List of mills in Lancashire
This is a list of the cotton and other textile mills in Lancashire, England. The first mills were built in the 1760s, in Derbyshire using the Arkwright system and were powered by the water. When Stationary steam engines were introduced, they still needed water, so the mills were built along the rivers and canals. As a broad rule of thumb, spinning mills were built in the south east of the county, and weaving sheds to the north and west. Parts of Lancashire have been subsumed into Greater Manchester and Merseyside. Parts of Yorkshire are now included in this county.
Contents
- 1 Accrington
- 2 Bacup
- 3 Barnacre
- 4 Barnoldswick
- 5 Blackburn
- 6 Brierfield
- 7 Burnley
- 8 Chipping
- 9 Chorley
- 10 Clitheroe
- 11 Colne
- 12 Coppull
- 13 Darwen
- 14 Earby
- 15 Dolphinholme and Ellel
- 16 Farington
- 17 Great Harwood
- 18 Harle Syke
- 19 Haslingden and Helmshore
- 20 Hoghton
- 21 Kirkham
- 22 Nelson
- 23 Oswaldtwistle and Stanhill
- 24 Padiham
- 25 Preston
- 26 Ramsbottom
- 27 Rawtenstall
- 28 Rishton
- 29 Sabden
- 30 Samlesbury
- 31 Trawden
- 32 Walton le Dale
- 33 Whalley
- 34 Whitworth
- 35 Withnell
- 36 See also
- 37 References
- 38 Bibliography
- 39 External links
Accrington
'Home of Howard & Bullough'
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broad Oak Mill | SD759283 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: A combined mill- 38,200 spindles, 301/501 weft; 778 looms for John Hargraves and Co. Also room and power 576 looms for Broad Oak Manufacturing Co, Limited. [1] | |||||
Spring Hill Mill | SD746279 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Union Mill | SD746281 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Woodnook Mill | SD759277 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 2009 | |||
Notes: 100,312 spindles for Accrington Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Limited.[1] | |||||
Victoria Mill, Wood Nook | |||||
Notes: 19,712 spindles for Holt and Co. [1] | |||||
Ellesmere Mill, Victoria street | |||||
Notes: 582 looms for T. A. Griffiths [1] | |||||
Lodge Mill | |||||
Broad Oak Printworks | SD767279 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Baxenden Printworks | SD776259 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Alliance Mill | |||||
Broomfield Mill | |||||
Notes: Accrington Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Limited [1] | |||||
Grimshaw Street Mill | |||||
Notes: Accrington Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Limited [1] | |||||
Perserverance Mill | |||||
Notes: 618 looms for Accrington Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing Co. Limited [1] | |||||
Victoria Mill | |||||
Notes: 1829 looms for William Smith and Co [1] | |||||
Queen Mill | SD764293 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Hambledon Mill | SD761296 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Fountain Mill | SD756289 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[1][2] |
Bacup
Rossendale
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Britannia Mills | SD880215 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Sutcliffe and Smith, 12,000 spindles, 121/301; 400 looms | |||||
Broadclough Mill | SD868242 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | Early 19th century | |||
Notes: Grade II listed building [3] 1891: Harry Whitehead and Co,17,000 spindles, 400 looms |
|||||
Farholme Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1853 | 172 | ||
Notes: 1891: (together with Kilnholme Mill) New Bacup and Wardle Commercial Co, Limited, 60,292 spindles, 261/301 twist, 281/401 weft; 1,320 looms | |||||
Irwell Mills | |||||
Notes: 1891: (together with Weir Mill) Rossendale Industrial Co, Limited, 40,000 spindles, 201/248; 1,000 looms | |||||
Irwell Springs Printworks | SD874257 | ||||
Kilnholme Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891: (together with Farholme Mill) New Bacup and Wardle Commercial Co, Limited, 60,292 spindles, 261/301 twist, 281/401 weft; 1,320 looms | |||||
Meadows Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891: (together with Olive Mills) J. J. Hoyle Brothers, 32,000 spindles; 766 looms | |||||
Olive Mill | SD862217 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891: (together with Meadows Mills) J. J. Hoyle Brothers, 32,000 spindles; 766 looms | |||||
Ross Mills | SD870220 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Rossendale Mill | SD849216 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1860 | 165 | ||
Notes: aka Atherton Holme Mill Spencer Brothers |
|||||
Stacksteads Mill | SD855218 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1833 | 192 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building [4] 1891: George Ormerod, 320 looms Now the Toll Bar Business Park |
|||||
Victoria Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891: William Hall, 5,000 spindles, 241/2611 twist, 181/361 weft; 130 looms | |||||
Waterside Mills | SD867234 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1839 | 186 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building [5] | |||||
[6] |
Source 1891 data: Grace's Guide
Barnacre
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calder Vale Mill | SD533458 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Barnacre Weaving Co. | SD531452 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[7] |
Barnoldswick
