Macular edema
| Macular edema | |
|---|---|
A 61-year-old man with medical history of type 2 diabetes that presents a macular edema, evidenced by an OCT (the edema marked with arrows). The central image is a 3D reconstruction of the retinal thickness (the edema is coloured in red).
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| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| ICD-10 | H35.8 |
| ICD-9-CM | 362.01, 362.53 |
| Patient UK | Macular edema |
Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula of the eye (a yellow central area of the retina) and causes it to thicken and swell (edema). The swelling may distort a person's central vision, as the macula is near the center of the retina at the back of the eyeball. This area holds tightly packed cones that provide sharp, clear central vision to enable a person to see detail, form, and color that is directly in the direction of gaze.
Macular edema sometimes appears for a few days or weeks after cataract surgery, but most such cases can be successfully treated with NSAID or cortisone eye drops.
Contents
Classification
Cystoid macular edema (CME) involves fluid accumulation in the outer plexiform layer secondary to abnormal perifoveal retinal capillary permeability. The edema is termed "cystoid" as it appears cystic; however, lacking an epithelial coating, it is not truly cystic. The etiology for CME can be remembered with the mnemonic "DEPRIVEN" (Diabetes, Epinepherine, Pars planitis, Retinitis pigmentosa, Irvine-Gass Syndrome, Venous occlusion, E2-Prostaglandin analogues, Nicotinic acid/Niacin).
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is similarly caused by leaking macular capillaries. DME is the most common cause of visual loss in both proliferative, and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Approved treatments
In 2010 the US FDA approved the use of Lucentis injections for macular edema.[1]
Iluvien, a sustained release intravitreal implant developed by Alimera Sciences, has been approved in Austria, Portugal and the U.K. for the treatment of vision impairment associated with chronic diabetic macular edema (DME) considered insufficiently responsive to available therapies. Additional EU country approvals are anticipated.[2]
On July 29, 2014, EYLEA (aflibercept), an intravitreal injection produced by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., was approved to treat DME in the United States. [3]
Clinical trials
In 2005, steroids were investigated for macular edema due to retinal blood vessel blockage such as CRVO and BRVO.[4]
Additional research
A 2014 Cochrane Systematic Review studied the effectiveness of two anti-VEGF treatments, ranibizumab and pegaptanib, on patients suffering from macular edema caused by CRVO.[5] Participants on both treatment groups showed a reduction in macular edema symptoms over six months.[5]
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. OSN SuperSite, June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012
- ↑ http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/REGN/3361382769x0x772028/698a12f7-a8dc-4f89-b9e2-f8134ae6f3de/REGN_News_2014_7_29_General_Releases.pdf
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
