shoal		 phocoenine
Prairie dog pup sow boar town cynomurine
Q
Quail chick hen cock bevy galliformine
Quelea chick hen cock flock
 queline
Quetzal nestling ? ? flock trogonine
R
Rabbit (list) bunny
kit
kitten
nestling		 doe
jill		 buck
jack		 nest
litter (young)
wrack (young)		 leporine
Raccoon cub
kit		 sow boar gaze
nursery
committee
smack
brace
troop		 procyonine
Ram
Also see Sheep		 lamb ewe ram flock arietine
ovine		 lamb
mutton
Rat (list) kitten
pup		 doe
cow		 buck
bull		 colony
horde		 murine
Raven chick hen cock unkindness corvine
Red deer calf hind stag
hart		 herd ? venison
Red panda cub sow boar pack ailuirine
Reindeer (caribou) calf cow bull herd rangiferine
Rhinoceros calf cow bull herd
crash[70]		 ceratorhine
Rook ? ? ? building[2]
parliament[2][71]		 ?
S
Salamander ? ? ? ? caudatan
salamandrine
Salmon parr[72] hen cock ? salmonine
Sand dollar larva pluteus (free swimming stage)
juvenile (young urchin)		 ? ? ? clypeasteroid
Sandpiper ? ? ? fling[73] scolopacine
Sardine ? ? ? family [73] ?
Sea lion pup
calf		 cow bull ? otarine
Sea urchin larva pluteus (free swimming stage)
juvenile (young urchin)		 ? ? ? ?
Seahorse seafoal seamare seastallion shoal hippocampal
Seal pup[5] cow bull herd[73]
pod[73]
rookery[73]		 phocine
Shark cub[19]
pup[74]		 ? bull ? selachian
squaloid		 flake (AUS)
Sheep (list)
Also see Ram		 lamb
lambkin
cosset		 ewe
dam		 ram[note 5]
buck		 flock
fold
herd		 ovine lamb
mutton
hoggett
Shrew shrewlet sow boar colony
drove		 soricine
Skunk kit sow boar[3] surfeit mephitine
Sloth kitten
pup
baby		 sow boar N/A xenarthran (broader group)
Snail ? ? ? escargatoire[73][75]
rout[73][76]
walk[73]		 gastropodian escargot
Snake  (list) snakelet
hatchling (a newly hatched snake)
neonate (newborn)		 N/A N/A nest
ball		 anguine
elapine
serpentine
viperine
ophidian
Spider  (list) spiderling ? ? cluster[73]
clutter[73]		 arachnine
arachnoid
Squirrel pup
kit
kitten		 doe buck scurry[30]
dray[68]		 sciurine
Starling ? ? ? chattering[9][28]
murmuration[2][9][11][14]		 sturnine
Swan cygnet
flapper		 pen cob flock lamentation cygnine
T
Tapir calf cow bull herd
 tapirine
Tarsier infant doe buck herd
 tarsiine
Termite larva cow bull colony
nest
swarm		 isopteran
Tiger cub[19]
whelp		 tigress tiger ambush[9]
streak[30]		 tigrine
Toad tadpole
toadlet		 N/A N/A knot[9][11] ranine
batrachian
Turkey (list) poult hen gobbler
stag
tom
jake (immature)		 rafter[77][78] ? poultry
Turtle hatchling N/A N/A bale[79] chelonian
U
V
Vicuña calf cow bull posse
herd		 cameline
W
Wallaby joey jill jack mob ?
Walrus calf cow bull herd
flock
 odobenine
Wasp larva queen
worker		 drone swarm
hive
colony
nest		 vespine
Water buffalo calf cow bull ? ? carabeef
Weasel pup
kit		 bitch
doe
jill		 buck
dog
hub
jack		 gang[13]
sneak[13]		 musteline
Whale calf[25] cow[26] bull pod
school		 cetacean
cetaceous		 blubber
Wolf pup[5]
puppy
cub
whelp		 bitch
she-wolf		 dog pack
 lupine
canine
Wolverine kit
whelp		 angeline wolverine pack
 musteline
Wombat joey jill jack peregrine ?
Wren chick cow bull ? troglodytine
X
Y
Yak calf cow bull herd ?
Z
Zebra colt
foal		 mare stallion herd[9][80]
cohort[80]
dazzle [81]
zeal[9][80]		 zebrine
hippotigrine

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
  2. ↑ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
  3. ↑ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
  4. ↑ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 A castrated male sheep or goat is a wether. See sheep for more names.
  6. ↑ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  7. ↑ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  8. ↑ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  9. ↑ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  10. ↑ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Pup"
  6. ↑ National Geographic Animals: Albatross http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross/
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms ().
  8. ↑ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.50 9.51 9.52 9.53 9.54 9.55 9.56 9.57 9.58 9.59 9.60 9.61 9.62 9.63 9.64 9.65 9.66 9.67 9.68 9.69 9.70 9.71 9.72 9.73 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.77 9.78 9.79 9.80 9.81 9.82 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 11.41 11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 11.46 11.47 11.48 11.49 11.50 11.51 11.52 11.53 11.54 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, ISBN 0-8117-0496-3
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 Beat about the Bush: Mammals, by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, January 1, 2008, page 362. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Cub"
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Gib Definition 2
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Definition of kindle by the Free Online Dictionary
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Calf"
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Cow"
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Definition of Chattering by the Free Online Dictionary
  29. ↑ Definition of Clattering by the Free Online Dictionary
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
  31. ↑ Gray, p. 594
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Definition of Sege by the Free Online Dictionary
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Definition of Siege by the Free Online Dictionary
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 34.16 34.17 34.18 34.19 34.20 34.21 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Bull"
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 44.11 44.12 44.13 44.14 44.15 44.16 44.17 44.18 44.19 44.20 44.21 44.22 44.23 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.7 51.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 [1][dead link]
  53. ↑ International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, ISBN 0-7614-7266-5, p. 1322
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company, [2]
  59. ↑ See Mouse#As food
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ New Zealand Penguins - Frequently Asked Questions
  65. ↑ Gilt Definition 2
  66. ↑ Barrow Definition 3
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.
  72. ↑ Definition of Parr by the Free Online Dictionary
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 73.8 73.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Definition of Escargatoire by the Free Online Dictionary
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus (2003), ISBN 0316735876, ISBN 9780316735872, "Collective Names for Creatures", p. 90 (accessed 3 March 2014)
  78. ↑ John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ The dictionary definition of dazzle at Wiktionary

Further reading

  • Peter Gray, "The encyclopedia of the biological sciences", 1970
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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