Name | Owner | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bancroft Mill | SD874461 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Started in 1914 and commissioned in 1920 for James Nutter & Sons Limited. It closed in 1979 and was demolished. The boilers, engine house and chimneys were preserved and subsequently maintained as a working steam museum. It was the last steam driven weaving shed to be constructed and the last to close, and is well documented. The engine house is open to visitors and the William Roberts & Co of Nelson cross compound 600hp engine regularly runs from steam generated from donated scrap wood | |||||
Bankfield Shed | Bradley Brothers | SD882475 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | standing | ||
Notes: When it opened in 1905 Bankfield was reputed to be the world's largest weaving shed. James Nutter was the first tenant and was responsible for 900 looms, but shared the shed with the Bradley Brothers who had another 900 looms. James Nutter and Son continued weaving at Bankfield even after they had completed Bancroft Shed, although James Nutter himself had died in 1914. Weaving stopped in 1920. It 1939 it became a shadow factory for Rover, and then taken over by Rolls Royce for aero-engine production. The 'B' in a Rolls Royce engine name (e.g. a RB211) designates it was designed in Barnoldswick.[8] | |||||
Butts Mill | |||||
Calf Hall Shed | |||||
Notes: The room and power mill where James Nutter had 414 looms in 1900.[9] | |||||
Clough Mills | Slater Brothers | ||||
Notes: The room and power mill where James Nutter and Slater Edmondson were in partnership in the early 1880s.[9] | |||||
Fernbank Mill | |||||
Hope Mill | |||||
Notes: | |||||
Long Ings | SD884469Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: The room and power mill where James Nutter and Slater Edmondson were in partnership in 1888 having 400 looms.[9] | |||||
Lower Barnsay | |||||
Old Coates Mill | |||||
Notes: The engine was bought by Wilson Wood Colliery, in Ingleton[10] | |||||
New Coates Mill | |||||
Notes: The room and power mill where James Nutter had 56 looms in 1880.[9] | |||||
Wellhouse Mills | |||||
Westfield Mill | |||||
[11] |
Blackburn
'Home of Northrop Loom Works' and William Dickinson
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albion Mill | SD674262 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Audley Hall Mill | SD692275 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Britannia Mill | SD701282 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Brookhouse Mills | SD687288 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Burmah Mill | |||||
Cicely Bridge Mill | SD687278 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Greenbank Mill | |||||
Imperial Mill | SD700287 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Parkside Mill | SD697277 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Prospect Mill | SD698278 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Roe Lee Mills | SD686303 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Vale Mill | SD687306 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Alma Mill | |||||
Bridgewater | |||||
Canton Mill | |||||
Jubilee Mill | SD693282 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Nova Scotia Mill | SD682272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Waterloo Mill | SD665258 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Phoenix Mill | SD677277 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Fir Mill | |||||
Bank Top Mill | |||||
Waterfall Mills | SD672268 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[12] |
Brierfield
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brierfield Mills | SD844365 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1868 | 157 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building[13] | |||||
Burnley
The home of Butterworth & Dickinson and Queen Street Mill Textile Museum
ile:
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashfield Shed | SD837328 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Calder Vale Shed | |||||
Notes: 1891-Waring and Phillips, 517 looms | |||||
Waterloo Shed | SD836324 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-William Sutcliffe, 444 looms | |||||
Trafalgar Mill | Trafalgar Street | 1846 | 179 | ||
Notes: 1846-W H Halstead 1891-William Thompson and Sons, together with Hope Shed, 26,063 spindles and 625 looms |
|||||
Clock Tower Mill (Sandygate Mill) | SD836325 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Sandy Gate Mill Co, Limited, 20,000 spindles and 419 looms | |||||
Sandygate Shed | |||||
Wiseman Street Mill | SD835326 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Victoria Mill | Trafalgar Street SD833326 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1855 | 170 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building [14] 1855-Massey family 1891-Victoria Mill Co Ltd, 19,000 spindles |
|||||
Woodfield Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Thomas Cowpe and Sons, 1,317 looms | |||||
Proctor's Mill foundry | |||||
Bellevue Mill | Westgate SD 833326 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1863 | 162 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building[15] 1891-Simpson and West, together with Harle Syke Shed, Briercliffe, 900 looms |
|||||
Finsley Mill | SD842321 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Witham Brothers, together with Plumbe Street Shed, 48,504 spindles and 1,506 looms | |||||
Plumbe Street Shed | |||||
Notes: 1891-Witham Brothers, together with Finsley Mill, 48,504 spindles and 1,506 looms | |||||
Dean Mills | |||||
Central Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Edward Houlding, 665 looms | |||||
Park Mill | |||||
Old Mill | SD847322 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Daneshouse Mill | SD841337 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Benjamin Thornber and Sons, together with Throstle Mills and Old Hall Shed, 43,000 spindles and 2,028 looms | |||||
Old Hall Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Benjamin Thornber and Sons, together with Danes House and Throstle Mills, 43,000 spindles and 2,028 looms | |||||
Newtown Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Tunstill Brothers, together with Brierfield Mills, Brierfield and Throstle Nest Mill, Nelson, 117,000 spindles and 2,800 looms | |||||
Westgate Mill | Sandygate | ||||
Notes: 1891-Butterworth and Dickinson, 400 looms | |||||
Queen Street Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Whitehead and Altham, 385 looms | |||||
Throstle Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Benjamin Thornber and Sons, together with Danes House Mills and Old Hall Shed, 43,000 spindles and 2,028 looms | |||||
Livingstone Mill | SD840342 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Cameron Mill | SD841342 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Woodbine Mill | SD821327 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Peel Mill | |||||
Lowerhouse Mill and Printworks | SD804329 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Alexander Drew and Sons | |||||
Wood Top Mill | |||||
Notes: 1891-Robert Crabtree and Co, 1000 looms | |||||
[16] [17] |
Chipping
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kirk Mill | 1780 | Standing | 106 | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building [18] An original Arkwright-type mill built in the 1780s. The mill continued spinning cotton using water frames and then throstles until 1886, when it was sold and became HJ Berry's chairmaking factory. It was powered by a 32 ft waterwheel which continued in use, generating electricity until the 1940s.[19] |
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Saunderrake Factory | SD614438 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Wharf Mill | SD623433 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Chorley
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albert Mills | East Street Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-George Brown and Co, together with Primrose Bank Mill, 86,000 spindles and 992 looms | |||||
Brunswick Mill | Standish Street Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-James Gillett, 418 looms | |||||
Birkacre Mill | 1777 | 248 | |||
Notes: Arkwright's Mill leased in 1777 for ₤180 per annum, fitted with water frames and burnt down in 1779. Over 2 days, 2000 'wild' people from Chorley burned down part of the mill. 1 person was drowned, 2 killed and 8 wounded.[20][21] | |||||
Birkacre Printworks | SD571151 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Canal Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1855 | in use | ||
Notes: Built in 1855 during the Crimean War. 1891-William and Charles Widdows, 46,360 spindles. Ceased to produce cotton in the late 1950s. Purchased by Gilbraiths Commercial, who serviced trucks, notably Leyland vehicles, in 1968, and eventually began to wind down operations in 1991 concurrent to the crash of Leyland DAF. The following year planning permission was given to turn the mill into a 'themed visitor attraction' and it has been Botany Bay Villages shopping centre since 1995.[22] | |||||
Croft Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1852 | 1982 | 130 | |
Notes: 1891-Rice and Co, Limited, 560 looms | |||||
Coronation Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Cowling Bridge Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1793 | 232 | ||
Cowling Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1906 | Standing | 119 | |
Notes: 1891-J H Gillett and Sons, 40,852 spindles | |||||
Crosse Hall Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1838 | Standing | 187 | |
Notes: 1786 to 1793-James Duxbury, Rice and Evans. Business failed. 1793-Hall, Wilkinson and Gartside 1838-Richard Cobden and Bro. |
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Diamond Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1998 | |||
Notes: George Edge | |||||
Euxton Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 2010 | |||
Notes: 1891-Peter Priestley, 15,000 spindles | |||||
Fosterfield Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1905 | 1984 | 79 | |
Notes: 1891-J. and T. Heyworth, 850 looms | |||||
Grimeford Mill (Anderton) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1899 | In use | ||
Notes: c.1940- Adlington Manufacturing Co, 430 looms 2016- Internet retail sales and car body repair |
|||||
Grime Street Weaving Shed | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1914 | 1981 | 67 | |
Notes: Built as a weaving shed in 1914, sold to Leyland Motors on outbreak of war and never used for cotton. Redeveloped as modern Multipart plant in 1981. | |||||
Greenfield Mill | Steely Lane Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1861 | 164 | ||
Notes: 1891-William Brindle and Co, 711 looms | |||||
Grove Mill (Eccleston) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Carrington, Woods and Co, 930 looms | |||||
Heapey Works | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1872 | 1989 | 117 | |
Notes: Generated its own electricity, had its own railway line, and included a paper mill and printing plant. | |||||
Hope Mill | Botany Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1903 | 122 | ||
Notes: 1891-Thomas Howarth, together with Progress Mill, 435 looms | |||||
Lawrences Mills | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1866 | 2010 | 144 | |
Notes: William Lawrence. The last mill in Chorley producing cotton goods until its closure in 2010. | |||||
Lower Healey Works | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | Standing | |||
Mayfield Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | Standing | |||
Moor Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1852 | Standing | 173 | |
Notes: 1891-Nixon and Killick, 33,028 spindles and 538 looms | |||||
North Street Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Chorley Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing Co Ltd,115,000 spindles and 970 looms | |||||
Park Mills | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1914 | 2011 | 97 | |
Notes: Joseph Blackledge & Sons | |||||
Primrose Bank Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1861 | Standing | 164 | |
Notes: 1891-George Brown and Co,together with Albert Mills, 86,000 spindles and 992 looms | |||||
Progress Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1886 | Standing | 139 | |
Notes: 1891-Thomas Howarth, together with Hope Mill, 435 looms | |||||
Sherbourne Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1840 | Standing | 185 | |
Talbot Mill | SD596182 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1906 | 2002 | 96 | |
Notes: Talbot Spinning & Weaving Co. Diversified into plastics production after the decline of the cotton industry in the post-war period. Spinning Division closed and demolished in 1989. Weaving division ceased production in 2000 and demolished in 2002.[23][24] | |||||
Victoria Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | c.1840 | 1991 | ||
Notes: Lightoller. Replaced by Morrison's supermarket. Square mill chimney incorporated into supermarket. | |||||
Vyking Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | Standing | |||
Weldbank Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1861 | 164 | ||
Notes: 1891-Weldbank Mill Co, 480 looms | |||||
Weir Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | Standing | |||
Yarrow Mill | SD592168 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1910 | Standing | 115 | |
Notes: Downs, Coulter & Co. | |||||
Clitheroe
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Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Claremont Mill | SD749415 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Greenacre Mill (Holmes Mill) | SD742414 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Low Moor Mill | SD729418 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Primrose Mill | SD738407 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Shaw Bridge Mill | |||||
[25] |
Colne
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring Gardens Mill | SD888396 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: a stone, five storey cotton spinning mill built by the England family, in the 1840s and stayed in spinning to around 1942 when it was taken over by a carpeting firm, Pressed Felts Ltd who operated it until 1988. Since then it has hosted John Cotton Ltd, the Lear Corporation and LBS Polythene. In March 2013 demolition was proposed.[26][27][28] | |||||
Green Road Mill | SD888396 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[26] | ||||
Primet Mill | |||||
Stanley Mill | |||||
Swanfield Mill | |||||
Walk Mill | |||||
Holker Street Mill | |||||
Garden Vale Mill | |||||
Bankfield Mill | |||||
Empress Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Management buyout in 1927. Still trading in sewing cotton in 2013 | |||||
Vivary Bridge Mill | SD885402 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Derby Street Shed | SD887402 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Ball Grove Mill | SD908402 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[29] |
Coppull
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coppull Mill | SD563147 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1906 | in use | ||
Notes: Grade II listed building[30] | |||||
Mavis Mill | SD562147 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1908 | demolished | ||
File:Mavis Mill, Coppull Chorley 0016.png | Notes: | ||||
Darwen
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgave Works | SD692220 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Bowling Green Mill | SD696210 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Christopher Shorrock and Co (with Moss Bridge Mill), 88,812 spindles and 842 looms | |||||
Cobden and Peel Mills | |||||
Dob Meadow Works | |||||
Greenfield Mill | SD704209 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Greenfield Mill Co, 1180 looms | |||||
Grimshaw Bridge Cotton Mill | SD708242 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Grimshaw Street Mill | SD698211 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hollin Grove Mill | SD686234 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891- Thomas Gillibrand and Sons, 1270 looms | |||||
Hope Mill | SD695214 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891- W. T. Ashton and Son, 876 looms | |||||
India Mill | SD694218 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Mill is a Grade II listed building [31] Mill chimney stack is a Grade II* listed building [32] 1891-India Mills Cotton Spinning Co Ltd, 84308 spindles |
|||||
Vale Brook Mill | Springvale | ||||
Notes: 1891-Duckworth and Cooper, 345 looms | |||||
Vale Rock Mill | Hoddlesden SD718224 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Haworth Holden, 4000 spindles and Alexander Carus (with St Pauls Mill) 800 looms | |||||
Waterfield Mill | SD699207 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[33] |
Earby
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kellbrook Mill | SD903464 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Dolphinholme and Ellel
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galgate Silk Mills | SD485557 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1792 | 233 | ||
Notes: A water powered corn mill replaced by the 1792 stone-built three storey wooden beamed mill of Thompson, Noble and Armstrong. It had a projecting stair tower and mill pond. Cast iron pillars inserted later. Second three storey mill from the early 1800s, stone-built with internal cast-iron pillars, a seven aisled roof. The third mill from 1851 is a five storey brick built mill with corner pillasters and an internal beam engine house. [35] | |||||
Dolphinholme Mill (Worsted) | SD519534 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1795 | 72 | ||
Notes: Original mill built by Thomas Edmondson to spin using Arkwright water frames. Replaced in 1795 by a larger mill with waterwheel, a steam engine was installed in the 1820s. In the 1850s it changed to cotton spinning and weaving but ceased operation in 1867. Demolished but chimney, a row of cottages and waterwheel pit survived.[35] | |||||
Farington
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mill Street Mill | SD547232 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Great Harwood
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Mill | SD740329 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Premier Nos.1 and 2 Mills | SD737326 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Deveron Mill | |||||
Palatine Mill | SD730318 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Premier No. 3 Mill | |||||
Waveridge Mill | SD730318 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[36] |
Harle Syke
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Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Briercliffe Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Faces Burnley Road.[37] | |||||
Harle Syke Shed
|
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: The Haggate Joint Stock Commercial Company opened it in 1858 as a production mill, but reorganised it in 1865 to become a 'room and power' company. Seven producer partnerships were formed by the shareholders who had been allocated looms on a pro rata basis. The companies consolidated into 4 main businesses. Shares in the room and power 'walls' company were traded resulting in a smaller number of shareholders with larger investments. In 1903, the 'walls' liquidated passing assets to the Harle Syke Mill Company which built a new larger shed, jokingly called Siberia Shed after a delay in providing a heating system. The Mill engine which is now displayed in the Science Museum, London, was upgraded.[38] | |||||
Hill End Mill | |||||
Notes: In Lane Bottom[39] | |||||
Kings Mill | SD868349 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Oxford Mill | SD8635 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Faces Burnley Road. | |||||
Primrose Mill | SD8635 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Room and Power weaving shed. Now demolished.it was powered by a Pollit & Wigzell horizontal tandem compound steam engine | |||||
Queen Street Mill | SD868349 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1894 | Standing | 131 | |
Notes: The mill was built in 1894. It was powered by a 500hp Tandem Compound by William Roberts of Nelson. 300 of the original 1138 Harling & Todd and Pemberton Lancashire Looms are still in situ and workable. Now a Textile Museum run by Lancashire Museums[40] | |||||
Siberia Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Now industrial units occupy the weaving shed | |||||
Walshaw Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: This was the second 20th century mill; it faces Talbot St.It was incorporated 5 January 1905. It was financed with 12000, £1 shares and recapitalised later with an additional 30000. It started with 586 looms which was subsequently increased. It now is used by a pharmaceutical distribution company. [39] | |||||
Haslingden and Helmshore
Home of S.S.Stott and Coand Helmshore Mills Textile Museum
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albert Mill, Helmshore | SD7721 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891:James Barlow and Sons, together with Sunny Bank, 7000 spindles[41] | |||||
Albion Mill, Helmshore | SD7721 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Rawstron and Co, 442 looms in 1891 [41] | |||||
Bridge End Mill | |||||
Carr's Mill | |||||
Duckworth Clough Mill, Haslingden | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: A new chimney was erected in 1916. It weighed 635 tons and contained 108,000 bricks.When it was taken out of cotton it became a timber mill, which closed in 2006 and the site is now housing.[42] | |||||
Hare Clough Mill | |||||
Higher Mill | SD777217 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1796 | standing | 229 | |
Notes: With Whitaker's Mill forms the Helmshore Mills Textile Museum N.B. Museum threatened with closure from April, 2016 Grade II listed building [43] Higher Mill was built in 1796 for William Turner. |
|||||
Hope Mill | SD779256 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Irwell Vale Mill | [41] | ||||
Notes: 1891: Thomas Aitken and Son, 7,500 spindles, 221 and 301; 120 looms, calicoes, belting, fustians, filter cloths and cotton drying felts for paper makers. | |||||
Middle Mill aka Power Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Attacked by Luddite rioters in 1826 1891:Middle Mill Manufacturing Co, Limited, 600 looms.[41] |
|||||
Musbury Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Park Mill, Helmshore | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: In 1891, Worsley, Haworth and Law, 2,800 spindles, 38/108 counts ; 78 looms, waste twills and sheetings.[41] | |||||
Rising Bridge Mill | SD782256 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Sunny Bank Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891:James Barlow and Sons, together with Albert Mill, 7000 spindles [41] | |||||
Syke Mill | |||||
Tanpits Mill | |||||
Whitaker's Mill, Helmshore | SD777217 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 1820s | standing | ||
Notes: With Higher Mill forms the Helmshore Mills Textile Museum N.B. Museum threatened with closure from April, 2016 Whitaker Mill was built in the 1820s by the Turner family.[44] In their early life they alternated between working wool and cotton. By 1920 they were working shoddy as condensor mule mills; and equipment has been preserved and is still used. |
|||||
Hoghton
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higher Mill | SD628265 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lower Mill | SD627272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Kirkham
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kirkham Linen Mill | SD424323 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Nelson
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victoria Mills | SD861379 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Bradley Corn Mill (Cotton) | |||||
Walverden Mill | SD862376 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Vale Street Shed | SD866375 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Valley Mills | SD868372 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Clover Mill | |||||
Marsden Mill | |||||
Oak Bank Mill | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hendon Mill | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Malvern Mill | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Glenfield Mill | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Dale Shed | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Manor Mill | SD870382 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lomeshay Mill | SD851377 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lomeshay Bridge Mill | SD853377 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Spring Bank Mill | SD852375 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: | |||||
Whitfield Mill | |||||
Laurel Bank Mill | |||||
Seed Hill Mill | SD857381 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Albert Mills | SD859383 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Reedyford Mill | |||||
Pendle Street Shed | |||||
[45] |
Oswaldtwistle and Stanhill
Home to James Hargreaves
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moscow Mills | SD744280 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Foxhill Bank Printworks | SD741282 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Stanhill Ring Spinning Mill | SD730282 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Vine Mills | SD732272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Brookside Printworks | SD722272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Cabin End Mill | SD722272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Fern Mill | SD721266 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[46] |
Padiham
Preston
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Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pitt Street Mill | SD534294 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hanover Mill | SD533299 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Fylde Road Mill | SD530300 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Arkwright Mill | SD532302 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Aqueduct Street Mill | SD529304 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Shelley Road Mill | SD525303 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Tulketh Road Mill | SD524309 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Embroidery Mill | |||||
Red Scar Mill | SD525306 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1939 | |||||
Stocksbridge Mill | SD525306 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Brookfield Mill | SD538305 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
St Georges Road Mill | SD539306 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Centenary Mill | SD551297 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hartford Mill | SD551298 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Cliff Mill | SD557297 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[47] |
Ramsbottom
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Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Four Acre Mill | SD828175 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Cheesden Lumb Mills | SD824162 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Croston Close Upper Mill | SD824162 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Croston Close Lower Mill | SD824162 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Longland Mill | SD823153 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Cobhurst Nab Mill | SD823153 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Deeply Vale Print Works | SD823153 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lower Wheel Mill | SD829142 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lee Hill Bleachworks | SD805175 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[48] |
Rawtenstall
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rawtenstall Lower Mill | SD811228 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hardman's Mill | |||||
Notes: Grade II listed building [49] | |||||
Holmes Mill, Reeds Holme | SD808244 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Holmes Shed | SD808244 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Reedsholmes Mill | SD808244 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Lower Laund Mill | |||||
Notes: Grade II listed building [50] | |||||
Sunnyside Printworks | SD811249 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Love Clough Printworks | SD810272 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Hall Carr Mill (Greenbridge Works) | SD817226 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Grade II listed building[51] | |||||
Baltic Mill | SD833219 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Holt Mill (felt) | |||||
Bridge End Mill (felt) | |||||
Gaghills Mill | SD836221 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Globe Mill | SD827225 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Ilex Mill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: Grade II listed building [52] | |||||
Dale Mills | |||||
Clark Holme Mill | |||||
Shawclough Mill | SD841233 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Shawclough Lower Mill | |||||
Osborne Mill | SD835238 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Sagar Hole Mill | |||||
Isle of Man Mill | |||||
Notes: | |||||
Forest Mill | |||||
[53] |
Rishton
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unity Mill | SD727308 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Britannia Mill | |||||
Bridgefield Mill | |||||
Albert Mill | SD726305 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
York Mill | SD726305 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[54] |
Sabden
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sabden Printworks | SD772370 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Victoria Mill | |||||
Notes: | |||||
Cobden Mill | |||||
Samlesbury
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samlesbury Bottoms Mill | SD619289 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Roach Bridge Mill | SD596288 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Trawden
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black Carr Mills | SD912390 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Forest Shed | SD912390 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
[55] |
Walton le Dale
Whalley
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbey Mills | SD733360 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Whitworth
Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albert Mill | Market Street | ||||
Notes: 1891-Whitworth Manufacturing Co, 28,080 spindles, 651 looms | |||||
Bridge Mill | SD884182 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-Matthew Stuttard and Brothers Ltd | |||||
Bridge End Mills | |||||
Notes: 1891-John Hargreaves and Sons, Ltd, 38,000 spindles, 662 looms | |||||
Brookside Mill | SD884182 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Dora Mill | SD884182 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Facit Mill | SD889190 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Notes: 1891-John Whitworth and Sons, Limited, 25,000 spindles, 720 looms | |||||
Orama Mill | SD883178 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ||||
Underbank Mills | |||||
Notes: 1891-Matthew Stuttard and Brothers Ltd, 20,000 spindles, 420 looms | |||||
[56] |
Withnell
See also
- Category:Lists of textile mills in the United Kingdom
- List of mills owned by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation Limited
- List of mills in Rochdale
- List of mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
References
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Bibliography
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1891_Cotton_Mills_in_Accrington,_Church_and_Oswaldtwistle
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 179,180
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 182,183
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 184
- ↑ Graham 2008, pp. 7,8.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Graham 2008, p. 7.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 185
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 187,189
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 190,193
- ↑ http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1891_Cotton_Mills_in_Burnley#Burnley_.28p73.29 Graces Guide 1891
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Cooper 1983, pp. 49,95.
- ↑ Chorley History Society
- ↑ http://www.botanybay.co.uk/our-history/
- ↑ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7411901.html
- ↑ http://www.stfrancisgroup.com/pdf/talbot-mill-st-francis-project-sheet.pdf
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 195,196
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lancashire Telegraph March 2013
- ↑ Pendle Today
- ↑ Colne_Waterside
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 198
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 199,201
- ↑ Grace's Guide, 1891
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Ashmore 1982, p. 203.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 205,206
- ↑ Bythell & Frost 2009, p. 32.
- ↑ Bythell & Frost 2009, pp. 10,.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Bythell & Frost 2009, p. 37.
- ↑ Queen Street Mill
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Graces Guide 1891
- ↑ duckworth-clough-mill.html
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Helmshore
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 211,213
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 214
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, pp. 217,219
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 221
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 222
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 224
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 225
- ↑ Ashmore 1982, p. 229